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1600-1700 First: prayers; hymns; diaries Soon after the Independence: adventures; puritan tales Benjamin Franklin (1705 1790): Poor Richard Almanac Irving Washington (1783 1859): The Mystery of Sleepy Hollow Fennymore Cooper (1789 1851): The Last of Mohicans Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlat Letter Mary Shelley (1797 1851) Science fiction: Power of science: manipulation of nature 1818: Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus Creation of man; the “different”; th e double. DRA MA Oliviero Goldsmith (1728 1774 ) and Brinsley Sheridan (1715-1816), comedy of manners, French theater POETRY Thomas Gr ay (1716- 1771): Elegy Written in a country churchyard William Blake (1757 1827): Contemporary world and spiritual world, art as a creative vision, freedom and love for justice; Poet and prophet ; sources: Divina Commedia by Dante; Works: Song of Innocence and Songs of 1760: Enlightens in Europe: Voltaire, Diderot, Hume 1770s: Thomas Gainsborough: landscape paintings 1781: Kant writes the Critique of Pure Reason 1790: orchestral music: Hayden, Mozart, Beethoven 1797-99: Novalis’s Hymnen an die Nacht New sources: Nordic and Celtic cultures; Middle Ages, ancient national folk poetry (T. Percy); The Works of Ossian (J. Macpherson) New features: originality and creativity; spontaneity; emphasis on individual genius; unknown and supernatural; free imagination; sensations; nature; exotic times and places. GOTHIC NOVEL …in America… …in Europe…

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1600-1700

First: prayers; hymns; diaries

Soon after the Independence: adventures; puritan tales

Benjamin Franklin (1705 – 1790): Poor Richard Almanac

Irving Washington (1783 – 1859): The Mystery of Sleepy

Hollow

Fennymore Cooper (1789 – 1851): The Last of Mohicans

Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlat Letter

Mary Shelley (1797 – 1851) Science fiction: Power of science: manipulation of

nature 1818: Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus

Creation of man; the “different”; th e double.

DRAMA

Oliviero Goldsmith (1728 – 1774 ) and Brinsley

Sheridan (1715-1816), comedy of manners, French

theater

POETRY

Thomas Gray (1716- 1771): Elegy Written in a

country churchyard

William Blake (1757 – 1827): Contemporary world

and spiritual world, art as a creative vision,

freedom and love for justice; Poet and prophet ;

sources: Divina Commedia by Dante;

Works: Song of Innocence and Songs of

Experience.

1760: Enlightens in Europe: Voltaire, Diderot,

Hume

1770s: Thomas Gainsborough: landscape

paintings

1781: Kant writes the Critique of Pure Reason

1790: orchestral music: Hayden, Mozart,

Beethoven

1797-99: Novalis’s Hymnen an die Nacht

New sources: Nordic and Celtic cultures; Middle Ages,

ancient national folk poetry (T. Percy); The Works of Ossian (J. Macpherson) New features: originality and creativity; spontaneity;

emphasis on individual genius; unknown and supernatural;

free imagination; sensations; nature; exotic times and

places.

GOTHIC NOVEL

…in America…

America…

…in Europe…

Poetry:

First generation

Poetry:

Second generation

Novel:

Jane Austen

Sir Walter Scott

R-eactions against the Enlightenment

O-rganic growth of a poem

M-iddle Ages: a romantic interest in

A-gony: suffering and death

N-ature

T- echnical experiments

I-magination

C-hildhood

I-ndividual, revolutionary i-deals

S-upernatural

M-an, language and simple life

Re-evaluation of the individual

Influence of revolutionary ideals

William Turner

John Constable

The Lyrical Ballads (1798)

Romantic manifesto

imagination and emotion

subjectivity and particular

individuality

freedom

medieval and modern subjects

ordinary language

different poetic forms.

exoticism; - orientalism

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

(1772 – 1834) William Wordsworth

(1770 – 1850)

From nature to supernatural;

emotion recollected in

tranquility

from supernatural to nature

Imagination: reconciliation of

the opposites.

