two-sided argumentative essays · concentrate on specific subjects. for example, there have been...

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Two-sidedArgumentativeEssaysContents:Generalarguments(nosources)

1. Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?[440words]*****[A2/B1]2. Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?(550words)*****[B1/B2]3. IsaUKuniversitydegreeworththemoney?[633words]*****[B1/B2]4. Gunsshouldbebanned.(700words)*****[B1/B2]5. Canwindenergyreplaceelectricitypowerstations?(720words)*****[B1/B2]

Academicarguments(includessources)

1. Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?(685words)*****[B2/C1]2. IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?(680words)*****[B2/C1]3. IsaVegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?(750words)*****[B2/C1]4. IsObesityadisease?(765words)*****[B2/C1]5. IsSocialMediaabenefittosociety?(800words)*****[B2/C1]

Levels:*****A2*****B1/B2*****B2/C1*****C1*****C2Copyright:Thesematerialsarephotocopiablebutwewouldappreciateitifalllogosandwebaddresseswereleftonmaterials.Thankyou.

UK


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Two-sidedGeneralArgumentativeEssays


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:Education

Argument:‘Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?’Type:GeneralLevel:*****[C2/B1/B2]

LessonPlan Aim:todevelopthestudents’abilitytogeneratemainideaswithsupportandwriteatwo-sidedargument.3typesoflessons(writingx2/reading)1.Writing

• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?’• Writedown‘thepositivesandnegatives’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)

FreeWriting#1:[giveoutOutline#1]Studentschoose2/3ofthepositives/negativesdiscussedandaddsupport.Gotointroductionandfilltheideasofgeneral,specific,outline,thesis,thentoconclusion.Writetheessayandstudentscheckideasagainstthetext[theycoulddotheReadingExercise2]GuidedWriting#2:[giveoutOutline#2]Studentsreadtheoutlinewiththebasicpointsandthenwritetheessayaroundtheseideas.Thencomparetothetext.MarkingStudent’swork:Usemarkingcode:www.academic-englishuk.com/error-correction2.Reading

1. GiveouttextandOutline#3.Studentsreadtheessayandwritedownthekeypointsandsupportinthestructuredoutline[thebulletpointsrelatetoeachpieceofsupport].StudentscheckanswerswithOutline#4.

Copyright:Thesematerialsarephotocopiablebutpleaseleavealllogosandwebaddressesonhandouts.Pleasedon’tpostthesematerialsontotheweb.Thankyou


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Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?C.Wilson(2016)

Keyvocabulary

1. Hometuition2. ‘Tofinditdifficulttofitin’[phrase]3. Tobegifted4. Torealiseyourpotential5. Tooptoutofsomething6. Aharmfulinfluence7. Truancy8. Adolescents9. Tobeledastray10. Peers11. Isolated12. Tosocialise13. Drama(thesubject)14. Laboratories15. Expertise16. Englishliterature17. Disciplined18. Preferable19. Protection20. ASeverelydisabledchild


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Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?C.Wilson(2016)

InBritainparentsarenowchoosingtoeducatetheirchildrenathome.Thisisoftenbecausesomechildrenfinditdifficulttofitintotheschoolsystembecausetheyareespeciallygiftedorhaveproblemsofsomekind.However,despitethevariousargumentsthathavebeenputforwardforhometutoring,thisessaywillarguethatitisbetterforachildtobeeducatedatschool.Teachingchildrenathomehasanumberofadvantages.Firstly,parentsfeelthattheirchildrenwillbeabletorealisetheirpotentialbetteriftheycanworkattheirownrateandconcentrateonspecificsubjects.Forexample,therehavebeencasesofchildrenwhohavegonetouniversityasyoungastwelveorthirteenbecausetheyareespeciallygiftedandhaveoptedoutoftheschoolsystem.Parentsfeelthattheywillalsobeabletoprotecttheirchildrenfromharmfulinfluencestheymayencounteratschooliftheykeepthemathome.Problemssuchastruancyanddrugsarecommonandadolescentsparticularlycanbeledastraybytheirpeers.Thus,schoolcanpreventlearningtotakeplaceeffectively.However,therearealsoargumentsinsupportofsendingchildrentoschoolratherthaneducatingthemathome.Firstofall,childrenareisolatedathome;atschool,ontheotherhand,theyareabletosocialiseandmeetpeopleofdifferentagesandsobecomeincreasinglyindependent.Childrenalsoneedtheirpeerstodosubjectslikesportsanddrama.Anotherimportantpointisthatschoolshavemoreresourcesandequipmentthancanbeprovidedathome.Suchaslibraries,sportsequipmentandlaboratoriesforscienceexperiments.Afinalargumentisschoolcanofferamuchwiderrangeofsubjectsandexpertisethanparentscanprovideontheirown.ParentswouldneedtohaveawholerangeofprofessionalknowledgeinsciencesubjectslikephysicsandchemistrytoEnglishliteratureandeconomics.Itisalsoquestionablewhetherparentscouldkeepadisciplinedstudyatmosphereathomebecauseofthefriendlyfamilyatmosphere.Insum,hometuitioncanaffectsocialindependence,failtoprovidethecorrectresourcesandprofessionalteaching.Onbalanceitseemsthateducationatschoolispreferabletolearningathome.Itisfairtoassumethathomeeducationaidsconcentrationandprotection,italsolimitssocialising,availabilityofresourcesandprofessionalteaching.Theremaybeparticularcasesinwhichhometutoringwouldbeadvantageous,suchasforseverelydisabledchildren;however,forthevastmajorityofchildrentherearegreaterbenefitsfromgoingtoschool.

[440words]


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis

Yes-writeyourideasandsupport1)Point/idea:support

2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

No-writeyourideasandsupport1)Point/idea:support

2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation


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Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?’

IntroductionGeneral Parentseducatechildrenathome

Specific Somechildrenfinditdifficulttofitinschoolsystem

Thesis Bettertobeeducatedatschool

Outline Lookattheargumentsforandagainst

YES1.Betterpotential

• Workatownrate• Concentrateonspecificsubjects• Example:Universityat12or13yearsold(giftedhomeeducatedstudents)

2.Protection• Harmfulinfluences• Truancyanddrugs

No1.isolation

• socialisation/meetpeople=independence• peersforsport

2.Resources&equipment• schoolshavelibraries,sportsequipmentandlaboratoriesforscience

experiments.

3.Expertise• parent’sprofessionalknowledge(don’tknowallsubjects)• controlthestudyingatmosphere(toomanydistractionathome)

Conclusion Summary: Homeeducation=concentrationandprotection,

Schools=socialising,resources,professionalteachingThesis Greaterbenefitsfromgoingtoschool

Recommendation Severelydisabledchildren=homeeducation


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Shouldparentseducatetheirchildrenathome?’

Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)IntroductionGeneral:

Specific:

Outline:

Thesis:

Yes–findthemainpointsandsupport(bulletpoints)1)_______________________________________________

• • •

2)________________________________________________

• •

No–findthemainpointsandsupport(bulletpoints)1________________________________________________

• •

2)________________________________________________•

3)________________________________________________

• •

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation:


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Outline#4:ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral Parentseducatechildrenathome

Specific Somechildrenfinditdifficulttofitinschoolsystem

Thesis Bettertobeeducatedatschool

Outline Lookattheargumentsforandagainst

YES1.Betterpotential

• Workatownrate• Concentrateonspecificsubjects• Example:Universityat12or13

2.Protection

• Harmfulinfluences• truancyanddrugs

No1.isolation

• Socialisation/meetpeople=independence• Peersforsport

2.Resources&equipment

• Libraries,sportsequipmentandlaboratoriesforscienceexperiments.

3.Expertise• Parent’sprofessionalknowledge• Controlthestudyingatmosphere

Conclusion Summary: Itisfairtoassumethathomeeducationaidsconcentrationand

protection,italsolimitssocialising,availabilityofresourcesandprofessionalteaching.

