u4. crisis of the old regime in spain
TRANSCRIPT
IES Camilo José Cela
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
19th century period of transformation for Spain.
The political/economic/social structures of the Old Regime disappeared.
ABSOLUTISM WAS REPLACED BY A LIBERAL SYSTEM.
However, this change brought great instability:
- Civil wars
- Military coup d’états…
ECONOMY BEGAN TO MODERNISE.
However, this change was slower & less intense than in
other countries. Spain continued to be an agrarian country,
and didn't really industrialized until the 20th century.
STRATIFIED SOCIETY DISSAPPEARED. However…
• Noble landowners still had a lot of influence
• Bourgeoisie & proletariat grew very little
• Most of the population were still peasants.
What political system characterised Spain
during the Modern Age?
Absolutism Democracy
El camino a la democracia en España
Charles Powell
Carlos IV
1788 - 1808
GUERRA DE INDEPENDENCIA
1808 - 1814
Fernando VII
1814 - 1833
Isabel II
1833 - 1868
SEXENIO DEMOCRÁTICO
1868 – 1874
The process to achieve a real democracy in Spain was long & turbulent.
Alfonso XII
1874 - 1885
Alfonso XIII
1885 - 1931 2ª REPÚBLICA
1931 - 1936
GUERRA CIVIL
1936 - 1939
Dictadurade Franco
1939 - 1975Regencia de Mª
Cristina
1885 - 1902
Dictadura Primo
de Rivera
1923 - 1931
Reinado
Alfonso XIII
1902 - 1923
UNIT 4
UNITS 7 & 9
Monarquía
democrática (Amadeo
de Saboya)
1ª
REPÚBLICA
1788 - 1808
Absolut power.
Left power in hands of MANUEL GODOY.
His reign was marked by the FRENCH REVOLUTION.
1793: when Louis XVI was guillotined, fearing that
the revolution would spread to Spain, war was
declared to France.
However, later on Spain & France signed a peace
treaty & made an alliance to fight against their
common enemy: UK.
• Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
• Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807): agreement
to invade & divide up Portugal, who hadn’t
accept Napoleon’s economic blockade to UK.
Under the pretext of invading Portugal, Napoleon’s troops
entered Spain… and rapidly turned on his ally and occupied
strategic cities!!!
Motín de Aranjuez (17th March 1808) uprising against Carlos IV
& Godoy. The rebels forced Carlos IV to…
Depose Godoy
Abdicate in favor of his son Fernando VII
This event was extremely unpopular with the Spanish people, who
saw the entry as a humiliating invasion, and led to the…
Napoleon, under the false pretense of
resolving the conflict, invited both Carlos
& Fernando to Bayonne (France), where
he forced them both to renounce the
throne. He then named his brother José
Bonaparte king of Spain. This event is
known as the “Abdicaciones de Bayona”
(May 1808).
José Bonaparte, wasn’t recognized as the king
of Spain by most of the population (“patriots”).
The people who supported José Bonaparte
were known as “afrancesados”.
JOSÉ I“Pepe
Botella”
During the absence of Carlos IV & Fernando VII, the French troops in Spain
began taking control of the country. However, the people of Madrid upraised
against the French occupation in what is known as “ EL LEVANTAMIENTO
DEL 2 DE MAYO DE 1808”. It was the beginning of the Independence War.
ACTIVITIES
• P. 76 – 77: exercises 1 / 2 / 4
• What name did the supporters of José
Bonaparte received? And the ones that didn’t
supported him?
1808 - 1814
2nd MAY 1808: LEVANTAMIENTO DEL 2 DE MAYO uprising of the people
of Madrid against the French invasion. The revolt then spread to other cities, and
the War of Independence began.
PLAZA DEL 2 DE MAYO (Metro: Tribunal)Monument to Daoiz & Velarde, military captains heroes of the “Levantamiento”.
The arch is the former door of the Monteleón Barracks.
LOS FUSILAMIENTOS DEL 3 DE MAYO (Goya)
1st phase (1808): French advance
was stopped by:
-Popular resistance groups of
“patriots” that used guerrilla
warfare (surprise attacks carried
out by small irregular troops against
a large & regular army to weaken it).
-Regular army: BATTLE OF
BAILÉN.
First time Napoleon’s Grand Armée had surrender. The legend of
French invincibility underwent a severe shaking. It proved that
they could be beaten.
Many French victories
2nd phase (1808 - 1812):
Napoleon came to Spain with
250.000 men and recovered most
of the territory.