Caspar David Friedrich

Politically committed

Struggle on the continent

Classical, medieval, oriental inspiration

Variety of forms

POETS:

Lord Gordon Byron (1788- 1824)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 – 1822)

John Keats (1795- 1821)

America

Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849): double, fear of man in

himself; isolation; father of detective stories

Works: Tales of Mystery and Ratiocination

Works: Tales of Mystery and Ratiocination

Jane Austen (1775 – 1817): domestic novels,

society in the countryside (country gentry)

Works: Pride and Prejudice; Sense and Sensibility; Emma; Mansfield Park;

Northanger Abbey; Persuasion

Sir Walter Scott (1771 – 1832):

Historical novels; Middle Ages,

social and racial clashes. A. Manzoni

Works: Ivanhoe; Rob Roy; Waverley

Ugo Foscolo

(1778 – 1827)

Romantic poets

G. Leopardi

(1798 – 1837)

A. Manzoni

(1785 – 1873)

I Promessi Sposi patriotic, historical and didactic novel

(W. Scott)

- Poet, essayst

Pessimistic view - Natura matrigna

I Canti

Poet and novelist Patriotism I Sepolcri

Le ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis

historical background urbanization communication

new printing machinery

new way to confute ideas

Literary background

Early Victorians Writers who identify themselves with their own age↓

increased numeber of the readers

episodic structure of the plot; serial instalments after 1820

very long works mass literat.

Realistic books & domestic

books - psycological; experience

J. Ruskin (1919-1901): gothic architecture →moral qualities, beauty of hand made products against machines↓ Charles Darwin: The Origin of the Species and The Evolution of man

Late Victorian Dissatisfaction and rebellion

Anti victorian reaction due to new scientiphic and

philosophical theaories

Work

Emily Brontë (1818 – 1848)

Charlotte Brontë (1816 – 1855)

Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870)

Social novel

Jane Eyre gothic, mystery introspection, education. women condition

Work

Work

Wuthering heights

(1847) -plot without chronology, -modern shifts of time

-Romantic (love) and gothic (ghosts, life in death) elements + -natural approach to love and feelings and modern structure (various narrators) -Indirect narrative tecnique -Nelly (world that disappears) and Lockwood (age of changes): 2 narratives, 2 points of view

sense of humour episodes (pathos)

world seen though children’s eyes caricatures/figures

painter of English life

characters with human qualities denounce of social evils

fluent style and use of symbolism. powerful imagines.

education, evil of utilitarianisms (towns)

Hard Times

Oliver Twist

Poetry started as a revival of Romanticism

but soon it reflected the sense of uneasiness

Brotherhood: New taste for Beauty in a world dominated by materialism and compromise. Return to semplicity and spirituality Paintongs before Raphael

Poetry Themes: religion, middle ages, nature, deatils., idealisation of beauty; use of symbols, against machines that kill creativity, bible Art as a message

Pre-Raphaelite

(foundation: 1848)

Robert Browning (1812 – 1889)

Tennyson (1809 – 1892)

“act of divine love” (search for God) themes: greatness of his period , soul study (conscious and unconscious, instint and ratinallity) dramatic monologue →Shakespeare; soliloquies character reveal his soul to others unconsciously (silent listener) dramatic→ drama, crisis of man seen ironically. Pre Raphaelites

Poet as a missionary in aworld without art

Work

DRAMA Crisis:

-audience demanded amusement -Star system

-Show business -Great expensive three dimensional sceneries

-Distorted spirit of classics Rebirth→new influences

France(Scribe) Denmark (Ibsen):

Sweden (Strindberg) Russia (Checkhov):psychol introspection;

women independence; social problems;retrospective method

↓ naturalism and realism

Realism: clash between man and environment, illusion and reality

(E. Zola)→naturalism (Darwin). Man no longer responsible for his actions that are

determined by forces beyond his control Writer’s task: to record events, impersonal

like a scientist, without comments)

Mid Aestheticism: European movement

1835: Theophile Gautier: frustartion and uncertainty; break of conventions, free

imagination. Art:

- Impressionism France:

- decadentism, 1890: symbolism, escape not in nature but in the self, Baudelaire

G. Eliot (1819 – 1880)

T. Hardy (1840 – 1928)

R. L. Stevenson (1850 – 1894)

R. Kipling (1865 – 1936)

O. Wilde (1854 – 1900)

G. B. Shaw (1856 – 1950)

Works

Works

Works Works Works Works

Revitalizer of the drama influence of economists

and philosophers with the spirit of comedy

Style: Confict between thoughts

and ideas, debate, dialogues various viewpoints dramatic force of

characters

Works Pygmalion

Major Barbara Arms and the Man

-Cult of art and beauty Social life -Different from French poets: morality, lack of realism Works - Picture of Dorian Gray: (Double, gothic elemts) - The Importance of Being Earnest (absurd situations) satire to literature

Double personality of man; Darwin; Primitive nature; escape to further

lands.