Thesis Thevastmajorityofchildrentherearegreaterbenefitsfromgoingtoschool

Recommendation Homeeducationisadvantageous,suchasforseverelydisabledchildren


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:Advertising

Argument:‘Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?’Type:GeneralLevel:*****[B1/B2]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?’• Writedown‘thepositivesandnegativesofadvertising’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)

FreeWriting#1:[giveoutOutline#1]Studentschoose2/3ofthepositives/negativesdiscussedandaddsupport.Gotointroductionandfilltheideasofgeneral,specific,outline,thesis,thentoconclusion.Writetheessayandstudentscheckideasagainstthetext[theycoulddotheReadingExercise2]GuidedWriting#2:[giveoutOutline#2]Studentsreadtheoutlinewiththebasicpointsandthenwritetheessayaroundtheseideas.Thencomparetothetext.MarkingStudent’swork:Usemarkingcode:www.academic-englishuk.com/error-correction2.Reading




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Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?C.Wilson(2016)

Keyvocabulary

1. Persuasive2. Tobeexposedto...3. Billboards4. Acolleague5. Individualism6. Materialistic7. Essential8. Consumerism9. Beneficial10. Dissatisfied11. Frustration12. Inadequacy13. Well-off14. Prosperity


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Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?C.Wilson(2016)

Advertisingisapowerfulandpersuasivemedium.Weareallexposedtomanydifferentformsofadvertisingonadailybasis.Whetherthisisonbillboardsonthewaytowork,popupaddsontheInternet,orfriendsorcolleaguessportingthenext‘musthave’.Ithasbeenarguedthatthisisanintrusioninourdailylife,andthepressureonustospendmoneytokeepupwitheveryoneelseisstressful.Others,however,enjoythevariety,whichthishighlycreativeindustrybringstoeverydaylifeandourownindividualism.Thisessaywilldiscussthepositivesandnegativesandarguethatthecurrentprocessofadvertisingishighlynegativeasitcreatesamaterialisticsociety.

Manyofthemainargumentsforadvertisingisthatitgenerateswealthforacountryandthereforethisimprovestheeconomy.Thiscanbedividedintothreeareas;Firstly:Taxes.Thesearepaidongoodssold,helpgovernmentstopayforessentialservicessuchaseducationandhealthcare.Moreover,thenumberofjobscreatedforproducing,marketingandservicingthesegoodshelpstoreducetheunemploymentproblem,whichisthesecondareaofimportance.Thethirdpointisthatadvertisingraisesmoneyforahugenumberofsportingeventsandartisticperformances,whichwouldotherwisenotbeheld.Withoutsponsorshipfromcompanieswhoadvertisetheirproducts,theseeventswoulddisappearduetolackoffunding.Inotherwords,althoughconsumerismispromotedthroughadvertising,itisbeneficialtoboththeconsumerandsociety.

Ontheotherhand,themainargumentsagainstadvertisementscanalsobedividedintothreemainareas.Firstly,advertisingcancausepeopletobedissatisfiedwithwhattheyalreadyhave,andmakethemwantmore.Beingexposedagainandagaintoproductswhichonecannotaffordproducesfrustrationanddissatisfaction.Furthermore,thesecondareaiscost.Notallparentsareinapositiontoaffordthegoodswhichtheirchildrenseeadvertisedandwanttopossess.Thisoftenleadstofeelingsofinadequacy,especiallyamongthelesswell-off.Inadditiontothis,andthefinalissueisthatadvertisingcreatesmaterialismandcausespeopletoplacetoomuchimportanceonmaterialgoods.Thefactthatpeoplearepreparedtoworklonghours,oreventurntocrimeinordertogainthegoodsonoffer,showsthatadvertisingpersuadespeopletogotogreatlengthstokeepthesamestandardoflivingasthosetheyseearoundthem.Thus,itcouldbearguedthatneithercrimenorthestresscausedbyoverworkingcanbenefitsociety.

Inconclusion,itistruetosaythatadvertisingprovidesarangeofbenefitsforeconomicprosperity.However,thedrawbacksofcreatingamaterialisticfocusedsocietybasedaroundcompetitionandstress,faroutweightheadvantages.Therefore,advertisingdoesnotbenefitthemajorityofpeopleinsociety.Societiesneedtoaskthequestionwhatisimportantforhappinessandwhethermaterialproductsofferthis.AfamousAmericanindustrialistHarper(1980)summarisesadvertisingasonlybeing‘foundinsocietieswhichhavepassedthepointofsatisfyingbasicneeds’.

[550words]


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation


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Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?’

IntroductionGeneral Advertising=differentforms

Billboards/popupads/friends

Specific Pressure/stressfultokeepupHowever,variety/individualism.

Outline Thisessaywilldiscussthepositivesandnegativesofadvertising

Thesis Advertising=negative=materialisticsociety

NO1.Taxes

• Governments• Education&healthcare.

2.Employment• Jobsinadvertising• Reducesunemployment

3.Sponsorship• Sportingeventsandartisticperformances.• Nosponsorship=nocompanies/events

Yes1.Dissatification

• Wantmore/thenextnewestone2.Cost

• Cannotafford• Feelingsofinadequacy

3.Materialism

• Toofocusedonmaterialgoods• Worklongerhours• Crime

Conclusion Summary Benefits=economicprosperity.

However,thedrawbacks=materialisticfocusedsociety/competition/stress

Thesis

Therefore,advertisingdoesnotbenefitthemajorityofpeopleinsociety.

Recommendation Questionwhatisimportantforhappiness?


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:Isadvertisingabenefitforsociety?Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)

IntroductionGeneral:

Specific:

Outline:

Thesis:

Yes–findthemainpointsandsupport(bulletpoints)1)_______________________________________________

• •

2)________________________________________________

• •

3)________________________________________________

• •

No–findthemainpointsandsupport(bulletpoints)1________________________________________________

•

2)________________________________________________• •

3)________________________________________________

• • • •

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation:

Quotation:


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Outline#4:ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral Advertisingisapowerfulandpersuasivemedium/differentformsofadvertisingon

adailybasis.Billboards/popupadsontheInternet,orfriendsorcolleaguessportingthenext‘musthave’.

Specific Anintrusioninourdailylife,pressuretokeepupwitheveryone/stressful.However,variety,creativeindustrybrings/ownindividualism.

Outline ThisessaywilldiscussthepositivesandnegativesofadvertisingThesis Arguethatthecurrentprocessofadvertisingishighlynegativeasitcreatesa

materialisticsocietyNO1.Taxes

• Governmentstopayforessentialservices• Suchaseducationandhealthcare.

2.Employment• Jobscreatedforproducing,marketingandservicing• reducetheunemploymentproblem

3.Sponsorship• Raisesmoneyforahugenumberofsportingeventsandartisticperformances.• Nosponsorshipfromcompanies/eventswoulddisappear/nofundingfunding.

Yes1.Dissatification

• Unsatisfiedalreadyhave,andwantmore.2.Cost

• Parentscannotaffordgoodswhichchildrenseeadvertisedandwant.• Leadstofeelingsofinadequacy

3.Materialism

• Toomuchimportanceonmaterialgoods.• Worklongerhours• Turntocrime• Persuadespeopletogotogreatlengthsforsamestandardoflivingasthosearoundthem.

Conclusion Summary: Advertisingprovidesarangeofbenefitsforeconomicprosperity.However,the

drawbacksofcreatingamaterialisticfocusedsocietybasedaroundcompetitionandstress,possiblyfaroutweightheadvantages.

Thesis Therefore,advertisingdoesnotbenefitthemajorityofpeopleinsociety.Recommendation Societiesmayneedtoaskthequestionwhatisimportantforhappinessandwhether

materialproductsofferthis.Quote Harper(1980)summarisesadvertisingasonlybeing‘foundinsocietieswhichhave

passedthepointofsatisfyingbasicneeds’.


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:Universitydegreecosts

Argument:‘Isauniversitydegreeworththecost?’Type:GeneralLevel:*****[B1/B2]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Isauniversitydegreeworththecost?’• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)

FreeWriting#1:[giveoutOutline#1]Studentschoose2/3ofthepositives/negativesdiscussedandaddsupport.Gotointroductionandfilltheideasofgeneral,specific,outline,thesis,thentoconclusion.Writetheessayandstudentscheckideasagainstthetext[theycoulddotheReadingExercise]GuidedWriting#2:[giveoutOutline#2]Studentsreadtheoutlinewiththebasicpointsandthenwritetheessayaroundtheseideas.Thencomparetothetext.MarkingStudent’swork:Usemarkingcode:www.academic-englishuk.com/error-correction2.Reading




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IsaUKuniversitydegreeworththemoney?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Incrediblypopular2. CollegeAmE/UniversityBrE3. Anintegralpartofsomething4. Necessity5. Trebled6. ABachelor’sDegree7. Agraduate8. Expertise9. Acareer10. Aprofession11. Networking12. Criticalthinkingskills(analyse&evaluate)13. Innovation/innovative14. Focusedonprofit15. Aproductionline(inafactory)16. Individualattention17. ‘Onesizefitsall’[aphrase]18. Guarantees19. Aswampedjobmarket20. Vocationtraining21. Studentloans/studentdebt22. Redundanteducationalinvestment23. Merits24. Toopendoors[idiom]25. Ranking


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IsaUKuniversitydegreeworththemoney?C.Wilson(2017)