3rd phase (1812 - 1814): the War
entered its final phase after the
Spanish victory at the BATTLE
OF ARAPILES (1812). Two
factors made this victory easier:
• The Russian campaign forced
Napoleon to take part of his army
away.
• Help of the British army.
After this defeat, the
French army progressively
lost territories until the
finally left Spain in 1813.
Treaty of Valençay (1813) peace treaty between France and Spain that put
an end to the Independence War, and in which Napoleon recognized Fernando
VII as King of Spain & the Indies.
In parallel with the war, a liberal revolution took place in Spain.
Given the void of power caused by the Abdications of Bayonne, the
“patriots” created institutions known as “Juntas Provinciales de
Defensa”, which were coordinated by the “Junta Suprema Central”, in
order to…
Conduct the war
Govern the territory
LAS CORTES DE CÁDIZ
(1810 – 1814)
Once Napoleon dominated most of the territory, the Junta Suprema
Central took refuge in Cadiz, where they summoned an assembly to
carry out legal reforms & write a Constitution: LAS CORTES DE
CADIZ (1810).
The “Cortes de Cádiz” were
formed by:
ABSOLUTISTS
VS
LIBERALS
Majority
therefore, their
ideas prevailed
in the
Constitution of
1812.
Let’s read &
analyse the
text on p.79
“Articles of the
Constitution”
ACTIVITIES
P.79 exercise 4
JUNTA CENTRAL SUPREMA
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
(“Las Cortes de Cádiz”)
Summoned
Approved Wrote
- National sovereignty
- Parliamentary monarchy
- Separation of powers
- Equality before the law
- Individual rights
- Universal male suffrage (indirect)
- Catholicism
LIBERALS
VS
ABSOLUTISTS
MEANT THE END TO THE OLD REGIME & THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A LIBERAL POLITICAL SYSTEM
- Freedom of press
- Abolishment of guilds,
feudal rights & the
Inquisition
LEGAL
REFORMS
(Laws)
CONSTITUTION OF 1812
(“La Pepa”) 1st Constitution in Spain
Define:
• Guerrilla warfare
• Treaty of Valençay
• Cortes de Cádiz
What event marks the beginning of the War of Independence? Fill in
the chart about its phases of the War of Independence:
Why do you think the Constitution of 1812 is important? Why is it
known as “La Pepa”?
ACTIVITIES
Chron. Facts
1808
French advance was __________ by:
- Popular resistance groups of “_________” that used ____________ warfare.
- Regular army defeated the French at the BATTLE OF __________.
1808 - 12 ____________ came to Spain with ____________ men and _____________ most of the territory.
1812 - 14
The war entered it’s final phase after the Spanish __________ at the BATTLE OF
___________ (1812). Two factors made this victory easier:
• The __________ campaign forced Napoleon to take part of his army.
• Help of the _________ army
1814 - 1833
During the War of Independence Fernando VII had been imprisoned by
Napoleon at a Castle in Valençay (France).
During his absence, he was declared “rey in absentia”.
1814: after the signing the Treaty of Valençay, Fernando VII returns to Spain.
Absolutist Sexennium
1814 - 1820
Liberal Trienium
(1820 – 1823)
Ominous Decade
(1823 –1833)
3 PHASES
Absolutist Sexennium
1814 - 1820
Fernando found out that during his absence a liberal revolution had taken place.
A new world had been born: Spain was no longer an absolute monarchy,
instead he was now asked to rule under the liberal Constitution of 1812.
Fernando didn’t accept these changes:
Absolutism & the Old Regime were re-established Reforms of
the Cortes the Cadiz & the Constitution of 1812 were abolished.
Liberals were persecuted. Many liberal intellectuals were exiled.
However, part of the population didn’t accept this step backwards, and several
military uprisings took place to try to restore liberalism.
Espoz y Mina (1814) General Díaz Porlier
(1815)Coronel Riego
(1820)
UNSUCCESSFULL SUCCESSFUL
1820: the military uprising of Commander Riego at Cabezas de San
Juan (Sevilla) led to the beginning of the LIBERAL TRIENNIUM.
Liberal Triennium
1820 - 1823
Frightened, Fernando VII re-established liberalism
Swore the Constitution of 1812 & accepted the reforms of the
Cortes de Cádiz.
«España está viviendo a merced de un poder
arbitrario y absoluto, ejercido sin el menor
respeto a las leyes fundamentales de la Nación.