Works: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and

Mr. Hyde Kidnapped

The Black Arrow The Master of

Ballantrae Treasure Island

Escape; colonialism

Works:

The Jungle Books Kim

Short stories

Novelist and poet he was highly critical of Victorian society, and focused more on a declining rural society. Works -Far from the Madding Crowd -The Mayor of Casterbridge -Tess of the d'Urbervilles -Jude the Obscure

She used a male pen name, she said, to

ensure that her works were taken seriously.

Female authors published freely under their own names, but Eliot

wanted to ensure that she was not seen as merely a writer of

romances.

Works The mill on the Floss

Middlemarch

Authors

Scapigliatura Verismo

Renewal in Italian culture (1860-1880) - realistic (verismo)

- foreign influences (Germany).

Verismo (Italian vero, "truth") :Italian literary movement (1875 - 1895). Verga and Capuana: main exponents, writers of a verismo manifesto

- pessimistic

- impersonality

Work

Work

Verga (1840 – 1922) : I Malavoglia

Mastro Don Gesualdo

Emilio Praga (1839 – 1875) :Preludio Arrigo Boito (1842 – 1918) :Lezione d’anatomia

(poesia)

-Faith in man -Supporter of colonialism, (White Man’s Burden),at first, then seen it as a Nightmare (short stories) -Education Works: Jungle Books; Kim

journey into the self Sinister backgroundinner world of man European civilization confronts itself with alien environment: it can redeem or lose self-respect

Rudyard Kipling (1865- 1936)

Joseph Conrad (1857 – 1924)

Work: different points of view; narrator with common values; manipulation of time sequence Double character Style: rhetorical; long sentences(obscurity) use of images.

Heart of Darkness

Sea

- story in the story - metaphors - montage - monologue : instrument to transform

the phenomena into words

Experiences on new forms focus on mental ↓

stream of consciousness Techniques

Characteristics

Influences Henry Bergson (1859 – 1941) : inner time eludes the chronological time Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) : Psychological analysis of man’s uneasiness, free associations stream of consciousness theory of William James Karl Marx( 1818 – 1883)decay of Capitalism and dominant social classes

time

Authors

H. James (1842 – 1910)

T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965)

J. Joyce ( 1882 – 1941)

V. Woolf (1882 – 1941)

Poet,

interior monologue, objective correlative

E. Montale problem of communication

fragmentary world between the two World

Wars: uneasiness, solitude; quotations from different cultures

and languages Works:

The Waste Land. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Hollow

Men; Four Quartets

-direct interior monologue -total objectivity (artists

disappears). -Irish paralysis; exile -realism + symbolism Works:

Dubliners: naturalistic

linear tecnique (15 stories, Dublin life in

various period of life; use of epiphanies = sudden revelation of inner

thoughts →Portrait of an Artist

Ulysses: sperimentation; alter ego, interior monologue; Odyssey

Entire area of mental

attraction Consciousness flows

like a river; area beyond communication

Works:

Portrait of a Lady The Bostonians The Turn of the Screw

-indirect interior

monologue -fictional and

chronological time Works:

Mr Dalloway (time;

suicide; IW.W. as nervous breakdown)

Orlando (time and sexes) The Waves (flowing of life)

To the Lighthouse (inner and chronological shifts

of time; desire and aims)

W. B. Yeats (1865 – 1939)

Born in Dublin (Irish Revival)

Fascinated by Irish legends and by occult.