UniversityeducationintheU.Khasbecomeincrediblypopularforyoungpeoplewithonaverageoneineverythreecollegestudentsgoingontostudyatuniversity.Suchhighnumbersseemtosuggestthatadegreequalificationhasbecomeanecessityinmodernsocietyandanintegralpartofdevelopingafuturecareer.Thereisalsoevidencethatgraduatesearnmoremoneythanthosewhohavenotbeenthroughauniversityeducationsystem.Nevertheless,theaveragecostforthreeyearsofhighereducationhastrebledinthelastthreeyearsandwithsuchhighnumbersofstudentsthishashadaneffectonthequalityofteaching.Thisessaywilldiscussthepositivesandnegativesinthevalueofadegreeandstatethatauniversitydegreeisworththeinvestmentbutonlywithintegratedvocationaltraining.Auniversitydegreeisworththemoneyforanumberofimportantreasons.Themostsignificantisabachelor'sdegreeisahighqualification.Itpresentsemployerswithahighlyeducatedandhighlyknowledgeablepersoninaspecificareaofexpertise.Forthegraduateitoffersanopportunityforacareerratherthanjustajob.Ofcourse,certainprofessionssuchasdoctors,lawyersandteachersneedthisqualificationtoworkintheseareas.Secondly,isthatmostyoungpeoplestatethattheuniversityexperienceisoneofthebesttimesoftheirlife.Thisdividesintotwomainareasinthatformanyitisthefirsttimeawayfromhomeandthefirststepstobecomingindependentbutalsothefriendships,partiesandnetworkingareallenjoyablepartsofuniversitylife.Finally,theuniversityeducationtestingsystemfocusesonthedevelopmentofcriticalthinking.Theseskillshelpgraduatestobeinnovativeandcreativeintheworkplacebybeingableanalyseandevaluatesituationsastheyarise.Insum,universityhelpsdevelopthekeyskillstobenefitsocietyandemployers.Manycriticsarguethatuniversityeducationisnotworththeamountofmoneyitcosts.Thefirstargumentisthatuniversitieshavebecometoofocusedonmakingprofitratherthanqualityeducation.Someclaimthatuniversitiesnowresembleproductionlines,similartofactorieswherecreativityandinnovationisnotencouraged.Highnumbersofstudentsalsomeanlecturerscannotprovideindividualattentiontostudentsthusteachingtoaonesizefitsallmodel.Thesecondargumentisthereisnoguaranteeofemploymentwhenyougraduate.Infact,withrecordnumbersofstudentsgraduating,thejobmarkethasbecomeswampedandonlyoneoutofeveryfivegraduateshavefoundworkintheirsubjectarea.Thebiggestproblemisthatmanygraduatesdonothaveanyexperience.Thishighlightstheneedforcoursestoincludevocationaltraining.Lastly,isthecostandstudentdebt.Forexample,tuitioncostofathree-yearbachelordegreeis£29,000andwithaccommodationandlivingexpensestheaveragedebtofagraduateis£50,000(asof2016).Suchanexcessivedebtat21yearsoldisasignificantburdentobearandifthegraduatecannotfindemploymentintheirsubjectareaquicklytheyhavetotakeanyjobtostarttopaybackthedebt.Thiscanresultinaredundanteducationalinvestment.Overall,auniversitycourseseemstobeagamble.


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Inconclusion,highereducationhasitsmeritsthroughprovidingacademicknowledge,educatingapersontoahighstandardandofferingexperience.However,thereisanelementofuncertaintyregardingteaching,findingworkandgoingintodebt.Havingadegreeisworththeinitialinvestmentbecauseitopensmoredoorsthanotheralternatives.Therearearangeofpracticalsolutionsforthenegativesdiscussedinthisessaybychoosingauniversitythroughqualityofteachingranking,choosingcourseswithvocationaltrainingandworkingpart-timewhileatuniversitytoreducethedebt.

[633Words]


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Isauniversitydegreeworththecost?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis

Positives-writeyourideasandsupport1)point/idea:Support

2)point:Support3)pointSupport

Negatives-writeyourideasandsupport1)point:Support

2)point:Support3)point:Support

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

solutions


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Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Isauniversitydegreeworththecost?’

IntroductionGeneral Universitypopular1:3collegestudentsSpecific Adegree=goodcareera&moremoney.

Costs=trebled/highclassnumbers,/poorteaching.

Outline Positives&negatives

Thesis Universitydegreeisworthitbutneedworkplacement./experience

Positives1)Highqualification

• Employerswanteducatedandknowledgeablepersoninaspecificareaofexpertise.• Graduate:acareerthanajob.• Certainprofessions(doctors,lawyersandteachers)needqualifications

2)University‘life’experience(besttimesoftheirlife)

• independence• Friendships,partiesandnetworking=enjoyablepartsofuniversitylife.

3)Criticalthinkingskills.

• Helpinnovation/creativity• Ableanalyseandevaluateassituationsarise.(importantforwork)

Negatives1)Unitoofocusedonprofitratherthanqualityeducation.

• Likeafactoryorproductionline=preventscreativityandinnovation.• Highnumbersofstudentspreventindividualattention

2)Noguaranteeofemployment.

• 1:5(inUK)graduateshaveprofessionalwork• Noexperience.• Degreecoursesneedvocationaltraining.

3)Costandstudentdebt.

• Studentloans+Tuitioncost=£50,000.• Excessivedebtat21yearsold=takeanyjob.• Agamble.

Conclusion Summary: Merits=academicknowledge,highstandardeducation&lifeexperience.Uncertainty

=regardingteaching,findingwork&debt.Thesis Yes,worththemoneyasadegreeopensmoredoorsthanotheralternatives

solutions Choosingauniversityforqualityofteachingranking,courseswithvocationaltraining

andworkingpart-time.


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Isauniversitydegreeworththecost?’Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline Thesis

Positives-findthemainpointsandsupport1)_______________________________________________

• • •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________• •

Negatives-findthemainpointsandsupport1)________________________________________________

• •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________• • • •

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

solutions


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Outline#4:ANSWERSIntroductionGeneral Universityispopular1:3collegestdsSpecific Adegreeisnecessaryforagoodcareerandmoremoney.

Costshavetrebled,highclassnumbers,andpoorteaching.

Outline Positives&negatives

Thesis Universitydegreeisworthitbutneedworkplacement.

Positives1)Highqualification

• Employers:educatedandknowledgeablepersoninaspecificareaofexpertise.• Graduate:acareerratherthanjustajob.• certainprofessions(doctors,lawyersandteachers)needthisqualification

2)University‘life’experience(besttimesoftheirlife)

• Developingindependence• Friendships,partiesandnetworkingareallenjoyablepartsofuniversitylife.

3)Criticalthinkingskills.

• Helpinnovationandcreativityintheworkplace• Ableanalyseandevaluateassituationsarise.

Negatives1)Toofocusedonprofitratherthanqualityeducation.

• Productionlines,similartofactoriespreventscreativityandinnovation.• Highnumbersofstudentspreventindividualattention

2)Noguaranteeofemployment.

• Oneoutofeveryfivegraduateshavefoundworkintheirsubjectarea.• Noexperience.• Degreecoursesneedvocationaltraining.

3)Costandstudentdebt.

• Tuitioncost=£50,000.• Excessivedebtat21yearsoldforcesgraduatetotakeanyjob.• Redundantinvestment.• Agamble.

Conclusion Summary: Merits=academicknowledge,highstandardeducation&lifeexperience.Uncertainty

=regardingteaching,findingwork&debt.Thesis Yesworththemoneyasadegreeopensmoredoorsthanotheralternatives

solutions Choosingauniversitythroughqualityofteachingranking,courseswithvocational

trainingandworkingpart-time.


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:ShouldGunsbebanned?

Argument:‘Shouldgunsbebanned?’Type:GeneralLevel:*****[B1/B2]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Shouldgunsbebanned?’• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)





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GunsshouldbebannedC.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Massacres2. Terrorism3. Massshooting4. Pro-guncontrol5. U.SConstitution–2ndAmendment(righttobeararms)6. Out-dated/flawed7. Tocarryagun8. Self-defence9. Legislation10. Afundamentalright11. NationalRifleAssociation(NRA)12. Policing13. Asevereprisonsentence14. Economicinstability15. Toimplementapolicy16. Ideology17. Ahousehold18. Adispute19. Slavery20. Afatality21. Tocitethemainargument22. Proponents23. Tragedy24. Aventure


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GunsshouldbebannedC.Wilson(2017)