El Rey, que debe su trono a cuantos lucharon en
la guerra de la Independencia, no ha jurado, sin
embargo, la Constitución, pacto entre el
monarca y el pueblo, cimiento y encarnación de
toda nación moderna. La Constitución española,
justa y liberal, ha sido elaborada en Cádiz entre
sangre y sufrimiento. Mas el rey no la ha jurado
y es necesario, para que España se salve, que el
Rey jure y respete esa Constitución de 1812,
afirmación legítima y civil de los derechos y
deberes de los españoles, de todos los españoles,
desde el Rey al último labrador (...)
Sí, sí, soldados; la Constitución. ¡Viva la
Constitución!».
1 de enero de 1820
1823: the Holy Alliance sent a French army, “Los Cien Mil Hijos de San
Luis”, that helped Fernando VII to put an end to the liberal period & re-
establish Absolutism again. This period is known as the OMINOUS
DECADE.
Ominous Decade
1823 - 1833
It began with the repression of liberals.
Fusilamiento de Torrijos y sus compañeros
Juan GISBERT
However, several problems made Fernando VII shift towards
liberalism.
Economic
crisis
Problem of
succession
War against the French
Independence of American colonies
(1825) except:
Cuba / Puerto Rico / Philippines
Only a daughter (Isabel)
Supporters of
Carlos
ABSOLUTISTS
Supporters of
Isabel
LIBERALS
Salic Law was repealed (1830) women
could inherit the throne again. His brother
Carlos doesn’t accept it
Civil War 1st CARLIST WAR (1833-39)
VS
Convention of Vergara (1839)
The Liberals won (Isabel = queen)
What factors do you think that influenced the
independence of the American
colonies?
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE INDEPENDENCE OF
AMERICAN COLONIES
Example of the independence
of the USA
Dissatisfaction of the criollos political
marginalization, high taxes…
Spread of liberal & nationalist ideas of the French & Liberal
Revolutions
Military help of
UK & USA
During the War of
Independence
American colonies didn’t
recognized the authority
of José Bonaparte, and
began to be self-
governed.
Fernando VII the
colonies were again
under Spanish authority.
However, gradually
independence
movements occurred led
by Simón Bolívar, José de
San Martín & José de
Sucre. By 1825 Spain had
lost all its colonies
except:
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Philippines
P. 80 exercise 1
Explain the 1st Carlist War (when did it take place? cause? who
confronted? who won?...)
What did the Spanish colonies in America did while the Independece
War was taking place in the Iberian peninsula? What happened
afterwards?
Who was Commander Riego?
Who were Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín & José de Sucre?
ACTIVITIES
1833 - 1868Regency of Mª Cristina
1833 - 40
Regency of Espartero
1840 - 43
Reign of Isabel
1843 - 68
Mod. Prog. Mod. Prog. Alternation Mod.-Cent.
Tremendous
political
instability
Political parties were usually led by military
chiefs & they gained access to the government
by military uprisings
CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISABEL’S REIGN
4 Constitutions
(1834 / 1837 / 1845 / 1856)
Liberalism was finally
consolidated in Spain
Separation of
powers
A Constitution limits the King’s power
End of Absolutism & the Old Regime
2 liberal parties
confronted:
MODERATES
VS
PROGRESSIVES
MODERATES PROGRESSIVES
POLITICAL
SYSTEMConstitutional monarchy
SOVEREIGNTY
Cortes & King (power to
chose the Government &
to dissolve the Cortes).
National sovereignty. The power to
chose the government is held
exclusively by the Cortes, who
represent the nation’s will.
SUFFRAGE Censitary (more limited) Censitary (broader)
REFORMISM Limited reforms. Deep reforms.
RELIGION Confessional state. Confessional state, but freedom of
religion.
Equality before
the law
At the end of Isabel’s reign, new political parties appeared that
opposed the liberal regime: DEMOCRATS & REPUBLICANS
MODERATES PROGRESSIVES DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS
POLITICAL
SYSTEMConstitutional monarchy Republic
SOVEREIGNTY
Cortes & King (power
to chose the
Government & to
dissolve the Cortes).
National sovereignty. The power to chose the government is held
exclusively by the Cortes, who represent the nation’s will.
SUFFRAGECensitary (more
limited)
Censitary
(broader)Universal male suffrage
REFORMISM Limited reforms. Deep reforms.
RELIGION Confessional state.
Confessional state,
but freedom of
religion.
Separation of Church & State
Signed the PACT OF OSTEND to overthrow the queen
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (1868) Isabel exiles
1868 – 1874
After the Glorious Revolution (1868), a new Constitution was written.
It was more democratic because, for the first time, it established real
(direct) UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE.