Theory of the second coming (a new era following Gian Battista

Vico) Works (poems):

The Second Coming The Gyre A Vision

-T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound and W.B. Yeats -Politically motivated, - interested in mind and symbols

• alienation • incommunicability • tradition and past • objective correlative • myth

• Metaphysical poets • Dante (journey) • before the conversion: The Love Song of J. Alfred

Prufrock and The Waste Land • conversion: The Journey of the Magi; Four

Quartets: faith religious solution (faith, religious solution)

• Drama: Greek tragedy (Murder in the Cathedral)

T.S. Eliot

1920-1930

Poems: The Love song of Alfred J. Prufrock; Hollow Men

The Waste Land Aridity, sterility Fragmentation, incommunicability, quotations; images, various levels; past; spiritual decay emptiness

Animal Farm (allegory; political

fairy tale);

1984 - Politically connected,

language to communicate ideas. Danger of propaganda

→manipulation

Oversimplification→ Control of

language

Essays : about colonialism (Shooting and elephant)

Brave New World reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation, and conditioning .

George Orwell (born Eric Arthur Blaire – 1903- 1950)

Aldous Huxley (1894 – 1963)

Lord of the Flies: young people on a desert island: far from modern civilization,

regress to a primitive state -conflicting human impulses toward civilization a -will to power

Sir William Gerald Golding (1911 –1993)

Anthony Burgess (1917 - 1993)

A Clockwork orange: an exploration of human violence and human free will to choose between good and evil; experiment with the language

Europe: Decadentism,

Intellectual emotion

America: vorticism

E.Pound

-New experiences, Celtic and Oriental

languages. -He “cut” the Waste

Land Blast Vortex: beauty of the

machine -with and then in

contrast with Amy Lowell (Imagism)

1914.

• hard, dry images • exact words from

common speech • new rhythm

• freedom in subject

matters

Poems:

precise images

concentration

no descriptions Amy Lowell: inner

introspection

Amy Lowell (1874 – 1925)

-Irish revival: Yeats, O’Casey -T. S. Eliot:Greek Drama

-Commercial theatre -Non realism (Brecht ) - Expressionism

Between the two wars

1950s

Theatre of

Cruelty

Theatre of

Anger

Theatre of

the Absurd

Violence on the stage violence

of war, of man

Theatre of Cruelty

Aldous Huxley: The Devils of Loudon about inquisition; John Whiting - play: The Devils (1960)

Violence on the stage violence of war , of men

John Arden: Serjeant Musgrave's Dance, an Un-historical Parable (1959)

John Osborne

Angry Young Men

Play:

Look Back in Anger

(1956) dissatisfaction

disillusion verbal violence slang

and colloquial language;

Politically involved in the period

Theatre of

Anger

John James Osborne (1929 –1994)

life is meaningless characters : stylized; complementary;

Works: Waiting for Godot (1953) Language: essential; short sentences; nonsense; violent

Psychological violence (cruelty, anger) Structure: circular

Themes: sterility, deterioration, incommunicability; mental dependence; monotony; actions without; progression;

entertainment; inability to act; fixed time

Samuel Becket

Sources: Kafka; Becket Menaces:

Physical violence (cruelty);

loss of security;

room/outside world (protection; womb; refuge; property; prison);

memories ; racial intolerance; cosmic disaster

intruder (false identity; blindness; impossibility to recollect the past; solitude; reality vs unreality.

Language: contradictions uneasiness; incommunicability; repetitions; pauses and silences; common speech

Works: one act plays (for radio);

The Dumb Waiter; The Caretaker; The Room

Harold Pinter

First American playwright Realistic plays; American vernacular; characters on the fringes of society: hopes and aspirations disillusionment and despair; myth Works: Mourning Becomes Electra (1931) Long journey into the night (1941) Charlie Chaplin’s father in law

Southern Gothic mysterious, supernatural, or unusual; demons' in the mind: addiction, madness and sexuality. Works: A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) The Rose Tattoo (1951) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) (then made into films)

Eugene O’Neill

(1888 – 1953)

He combined social awareness with a

searching concern for his characters’ inner

lives Works:

Death of a salesman (1949)

Marylyn Monroe’s husband

lives

Arthur Miller (1915 – 2005) Tennessee Williams

(born Thomas Lanier Williams 1911 –1983)