Withtheriseofterrorismandrecentgunmassacres,itcomesasnosurprisethatthedebatesurroundingbanninggunsinallcountrieshasbecometopical.TofocusontheU.S.forexample,therehavebeenmorethan70massshootingsinthelast30yearsandpro-guncontroladvocatesbelievetoughergunlawswouldhavepreventedthesecrimes.AspartoftheU.S.Constitution,thesecondamendmentgivestherighttobeararmsforself-defenceandthislegislationisnowout-datedandflawedinthemainpremiseofprotectingoneselfhascreatedasignificantriseinguncrime.ThisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsforandagainstbanninggunsintheU.S.andconcludethatagunbanwillcreateasafercountry.IntheU.S.approximatelyoneinfivepeoplecarryagun.Thissuggeststhatcitizensbelievethatitisnecessaryandanimportantpartofeverydaylife.Therearethreemainargumentsagainstagunban.Firstly,itisaconstitutionalrightofthesecondamendment.ItislegislationoftheU.S.SupremeCourtthatstatesself-defenceisafundamentalrighttobeararmsforself-defence.ThisisawidelysupportedviewthroughouttheU.S.whobelievethatcarryinggunsreducescrimeandmakessocietiessafer.Thereductionincrimeisthesecondreason,inthattheU.S.NationalRifleAssociation(NRA)claimthatviolentcrimehasfallen48%andthemurderratehasfallen37%inthelast10years.Whetherthisisbasedontherighttocarryarmsorchangesinpolicing,educationandmoresevereprisonsentences,isdebatable.Afinalreasonisshootingandgunclubsarenationalsportsandpastimes.GunshavebecomeafundamentalpartoflifeintheU.S,andanychangesingunlawswouldputmanybusinessesintobankruptcy,creatinghigherunemploymentandeconomicinstabilityinsomestates.Insum,laws,reductionincrimeandfinancialuncertaintyfromabanarethemanyreasonsagainstaban.TherearethreemainconvincingargumentsthatsupportanoutrightgunbanintheU.S.Themostimportantpointistolookatcountrieswhohaveimplementedpoliciesagainsttherightsforpeopletocarrygunsandnoticethatguncrimehasbeenreducedbynearly80%.Forinstance,Australiabannedgunsin1998afteroneofthebiggestshootingsinthecountry'shistory.Sincethatban,crimeconnectedtogunshasfallenby92%.Withlengthyprisonsentencesandaninabilitytopurchasegunsthispreventsgunsfallinginthewronghandsandassuchpreventsmassmurder.Thesecondpointisthatgunsforself-defenceisaseriouslyflawedideology.Thelikelihoodofbeingattackedisextremelyrareandbeingabletohaveaccesstoyourguninthateventisalsorare.Inaddition,statisticssuggestthatgunsinhousesarefarmorelikelytobeusedonthathouseholdthaninself-defence.Infact,gunrelateddomesticviolenceandfamilydisputesaresignificantlyhigherthanotherguncrime.AfinalpointisthatU.S.citizensoftenquotethesecondamendmentastheirconstitutionalrighttocarryguns.Basicallystatingthatitislegislationandcannotbechanged.However,itisanamendment,meaningthatitcanbeamended,similartohowitwasamendedforslavery.Toconclude,countrieslikeAustraliaandtheU.K.wheregunshavebeenbannedshowasignificantfallinfatalitiesfromshootings,alsotheeasyaccessibilityofgunsinthehomehasledtomoredomesticshootingsandthesecondamendmentcanbeclearlychanged.


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Inconclusion,thisessayhascitedthemainargumentsforandagainstagunban.Proponentsagainstagunbanclaimself-defenceisafundamentalright,carryinggunsreducescrimeandabanwouldcreatehigherunemployment.Proponentsofagunbanarguethatcountrieswheregunsarebannedhavemuchlowerguncrime,theself-defenceideologyisflawedandlegislationcanbeeasilychanged.Theevidenceisperfectlyclearthatcountrieswheregunsarereadilyavailableleadtotragedyfromdomesticdisputestomassmurders.GunsshouldbebannedintheU.S.tofollowothergunbannedcountriestocreatesafercommunities.Apossiblesolutionwouldbetoimplementthepolicyoveranumberofyearssothatgunrelatedbusinessescanadaptandfindtheirinnovativeventures.

[700words]


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Shouldgunsbebanned?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation


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Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Shouldgunsbebanned?’

IntroductionGeneral Terrorism/gunmassacres/=debate-banningguns

Specific U.S.=70massshootingsin30years=gunlawspreventedthesecrimes.U.S.Constitution,thesecondamendment=righttobeararmsforself-defence

Outline ThisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsforandagainstbanninggunsintheU.S.

Thesis Gunbannowout-dated&flawed=agunban=safercountry.

NO1.Constitutionrightofthesecondamendment

• legislation/U.S.SupremeCourt• Self-defenceisafundamentalrighttobeararmsforself-defence.

2.Reducescrime• Supportedview/reducescrimeandmakessocietiessafer.• TheU.S.NationalRifleAssociation(NRA),violentcrime<48%murderrate<37%in10years.• Questions??Couldbe=policingeducation/prisonsentencesNOTGuns

3.Shootingisanationalsportandpasttime• Guns=lifeintheU.S.• Changes=businesses=bankruptcy,• Gunban=unemployment/economicinstabilityinsomestates.

Yes1.Othercountrieshavegunbans

• Guncrime=80%reduced• Australiagunban1998=guncrimefallen92%.• Lengthyprisonsentencesandcan’tbuyguns=preventsgunsfallinginthewronghandsand

preventsmassmurder.2.Self-defenceisaseriouslyflawedideology

• Beingattacked=rareandhavingaccesstoguninthateventisalsorare.• Statistics=gunsinhousesareusedonthathousehold.• Gunrelateddomesticviolenceandfamilydisputes/higherthanotherguncrime.

3.Legislationcanbechangedeasily• Peoplethinksecondamendment/legislationcannotbechanged.• Anamendment,meaningthatitcanbeamended(likeslavery).

Conclusion Summary: Proponents=self-defence,gunsreducecrime/aban=higherunemployment.

Proponentsfor=ex.countrieslowerguncrime/self-defenceideology=flawed/legislationeasilychanged.

Thesis Guns=tragedyfromdomesticdisputestomassmurders.GunbaninUS=followgunbannedcountries=safercommunities(evidence).

Solution Policyoveranumberofyears=relatedgunbusinessescanadapt=innovativeventures.


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Shouldgunsbebanned?’Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)

Introduction

General:

Specific:

Outline:

Thesis:

No–findthemainpointsandsupport

1)_______________________________________________• •

2)________________________________________________

• • •

3)________________________________________________

• • •

Yes–findthemainpointsandsupport

1________________________________________________• • •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________

• •

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

Solution:


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Outline#4:ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral Withtheriseofterrorismgunmassacres,debatesurroundingbanninggunsinall

countriesasbecometopical.Specific U.S.forexample,70massshootings/30yearstoughergunlawswouldhave

preventedthesecrimes.U.S.Constitution,thesecondamendmentgivestherighttobeararmsforself-defence

Outline ThisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsforandagainstbanninggunsintheU.S.Thesis Gunbannowout-datedandflawedinthemainpremiseofprotectingoneself/a

gunbanwillcreateasafercountry. NO1.Constitutionrightofthesecondamendment

• legislation/U.S.SupremeCourt• Self-defenceisafundamentalrighttobeararmsforself-defence.

2.Reducescrime• Supportedview/reducescrimeandmakessocietiessafer.• TheU.S.NationalRifleAssociation(NRA),violentcrime<48%murderrate<37%in10years.• Questions??Changesinpolicing,educationandmoresevereprisonsentences.

3.Shootingisanationalsportandpasttime• GunshavebecomeafundamentalpartoflifeintheU.S.• Changesputmanybusinessesintobankruptcy,• Creatinghigherunemploymentandeconomicinstabilityinsomestates.

Yes1.Othercountrieshavegunbans

• Guncrimehasbeenreducedbynearly80%.• Australiabannedgunsin1998=guncrimefallenby92%.• Lengthyprisonsentencesandaninabilitytopurchasegunsthispreventsgunsfallinginthewrong

handsandassuchpreventsmassmurder.2.Self-defenceisaseriouslyflawedideology

• Thelikelihoodofbeingattackedisextremelyrareandbeingabletohaveaccesstoyourguninthateventisalsorare.

• Statisticsgunsinhousesareusedonthathousehold.• Gunrelateddomesticviolenceandfamilydisputes/higherthanotherguncrime.

3.Legislationcanbechangedeasily• Secondamendment/legislationcannotbechanged.• Anamendment,meaningthatitcanbeamended(likeslavery).

Conclusion Summary: Proponentsagainst=self-defence,gunsreducecrime/aban=higherunemployment.

Proponentsfor=countrieslowerguncrime,theself-defenceideologyisflawedandlegislationcanbeeasilychanged.

Thesis Theevidenceisclear/guns/leadtotragedyfromdomesticdisputestomassmurders.GunsshouldbebannedintheU.S.tofollowothergunbannedcountriestocreatesafercommunities.

Solution Toimplementthepolicyoveranumberofyearssothatgunrelatedbusinessescanadaptandfindtheirinnovativeventures.


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:windenergy

Argument:‘Canwindenergyreplaceconventionalelectricitypowerstations?Type:GeneralLevel:*****[B1/B2]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Canwindenergyreplaceconventionalelectricitypowerstations?’

• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)





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Canwindenergyreplaceelectricitypowerstations?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Sustainable/renewableenergy2. Coalfiredpowerstation/Nuclearpoweredstation3. Fossilfuel/coal/oil/gas4. Solar/wind/hydro/biomasspower5. Awindturbine6. Aflaw7. Asubstitute8. Toutilise9. GreenhouseGases(GHGs)10. CO2emissions11. ClimateChange12. Maintenancecost13. Reliability14. NotInMyBackYard(NIMBY)15. Awindfarm16. ‘toruinthenaturallandscape’17. Arelianceonsomething18. Agreenersociety


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Canwindenergyreplaceelectricitypowerstations?C.Wilson(2017)

Therehasbeenmuchdebaterecentlyconcerningtheimportanceofsustainableenergyandwhetheritcanreplaceexistingcoalandnuclearfiredpowerstations.Sustainableenergyisdefinedasasourceofenergythatisrenewable.Itisinfiniteandwillneverrunoutunlikeunsustainablesourcessuchasthefossilfuelsofcoal,oilandgasandthemineraluraniumusedinnuclearpowerstations.Themainsourcesofsustainableenergyaresolar,windandhydrowhichareplentifulontheearthandinnovativetechnologyhasbeendevelopedtoharnessthesenaturalsources.Thisessaywillinvestigateoneofthesesources;windenergy,whichusesthewindturbinetoproduceelectricity,andwilldiscussthemainpositivesandnegativesassociatedwiththisusingwind.Overall,itwillsuggestthatwindenergyasaprimarysourceofelectricityhassignificantflawstoreplacecoalandnuclearpowerstations,butusedwithavarietyofrenewablesourcescouldbeaneffectivesubstitute.

Therearemanykeyadvantagestoutilisingwindenergytoproduceelectricity.Themainadvantageisthatitisarenewableenergysource,whichisfreelyavailableallacrosstheBritishIsles.Infact,theU.K.ishighlydependentonimportingfossilfuelsfromothercountriesforitsenergyneedsandasaresultisatthemercyofpricefluctuationsandinternationalpolitics.Thesecondmostimportantpointisthatwindenergyisnon-pollutingsourceofenergy.Thus,whenoperationalwindturbinesproducenogreenhousegasesorlargeamountsofCO2unlikethecurrentpowerstations,whichareresponsiblefor25%oftheU.K.sCO2emissions.Inaddition,windenergywouldhelpgovernmentsmeettheirtargetsinpreventingclimatechange.Thefinalkeyconsiderationiswindenergyiscosteffective.Soalthoughtheinitialsetupcostsarerelativelyhighforthematerialsandconstructionofawindturbine,onceinplacethemaintenancecostsarelowandaturbinecanrunfor100years,unlikecoalornuclearpowerstationswhichcanonlyoperateforapproximately35years.Overall,windenergyhasimportanteconomicandtechnologicalfactors.

Unfortunately,windenergyhasanumberofsignificantflawsthatneedtobeaddressedtounderstandhowthisrenewablesourceofelectricityproductioncouldbeimplementedintoagreenerlookingsociety.Firstly,isthesubjectofreliability.AlthoughtheUKisanislandandhasaconsiderableamountofwind,thiswindisnotalwaysblowing.Itisimpossibletopredictwhenthewindwillblow,atwhattimesandatwhatstrength.Asaconsequence,thiscreatesaseriousinfailingtomeetpeakdemandsusuallyinthemorningsandevenings.Thistakesustothesecondseriousissuethatthereisnostoragesystemforexcesselectricityproduced.Ifawindfarmproducestoomuchelectricity,itcannotbestoredsooftenwindturbinesareturnedoff.Atthispresentmoment,thereisnotechnologicaldevelopmentinhowthisenergycanbestored.Thereneedstobeareaswheregiantsizedbatteriescanbestoredthatcanabsorbadditionalenergy.Thisappliestoallrenewablesourceelectricalproduction.Thedifferencewithoil/coalfuelledpowerstationsisthattheseindustriescanbeturnedonandoffwhenenergyisneeded.Thefinalproblemisnoiseandvisualpollution.ThemajorityofpeopleintheU.K.wantrenewableenergyandmorewindturbinesbutnotnearwheretheylive.ThesepeoplearecalledNIMBYs(NotInMyBackYard).Thisisperfectlyunderstandableaswindturbinesarenoisyastheyrotateandbigwindfarmsruin


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thenaturallandscape,makingthecountrysidelookmechanised.OnesolutionistoputthewindturbinesintheseaaroundthecoastsoftheU.K.

Overall,windenergyasasourceforelectricityproductioncouldbeafuturesolutionforthediminishingfossilfuels,acleanersourceofenergyandreducedeconomiccosts.However,thereareseriouslimitationssuchasthereliabilityofwind,wheretobuildwindfarmsandtheinabilitytostoreelectricity.Itseemsthatacombinationofsustainablesourcesofenergyfromwind,solar,hydroandbiomasswouldhelptoreduceourrelianceonfossilfuelsandbeaneffectivesubstituteinelectricityproduction.Overall,societiesneedtointegraterenewableenergyforagreenerlesspollutingsociety.

[720words]


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Canwindenergyreplaceconventionalelectricity

powerstations?

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

Recommendation


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Canwindenergyreplaceconventionalelectricity

powerstations?IntroductionGeneral Debate=theimportanceofsustainableenergy

Definition Sustainable=sourceofenergythatisrenewable,infiniteandwillneverrunout

Specific Mainsources=solar,windandhydro/plentifulearth/lotsofinnovative

technologyOutline Thisessaywillinvestigatewindenergy,andwilldiscussthemainpositivesand

negativesassociatedThesis Windenergyasaprimarysourceofelectricity=significantflaws,butusedwitha

varietyofrenewablesourcescouldbeaneffectivesubstitute.Positives1)Freelyavailable

• UKs=dependentonimportingfossilfuels• Oil=pricefluctuations&internationalpolitics.

2)Non-pollutingsourceofenergy• NogreenhousegasesorCO2• Currentpowerstations=25%oftheUKsCO2emissions.• Windenergy=governmentsmeetClimateChangetargets.

3)Costeffective.• Setupcostsarehighforthematerialsandconstruction• BUTLowmaintenancecosts/aturbinerunfor100years,• Coalornuclearpowerstationsonlyoperateforapprox.35years

Negatives1)Reliability.

• Windisnotalwaysblowing.• Impossibletopredictwhen&strengthofwind• Notmeetpeakdemands=morningsandevenings.

2)nostoragesystem• Itcannotbestored=windturbinesareturnedoff.• Notechnologicaldevelopmentinhowthisenergycanbestored.(Giantbatteries)• Oil/coalfuelledpowerstationscanbeturnedonandoffwhenyouneedtheenergy

3)Noiseandvisualpollution.• Peoplewantwindturbinesbutnearwheretheylive(NIMBYs).• Windturbinesarenoisy/bigwindfarmsruinthenaturallandscape.• Onesolution=windturbinesintheseaaroundthecoastsoftheU.K.

Conclusion Summary: Windenergy=diminishingfossilfuels,acleaner,reducedeconomiccosts.However,

limitations=wheretobuild&inabilitytostoreelectricity.Thesis Acombinationofsustainablesourcesofenergyfromwind,solar,hydroandbiomass

helptoreducerelianceonfossilfuelsandaneffectivesubstitute.solutions Themainenergysourcesinagreenersociety.


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Canwindenergyreplaceconventionalelectricitypowerstations?

Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)IntroductionGeneral

Definition Specific

Outline

Thesis

Yes-findthemainpointsandsupport1)_______________________________________________

• •

2)________________________________________________

• • •

3)________________________________________________• • •

No-findthemainpointsandsupport1)________________________________________________

• • •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________• • •

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis:

Solutions:


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Outline#4:ANSWERSUsetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Canwindenergyreplaceconventionalelectricity

powerstations?IntroductionGeneral debate-theimportanceofsustainableenergy

Definition asourceofenergythatisrenewable,infiniteandwillneverrunout

Specific Mainsourcesofsustainableenergyaresolar,windandhydro.plentifulearthand

lotsofinnovativetechnologyOutline Thisessaywillinvestigatewindenergy,andwilldiscussthemainpositivesand

negativesassociatedThesis Windenergyasaprimarysourceofelectricityhassignificantflaws,butusedwitha

varietyofrenewablesourcescouldbeaneffectivesubstitute.Positives1)Freelyavailable

• U.K.ishighlydependentonimportingfossilfuels• Oil=pricefluctuations&internationalpolitics.

2)Non-pollutingsourceofenergy• NogreenhousegasesorCO2• Currentpowerstations,25%oftheU.K.sCO2emissions.• Windenergywouldhelpgovernmentsmeettargetsinpreventingclimatechange.