Two periods:
MONARCHY OF
AMADEO DE SABOYA
- Appointed by the Cortes
- Son of Victor Emmanuel II
- Many opponents: republicans, moderates, absolutists (carlistas)… he abdicated
1st REPUBLIC
(1873)
Many problems
- Confrontation: UNIONISTS VS FEDERALISTS
- War in Cuba
- Cantonalism
- Another Carlist War
MILITARY UPRISING (1874) OF
GENERAL MARTINEZ CAMPOS
monarchy was restored under
Alfonso XII de Borbón
CANTONALISM: revolutionary movement
that tried to divide Spain into almost
independent cantons.
Its goal was to establish a confederation
of independent cities (cantons)
What did moderate liberals & progressive liberals
had in common? What made them different?
What made Democrats & Republicans different from
Progressive liberals?
Why was the Constitution of 1868 more democratic
than previous ones?
What was cantonalism? Was it supported by
unionists or by federalists?
ACTIVITIES
What difference can you see in the population growth of Spain & UK?
There was a slow & moderate population growth in Spain (compared to other
industrializing countries)
1788 1874
10,5 millions 16,5 millions
≈ 60%
increase
• CAUSE decrease in mortality due to:
- Improvements in nutrition (spread of potato & maize)
- Medical advances
• However, it was inferior than in other industrialized countries due to:
- Famine due to bad harvests & limited agrarian development.
- Emigration to America
There were also internal migrations that changed the distribution of the
population:
• POPULATION TEND TO…
Concentrate in the periphery (only exception: Madrid)
Live in the countryside (70%) however, there was an incipient rural
exodus towards the most industrialized areas: Madrid, BCN & Basque
Country.
At the end of the 19th Century, still 70% of the population in Spain lived in rural areas…
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
Was Spain highly industrializedat the end of the 19th Century?
End 19th Century Spain still had an agrarian economy: 70% of the
population worked in the primary sector.
Liberals wanted to transform many aspects of the Spanish
society & economy, including the system of property of
the land…
During the Old Regime…- Did peasants owned the land they laboured?- Who concentrated the ownership of the
land?
What economic system did liberals supported? What type of property system did it defend?
Peasants laboured land that didn’t belong to them.
It belonged to the nobles, the clergy or the
municipalities…
So peasants always remained poor.
OBJECTIVES:
Obtain resources for the State.
Facilitate access by peasants to land ownership.
Put the basis for a capitalist economic system
based on private property, which they believed
that it would make land more productive.
AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATIONS
UNDERTAKEN BY THE LIBERALS:
Disentailment of properties of the church &
municipalities the State confiscated their
properties & sold them to convert them in
private property.
Abolition of feudal regime nobles lost their
feudal rights (taxes, justice) & their lands
became private property (it could be sold, and
they had to pay taxes for them)
It did benefit the State’s economy.
It did put the basis of capitalism:
land became private property & it
increased its productivity.
The results of the disentailment were not as expected:
The results of the disentailment were not as expected:
It didn’t solve the problem of
ownership of land:
It benefited nobles & bourgeoisie,
who bought most of the land
It hurt peasants who couldn’t afford
to buy land & couldn’t use municipal
land anymore. They had to work for
the new owners for very low salaries
& harsh working conditions.
It did benefit the State’s economy.
It did put the basis of capitalism:
land became private property & it
increased its productivity.
P.84 exercises 1 & 2
Was Spain an industrialized & urban country at the end
of the 19th Century? Explain your answer.
Devise a diagram to explain the agrarian
transformations undertaken by the liberals during the
19th Century
ACTIVITIES
End 19th Century Spain’s industrialization was still very scarce.
Only 16% of the population worked in the secondary sector.
What factors might have influenced the late industrialization
of Spain?
C A U S E S O F S PA I N ’ S S L OW I N D U S T R I A L TA K E - O F F
Lack of raw materials
(cotton, coal)
Low investment in creating industries:
- The State didn’t invest in industry nor promoted it due unstable political situation.
- The wealthy classes didn’t invest in industry because they lacked an entrepreneurial spirit & they preferred to invest their money in disentailed properties.
Low demand for industrial products due to the poverty of
most of the population.
Technological backwardness due to protectionist policies that didn’t promote
innovation
During the 19th Century Spain’s transports modernised.
Road network expanded. It has a radial design.
Railway network
began to be
constructed.
First lines:
• Barcelona - Mataró
• Madrid - Aranjuez
Streetcars pulled by mules were put into service in some cities.
During the 19th Century:
Domestic trade scarce due to reduced internal demand.
Foreign trade dropped due to the loss of the American colonies
P.87 exercises 1 & 4
What innovations were introduced in transports during
the 19th Century?
ACTIVITIES