u8. economic activities in europe
TRANSCRIPT
Economic activities
in the E.U.
UNIT 8
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
TEACHER: ROCÍO BAUTISTA
ACTIVE
POPULATION
ACTIVE POPULATION = people aged 16 or above
who work or actively seek for a job.
ACTIVE
POPULATION
High rate of active population (71,9%):
High % of adults in the population structure.
Many women work outside the household.
ACTIVE
POPULATION
Active population varies according to age, gender & level of education.
Among the active population there are more:
OLDER PEOPLE (VS young people) education lasts
longer & people delay their retirement.
MEN (VS women)
TRAINED PEOPLE (VS people with a low level of
education)
ACTIVE
POPULATION
Active population also varies according to economic sectors.
PRIMARY SECTOR: few people work in it.
SECONDARY SECTOR: grew during the Industrial Revolution, but lost importance in the 1970’s due to:
mechanisation (humans’ work replaced by machines, robots…)
industrial offshoring (manufacturing is undertaken in developing countries)
TERTIARY SECTOR: highest due to higher living standards (education & healthcare available for everyone, higher demand of varied services – leisure, tourism, transports, trade…-)
ACTIVE
POPULATION
However, there are differences between countries:
EASTERN COUNTRIES: the primary & secondary sectors are more important.
WESTERN & NORTHERN COUNTRIES: the tertiary sector is more important.
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
Problems affecting theactive population
AGING
GENDER INEQUALITIES
UNEMPLOYMENT
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
UNEMPLOYMENT
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
UNEMPLOYMENT
Is higher among...
YOUNG PEOPLE
LOWER EDUCATION LEVELS
WOMEN (in some countries)
Tasa de paro por género
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION
Due to...
Fall in birth rate & increase in life
expectancy.
Pension systems will be
unsustainable. Need to increase
the retirement age.
PROBLEM
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
GENDER INEQUALITIES
Women have…
Lower employment rates:
they carry out more
household tasks.
Lower salaries:
part-time & low-paid jobs,
fewer positions of
responsibility.
ACTIVITIES
P. 176-177 EXERCISES 1 / 2 / 3
Do a summary/outline of p.176
PRIMARY SECTOR
AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES
• Industrialized & technologically advanced.
• Production:
Intended to sell in national & international markets.
Specialized adapted to the characteristics of the
environment.
Oceanic climate region
Continental climate region
Mediterranean region.
Oceanic climate region
Continental climate region
Mediterranean region
Traditional dryland
agriculture
Intensive irrigated agriculture
PRIMARY SECTOR
Problems of agrarian activities in the EU:
Food safety
Over-production
Environmental damage
Abandonment of agrarian activities.
Tried to be solved with a
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
PRIMARY SECTOR
PRIMARY SECTOR
PRIMARY SECTOR
FISHING
• Modern & technologically advanced fleet.
• Main fishing countries: Norway, Spain, Denmark...
• Use of the production: direct human consumption or industrial
transformation (fishmeal & oils).
PRIMARY SECTOR
Problems of fishing in the EU:
Excessive capacity of the fleet with regard to the available fishing resources
Over-fishing danger of exhausting certain species.
Tried to be solved with a
Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
Catch limits are above the scientific advises.
Many areas are overexploited.
ACTIVITIES
P. 178-179 EXERCISE 1.
Which are the EU policies to regulate agriculture & fishing? What are
their aims?
Do a summary/outline of p.178-9
SECONDARY SECTOR
Does Europe have enoughminerals & energy sources?
Which 3 Europeancountries have oil & natural gas reserves?
PRODUCCIÓN
MUNDIAL DE GAS, 2006
SECONDARY SECTOR
RAW MATERIALS (MINERALS) & ENERGY SOURCES
• Are in short supply in Europe need to be imported.
• Exceptions: UK, Norway, Netherlands surplus of energy; can
export.
SECONDARY SECTOR
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN EUROPE
• IN CRISIS traditional sectors
(textile, iron, steel, ship
building…)
• GROWING (OR ENDURING)
Dynamic sectors (food,
chemical, cars, machines,
high-tech sectors -IT,
electronics, biotechnology,
aerospace…-)
Why?
INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
TRADITIONAL (MATURE)
INDUSTRIES
• Located in developed
countries:
Advanced services.
Infrastructures.
Qualified labour force.
High purchase power
consumers.
• Located in developing
countries:
Abundant but unqualified
labour force.
Special conditions (duty-free
zones) & permissive
environmental legislations.
SECONDARY SECTOR
INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN EUROPE
• Main industrial regions:
• BLUE BANANA (diagonal axis)
• MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (sunbelt)
• In these regions industrial activities have
located in:
Ports: marine activities & those that import raw materials by sea (steel, oil refineries, petrochemicals).
Cities (workforce & consumer market): consumer & high-tech industries.
• Current trend: spread to the outskirts (main
communication lines) seeking for cheap
land prices.
SECONDARY SECTOR
EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL POLICY
3 aimsEnvironmental
care
Create new economicactivities & innovative
industries, specially in areasof industrial crisis (to avoidtheir economic decline)
Increaseinvestment in
new technologies
and R&D
Increase the investment in R&D will lead to develop new innovativeindustries
Increase the investment in R&D will lead to develop new innovative industries
Take care of theenvironment
ACTIVITIES
• Do a summary/outline of p.180-1
• P. 180 Ex. 1 & 2b
• Map of industrial areas in Europe: draw a key
for your map, and colour in the BLUE BANANA
(diagonal axis) & the MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (sunbelt). Locate the main cities in them (help
yourself with the maps on p.183 & 250):
BLUE BANANA BOTH MEDITERRANEAN ARCH
ENGLAND:• Manchester• London
FRANCE:• Lille• Strasbourg
NETHERLANDS:• Amsterdam• Rotterdam
BELGIUM:• Brussels• Antwerp
GERMANY:• Düsseldorf• Frankfurt• Stuttgart• Munich
LUXEMBOURG:• Luxembourg
AUSTRIA:• Innsbruck
SWITZERLAND:• Zurich
ITALY:• Milan• Venice• Genoa
FRANCE:• Marseille
SPAIN:• Barcelona• Valencia• Alicante• Murcia
TERTIARY SECTOR
TRADE
• UE = World’s leading trading
region.
• Most exchanges take place
between EU members,
because the EU constitutes a
customs union:
Free trade among the EU
members
A common external tariff
to goods imported from
other countries.
TERTIARY SECTOR
TRADE
• Outside the EU: most exchanges with USA & Asia.
TERTIARY SECTOR
TRANSPORT
• One of the most modern & efficient
transport networks in the world.
Dense network of motorways &
main roads
High-speed rail network
Important sea ports (Atlantic &
Mediterranean)
Major airports
The EU has a dense
ROAD
&
HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY
networks
Which are the busiest airports in the World? How many of them are in the EU?
How many of the top seaports in the world are in the EU?
Which are they?
EU Transport policy: build a Trans-European Transport Network made up of
high-speed railways & motorways to connect Europe from N-S & E-W, to
boost the functioning of the internal market.
TERTIARY SECTOR
TOURISM
• EUROPE’s international tourism:
Major point of origin:
high standard of living.
Several top destination
countries:
France, Spain, Italy, Germany, UK.
What attracts foreign people to come to
Europe?
What % of international tourists chose Europe as
their destination?
Which are the favorite touristic regions in Europe?
TERTIARY SECTOR
TOURISM
• EU TOURISM POLICY: the EU tries
to foster tourism (key sector) by
developing new forms of tourism
& improving tourist information &
safety.
MAIN FORMS OF TOURISM IN
EUROPE
Alpineholidays
Rural & natural
sitestourism
Cultural holidaysBusiness
trips
Beach holidays
ACTIVITIES
• Do a summary/outline of p.182.
• P. 182-183 Exercises 1 / 2 / 3
• How has free trade been smoothed inside the boundaries of the EU? How does
the EU promote European products VS foreign products?