3)Costeffective.• initialsetupcostsarehighforthematerialsandconstruction• lowmaintenancecostsandaturbinerunfor100years,• coalornuclearpowerstationsonlyoperateforapprox35years

Negatives1)Reliability.

• Windisnotalwaysblowing.• Itisimpossibletopredictwhen&strength.• Notmeetpeakdemandsinthemorningsandevenings.

2)nostoragesystem• Itcannotbestoredsooftenwindturbinesareturnedoff.• Notechnologicaldevelopmentinhowthisenergycanbestored.(Giantbatteries)• Oil/coalfuelledpowerstationscanbeturnedonandoffwhenyouneedtheenergy

3)Noiseandvisualpollution.• Peoplewantwindturbinesbutdon'twantthemnearwheretheylive.(NIMBYs).• Windturbinesarenoisyastheyrotateandbigwindfarmsruinthenaturallandscape.• OnesolutionistoputthewindturbinesintheseaaroundthecoastsoftheU.K.

Conclusion Summary: Windenergycouldbeafuturesolutionforthediminishingfossilfuels,acleanerand

reducedeconomiccosts.However,limitationsreliabilityofwind,wheretobuildandtheinabilitytostoreelectricity.

Thesis Acombinationofsustainablesourcesofenergyfromwind,solar,hydroandbiomasshelptoreducerelianceonfossilfuelsandaneffectivesubstitute.

solutions Themainenergysourcesinagreenersociety.


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Two-sidedAcademicArgumentativeEssays


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:Mobilephoneshealthrisk

Argument:‘Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?’Type:Academic[6sources]Level:*****[B2/C1]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?’• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)





___________________________________________________________________________


Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Mobilephone/cellphone/amobile2. Convenience3. RadioFrequency(RF)Radiation4. Totransmit5. Toexemplify6. AbrainTumour7. Immense8. Thenervoussystem9. Credibleevidence10. Validity11. AGlioma(googlethis)12. Aconsistentpattern13. Bias14. Misleading15. Latencyperiod16. Conflictingevidence17. Conclusiveevidence18. Popularity19. Caution20. Hands-freeset


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Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?C.Wilson(2017)

Mobilephoneusagehasincreased67%inthelast5years,withoneineveryfiveadultsowningasmartphone(Chaffey,2016).Obviously,mobilephonesaremakingourlivesmuchmoreconvenientwithaninstantconnectiontofriends,familyandtheInternet.However,thesemobiledevicesemitaRadioFrequency(RF)radiationwhichisclaimedtobepossiblyharmfultohealthandcancausebraintumours.Thisessaywilldiscussthepositiveandnegativeresearchintothesafetyofmobilephoneuse.Itwillconcludethatthereareinconsistenciesintheresearchofmobilephonesbeingsafeandthatlong-termmobilephoneusageisinfactahealthrisk.Thereisasignificantamountofevidencethatsuggestsmobilephonesaresafe.ThemostconsistentargumentisthatRFradiation,whichistransmittedfrommobilephones,isalsotransmittedsafelyfromotherdevicessuchradiosandtelevisions.Toexemplifythispoint,radioshavebeenusedsince1893andthetelevisionsince1939.Thisseemstosuggestthatthelong-termuseofRFradiationdevicesissafe.AsecondargumentinsupportofthesafetyofmobilephonesisarecentDanishstudy,where350,000citizenswerestudiedoveraten-yearperiodandthedataconcludedthat'therewasnoassociationbetweenbraintumours/cancersandlongtermuseofmobilephones'(Stockman,2013:554).Therehavebeennumerouspublishedstudiesfrom2001to2015concludingsimilarfindings.AfinalimportantobservationbyLinet&Inskip(2010)isthatdespitetheimmenseincreaseinmobilephonesinthelastfiveyears,therehasnotbeenadramaticincreaseinbrainornervoussystemcancers.AccordingtoChaffey(2016)between2009and2014phoneuseincreased67%,howeverreportedbraincancerdecreased.Thesethreeargumentsoffercredibleevidencethatmobilephonesarerelativelysafe.Thereisalsocredibleevidencethatquestionsthevalidityoftheresearchintowhethermobilephonesaresafe.Firstly,itisimperativetounderstandthattherehavebeennumerousstudiesthathasshown'aconsistentpatterninmobilephoneuseanddevelopingaGlioma,atypeofbraintumour.Forexample,a2009studyfoundthatlongtermmobilephoneuseapproximatelydoublestheriskofabraintumour'(Khuranaetal.,2009).Infact,therehasbeennumerousprofessionalstudiesconcludingsimilarfactsthatmobilephonescausecancer.Animportantconnectedsecondpointisthecredibilityoftheresearchintomobilephonesaresafe.Kundi(2010)claimsthatmuchoftheresearchisfundedbymobilephonescompaniesandasaresulttheconclusionsarebias,untrustworthyandpossiblymisleading.Researchgroupsdonothavetostatewhofundsorpaysforthestudiesandthereisaneedforgreatertransparencyintheindustry.Finally,manyacademicshavearguedthat10yearstudiesaretooshortandfailtotakeinarangeofagegroupsandusers.AccordingtoTheEnvironmentalHealthTrust(2011)researchintoGliomabraintumoursisthatithasa20-30yearlatencyperiod.Therefore,suggestingthatthetrueresultsofanystudyisyettobeconclusive.Inaddition,veryheavyusersandyoungadultsarethemostatrisk,andthesegroupshavenotbeensufficientlyresearched.Insum,thereisconflictingevidenceinmuchoftheresearchintothesafetyofmobilephones.


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Inconclusion,therehasbeenacademicresearchintobothargumentsofmobilephonesafety.Researcherswhoclaimmobilephonesaresafe,citeTV&RadioemitRFradiationprovidesconclusiveevidencefromcrediblestudiesandrefertotherecentincreaseinthepopularityofmobileshasnotincreasedbraintumours.However,criticsarguethatthereisconclusivestudiesthatrevealmobilephonesareahealthrisk,muchofthepositiveresearchseemstobebiasanduntrustworthybecausecancerstakemorethan10yearstobedetected.Itisimportanttostatethatwithsuchconflictingevidencemobilephonesareahealthriskespeciallyforheavyusersandyoungpeople.Itseemssensibletosuggestthattheyareusedwithcautionandtheuseofhands-freesetsareimportanttokeepthephoneawayfromtheear.

[685words]ReferenceListChaffey,D.(2016).Mobilemarketingstatistics2016.[online]SmartInsights.Availableat:http://www.smartinsights.com/mobile-marketing/mobile-marketing-analytics/mobile-marketing-statistics/[Accessed16Jul.2016].Khurana,V.,Teo,C.,Kundi,M.,Hardell,L.andCarlberg,M.(2009).Cellphonesandbraintumors:areviewincludingthelong-termepidemiologicdata.SurgicalNeurology,72(3),pp.205-214.Kundi,M.(2010).Thecontroversyaboutapossiblerelationshipbetweenmobilephoneuseandcancer.Ciênc.saúdecoletiva,15(5),pp.2415-2430.Linet,M.andInskip,P.(2010).Cellular(Mobile)TelephoneUseandCancerRisk.ReviewsonEnvironmentalHealth,25(1).EnvironmentalHealthTrust.(2011).PressRelease:TopDoctorsUrgeCellPhoneCompaniestoComeCleanonHealthDangersPosedbyRadiation.[online]Availableat:http://ehtrust.org[Accessed16Jul.2016].Stockman,J.(2013).Useofmobilephonesandriskofbraintumours:updateofDanishcohortstudy.YearbookofPediatrics,2013,pp.522-524.


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

Recommendation


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?’

Introductiongeneral Mobilephoneusageincrease=67%/last5years,1:5adultshavesmartphone.

specific mobilephones=livesconvenient/connectiontofriends,familyandtheInternet.

However,RadioFrequency(RF)radiation=harmful&braintumours.outline Thisessaywilldiscussthepositiveandnegativeresearchintothesafetyofmobile

phoneuse.thesis Inconsistenciesintheresearchandlong-termmobilephoneusageisahealthrisk.

NO

• RFradiation,• RFcomefromdevicessuchradiosandtelevisions.• radioshavebeenusedsince1893andthetelevisionsince1939.• RFdevices=safe.• Research• Danishstudy,where350,000citizensten-yearperiodandthedata• Nohealthrisks(Stockman,2013:554).• numerouspublishedstudiesfrom2001to2015saymobilesareok• Useincreaselastfiveyears,nodramaticincreaseincancer.• Between2009and2014phoneuseincreased67%,howeverreportedbraincancerdecreased.

Chaffey(2016)Yes

1. Numerousstudiesthathasshown'aconsistentpatterninmobilephoneuseanddevelopingaGlioma,atypeofbraintumour.

• 2009studyfoundthatlongtermmobilephoneuseapproximatelydoublestheriskofabraintumour'.(Khuranaetal.,2009).

• numerousprofessionalstudies.2. Thecredibilityoftheresearchintomobilephonesaresafe.• MostresearchisfundedbyMobilePhonescompanies=bias,untrustworthy,possiblymisleading.• Needforgreatertransparencyintheindustry.Kundi(2010)3. 10yearstudiesaretooshortandfailtotakeinarangeofagegroupsandusers.• Gliomabraintumourshavea20-30-yearlatencyperiod.TheEnvironmentalHealthTrust(2011)• Veryheavyusersandyoungadultsnotbeenresearchedfully..

Conclusion Summary: mobilephonesaresafe,TV&RadioemitRFradiation,crediblestudies=notincreased

braintumours.However,mobilephones=healthrisk,researchisbiasanduntrustworthy,andcancers=10yearstobedetected.

Thesis Conflictingevidencemobilephones=healthrisk-heavyusersandyoungpeople

Recommendations usedwithcautiona/usehands-freesetstokeepthephoneawayfromtheear.


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Aremobilephonesahealthrisk?’Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline Thesis

No-findthemainpointsandsupport

1)_______________________________________________• • •

2)________________________________________________

• • •

3)________________________________________________

•

Yes-findthemainpointsandsupport

1)________________________________________________• •

2)________________________________________________• •

3)________________________________________________

• •

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

recommendations


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Outline#4ANSWERS

Introductiongeneral Mobilephoneusagehasincreased67%inthelast5years,withoneineveryfive

adultsowningasmartphone.(Chaffey,2016).specific Mobilephonesaremakingourlivesmuchmoreconvenientwithaninstant

connectiontofriends,familyandtheInternet.However,thesemobiledevicesemitaRadioFrequency(RF)radiationwhichisclaimedtobepossiblyharmfultohealthandcancausebraintumours.

outline Thisessaywilldiscussthepositiveandnegativeresearchintothesafetyofmobilephoneuse.

thesis Itwillconcludethatthereareinconsistenciesintheresearchofmobilephonesbeingsafeandthatlong-termmobilephoneusageisinfactahealthrisk.

NO

• RFradiation,• transmittedsafelyfromotherdevicessuchradiosandtelevisions.• radioshavebeenusedsince1893andthetelevisionsince1939.• long-termuseofRFradiationdevicesissafe• Research• Danishstudy,where350,000citizensten-yearperiodandthedata.(Stockman,2013:554).• concludedthat'therewasnoassociationbetweenbraintumors/cancers• numerouspublishedstudiesfrom2001to2015• Useincreaselastfiveyears,nodramaticincreaseinbrainornervoussystemcancers.Linet&

Inskip(2010)• 2009to2014phoneuseincreased67%,howeverreportedbraincancerdecreased.Chaffey(2016)

Yes

4. Numerousstudiesthathasshown'aconsistentpatterninmobilephoneuseanddevelopingaGlioma,atypeofbraintumour.(Khuranaetal.,2009)

• 2009studyfoundthatlongtermmobilephoneuseapproximatelydoublestheriskofabraintumour'.

• numerousprofessionalstudies.5. Thecredibilityoftheresearchintomobilephonesaresafe.• researchisfundedbyMobilePhonescompanies=bias,untrustworthyandpossiblymisleading.• needforgreatertransparencyintheindustry.Kundi(2010)6. 10yearstudiesaretooshortandfailtotakeinarangeofagegroupsandusers.• Gliomabraintumourshasa20-30yearlatencyperiod.• veryheavyusersandyoungadultsnotbeenresearchedfully..

Conclusion Summary: Researcherswhoclaimmobilephonesaresafe,citeTV&RadioemitRFradiation,

evidencefromcrediblestudiesthepopularityofmobileshasnotincreasedbraintumours.However,criticsarguemobilephonesareahealthrisk,muchoftheresearchisbiasanduntrustworthy,andcancerstakemorethan10yearstobedetected.

Thesis suchconflictingevidencemobilephonesareahealthriskespeciallyforheavyusersandyoungpeople

Recommendations Itseemssensibletosuggestthattheyareusedwithcautionandusehands-freesetstokeepthephoneawayfromtheear.


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:ClimateChange

Argument:‘IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?’Type:Academic[7sources]Level:*****[B2/C1]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?’• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(nextpage)





___________________________________________________________________________


IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Persuasive2. ClimateChange3. Atmosphericlevels4. GreenhouseGases(GHGs)/CarbonDioxide(CO2)/Methane(CH4)5. Sceptics6. Phenomenon7. Over-whelmingconsensus8. Prominent9. Measuringtemperaturechanges:Treerings/icecores/corals10. Preceding11. Unprecedented12. 460ppm13. Climatologists14. Unique15. Northernhemisphere16. millennium17. Climatemodel18. Exaggeration19. Sensitivity20. Disparity21. Controversial22. Acorrelation23. Credible24. Aviationindustry


___________________________________________________________________________


IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?C.Wilson(2017)

Temperaturesonearthhaveincreasedapproximately1.4°Fsincetheearly20thcentury.Overthistimeperiod,atmosphericlevelsofgreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxide(CO2)andmethane(CH4)havenotablyincreased.Manyscientistsbelievethisisadirectresultofhumanactivities,whilescepticsclaimthatthesegasandtemperatureincreasesareanaturalphenomenon.ThisessaywillinvestigatebothsidesoftheargumentandsuggestthatthecausesofClimateChangeareunnaturalandimmediateinternationalactionisneededtoreduceemissionsofGreenhousegases.Thereisanoverwhelmingconsensusthathumanactivityisresponsibleforclimatechange.ThefirstmainargumentisthatthereisanoverwhelmingconsensuswithintheacademiccommunityandresearchthatsupportsthenotionthatClimateChangeisman-made.Oneprominentexamplethe2013CookReviewof11,944peer-reviewedstudiesonclimatechangefoundthatonly78studies(0.7%)explicitlyrejectedthepositionthathumansareresponsibleforglobalwarming(Cooketal,2012).Thesecondargument,againcloselyconnectedtoresearch,isthattheriseintemperatureisfasterthanthenaturalclimatechange.Mannetal(2008)hasfoundthatthroughcomparingdatafromtreerings,icecores,andcoralsoverthepastmillenniumwithrecenttemperaturerecords,theriseovertheprecedingdecadehadoccurredataratefasterthananywarmingperiodoverthelast1,700years.Inaddition,theArcticSeaiceismeltingatanunprecedentedrateof13.9%perdecadewithpredictionsthatitwillhavemeltedby2020(Stroeveetal,2007).Thefinalargumentisatmosphericgasesthatcauseglobalwarmingaremanmade.RecenticecoreresearchhasrevealedthatgasesCO2,CH4andNO2startedtoincreasein1751,aroundthetimeoftheindustrialrevolutionandsincethenatmosphericlevelshaveincreasedfrom220ppmto460ppmin2013(NOAA,2013).Overall,thereseemstobeconclusivescientificevidencethatClimateChangeisfromhumanactivities.ThereareanumberofcounterargumentsthattrytodiscredittheargumentthatClimateChangeisman-made.Thefirstofthesecounterargumentsisagainstthepublishedresearch.SomescientistsdisagreewiththeCookreport(discussedinpreviousparagraph)dueto32.6%ofthestudiesgavenopositionoffororagainst(Tol,2016).Infact,aBerkleyUniversitysurveyfoundthat47%ofclimatologistsbelievethatclimatechangeiscausedbyanequalcombinationofhumansandtheenvironment.Asecondcounterargumentisthattheclimatehasalwayswarmedandcooledandthesecurrenttemperaturesarewithinnaturaltemperaturefluctuations.SoonandBaliunas(2003)claimthat‘manyrecordsrevealthatthe20thcenturyisprobablynotthewarmestnorauniquelyextremeclimaticperiodofthelastmillennium.’Furthermore,alaterstudy(ibid)foundthat‘hightemperatures-similartothoseobservedinthetwentiethcenturybefore1990occurredaroundAD1000to1100’intheNorthernHemisphere.AfinalcounterargumentisthattheresearchintoClimateChangeisoftenbasedoncomputerisedClimatemodels,whichareinadequateandinaccurate.AccordingtoLewisandCurry(2014),acomparisonbetweenobservationaldataratherthancomputerclimatemodelsconcludedthat"themodelsareexaggeratingclimatesensitivity"andoverestimatehowfasttheearthwillwarmasCO2levelsincrease.Insum,thereseemstobedisparitywithintheresultsandconclusionsdrawn.


___________________________________________________________________________


Inconclusion,thedebateofwhetherclimatechangeisaresultofhumanactivitiesishighlycontroversial.Thereissignificantscientificevidencethatmanyscientistsagree,andchangesingasesandtemperaturecorrelatecloselytohumanactivities.Ontheotherside,thisscientificevidenceisquestionedandtheEarthhasbeenthroughtemperaturechangessimilarinthepast.However,thecorrelationbetweentheincreaseinglobalwarminggasesandariseintemperaturesisover-whelmingcredibleandthereforesuggestingthatClimateChangeiscausedfromhumanactivities.Evenwithoutscientificevidence,itseemsobviousthattheriseofindustries,theaviationindustryandurbanisationispollutingtheatmospheremorethatinthepast.Overall,ClimateChangeishappeningandsocietiesneedtotakeinternationalactionnow.

[680words]

Referencelist

Cook,J.,Nuccitelli,D.,Green,S.,Richardson,M.,Winkler,B.,Painting,R.,Way,R.,Jacobs,P.andSkuce,A.(2013).Quantifyingtheconsensusonanthropogenicglobalwarminginthescientificliterature.Environ.Res.Lett.,8(2),p.024024.

Lewis,N.andCurry,J.(2014).TheimplicationsforclimatesensitivityofAR5forcingandheatuptakeestimates.ClimateDynamics,45(3-4),pp.1009-1023.

Mann,M.,Zhang,Z.,Hughes,M.,Bradley,R.,Miller,S.,Rutherford,S.andNi,F.(2008).Proxy-basedreconstructionsofhemisphericandglobalsurfacetemperaturevariationsoverthepasttwomillennia.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,105(36),pp.13252-13257.

NOAAEarthSystemResearchLaboratory(2013),TrendsinAtmosphericCarbonDioxide.[Online]Availableat:http://ersl.noaa.gov[Accessed22Jul.2016].Soon,W.andBaliunas,S.(2003).Globalwarming.PhysicalGeography,27(3),pp.448-455.Stroeve,J.,Holland,M.,Meier,W.,Scambos,T.andSerreze,M.(2007).Arcticseaicedecline:Fasterthanforecast.GeophysicsResearch34(9).

Tol,R.(2016).Commenton‘Quantifyingtheconsensusonanthropogenicglobalwarminginthescientificliterature’.EnvironmentalResearch.11(4),p.46.


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis

Yes-writeyourideasandsupport

1)Point/idea:support

2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

No-writeyourideasandsupport

1)Point/idea:support

2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?’

IntroductionGeneral Temperaturesincrease=1.4°Fsince20thcenturySpecific Greenhousegases(CO2)&(CH4)increased=ClimateChange.

Scientists=humanactivities,skeptics=naturalprocessOutline ThisessaywillinvestigatebothsidesoftheargumentThesis unnatural=immediateinternationalactionneeded

YES1.Over-whelmingacademicconsensus

• Climatechange=man-made• 2013Cookreview11,944studies=only78studies(0.7%)rejected

2.Temperaturerisefasterthannaturalincrease• Mannetal(2008)datafromtreerings,icecores,andcoralsoverthepastmillennium

risefasterthanlast1,700years.• ArcticSeaicemelting13.9%perdecade/willhavemeltedby2020.(Stroeveetal,2007).

3.Atmosphericgasesaremanmade• Icecoreresearch=CO2,CH4andNO2increasein1751,industrialrevolution• Atmosphericlevels220ppmto460ppmin2013(NOAA,2013).

NO1.DisagreementwithCookreport

• ScientistsdisagreeCookreport=32.6%ofthestudiesgavenopositiona(Tol,2016).• BerkleyUniversitysurvey=47%ofclimatologistsbelieve=equalcombinationofhumans

andtheenvironment.

2.Naturaltemperaturefluctuations• Climatealwayswarmedandcooled• SoonandBaliunas(2003)claimthat"manyrecordsreveal20thcenturynotthewarmest

norauniquelyextremeclimaticperiodofthelastmillennium."• Astudy(ibid)"hightemperatures=AD1000to1100"intheNorthernHemisphere.

3.computerisedclimatemodelsinaccurate• LewisandCurry(2014),themodelsareexaggeratingclimatesensitivity• ModelsoverestimatespeedearthwillwarmasCO2levelsincrease.

Conclusion Summary: Highlycontroversial.Scientists=gases/temperature=humanactivities.

Thisscientificevidence=questioned/Earth=temperaturechangespast.Thesis Globalwarminggases/temperatures=credible/true=humanactivities.

Extra:Industry/aviationandurbanisationpollutingatmosphere.Recommendation Needtotakeactionnow.


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘IsClimateChangearesultofhumanactivities?’Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)Introduction

General:

Specific:

Outline:

Thesis:

Yes–findthemainpointsandsupport

1)_______________________________________________• •

2)________________________________________________

• •

3)________________________________________________

• •

No–findthemainpointsandsupport

1________________________________________________• •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________

• •

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation:


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#4:ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral Temperaturesonearthhaveincreasedapproximately1.4°Fsincetheearly

20thcenturySpecific Atmosphericlevelsofgreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxide(CO2)and

methane(CH4)increased=ClimateChange.Manyscientists=humanactivities,skeptics=naturalprocess

Outline Thisessaywillinvestigatebothsidesoftheargument

Thesis CausesofCCareunnaturalandimmediateinternationalactionneeded

YES1.Over-whelmingacademicconsensus

• Climatechangeisman-made• The2013Cookreviewof11,944peer-reviewedstudiesonclimatechangefoundthat

only78studies(0.7%)explicitlyrejected

2.Temperaturerisefasterthannaturalincrease• Mannetal(2008)datafromtreerings,icecores,andcoralsoverthepastmillennium

withrecenttemprecords,risefasterthanlast1,700years.• ArcticSeaicemeltingataunprecedentedrateof13.9%perdecadewithpredictionsthat

itwillhavemeltedby2020.(Stroeveetal,2007).

3.Atmosphericgasesaremanmade• Icecoreresearch=CO2,CH4andNO2startedtoincreasein1751,industrialrevolution• Atmosphericlevelshaveincreasedfrom220ppmto460ppmin2013(NOAA,2013).

NO1.DisagreementwithCookreport

• ScientistsdisagreewiththeCookreportdueto32.6%ofthestudiesgavenopositionoffororagainst(Tol,2016).

• BerkleyUniversitysurvey=47%ofclimatologistsbelievethatclimatechangeiscausedbyanequalcombinationofhumansandtheenvironment.

2.Naturaltemperaturefluctuations• Climatehasalwayswarmedandcooled• SoonandBaliunas(2003)claimthat"manyrecordsreveal20thcenturynotthewarmest

norauniquelyextremeclimaticperiodofthelastmillennium."• Astudy(ibid)foundthat"hightemperatures-occurredaroundAD1000to1100"inthe

NorthernHemisphere.3.computerisedclimatemodelsinaccurate

• LewisandCurry(2014),themodelsareexaggeratingclimatesensitivity"• OverestimatehowfasttheearthwillwarmasCO2levelsincrease.


___________________________________________________________________________


Conclusion

Summary: Highlycontroversial.Scientistsagree,andchangesingasesandtemperaturecorrelatecloselytohumanactivities./ThisscientificevidenceisquestionedandtheEarthhasbeenthroughtemperaturechangessimilarinthepast.

Thesis Thecorrelationincreasesinglobalwarminggasestemperatures=credible/truethatClimateChangeiscausedfromhumanactivities.Industry/aviationandurbanisationpollutingatmosphere.

Recommendation ClimateChangeishappeningandsocietiesneedtotakeactionnow.


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:Vegetariandiet

Argument:‘Isavegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?’Type:Academic[10sources]Level:*****[B2/C1]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Isavegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?’

• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)





___________________________________________________________________________


Isavegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Eatinghabits2. Vegetarianism3. Humanevolution4. Efficiency/efficient5. Tofeedapopulation6. Agreenerplanet7. Cruel&unethical8. Asentientbeing9. Privilege10. Veal/babycalf11. ACrate/12. tomaketender13. Slaughtering14. Humananatomy/anatomic15. Carnivores16. Intestine/liver/digestion17. GreenhouseGases(GHGs)/ClimateChange18. Adenseformofsomething19. Toelevate20. Electrochemically21. Threats22. VitaminB12/Iron23. Toabsorb24. Peerreviewed25. Deficit26. Mono-agriculture27. Togrowcereals28. UnitedNations(UN)


___________________________________________________________________________


Isavegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?C.Wilson(2017)

Eatinghabitshavechangedoverthepasttwodecadesandwithithasbeentheriseinvegetarianism.Infact,theVegsoc.org.(2016)claimsthat17%oftheU.K.arevegetarianandthisisevidencedintheincreaseinvegetariandishesinmostrestaurants.Therearemanyreasonsforthegrowth,butrecentresearchsuggeststhatpeoplebelievethatavegetariandietishealthierandgrowingfoodratherthanfarminganimalsislesspollutingtotheenvironment.Proponentsforthemeatindustryarguethateatingmeathasbeenanaturalhumanevolutionanditisthemostefficientwaytofeedtheevergrowinghumanpopulation.Thisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsforandagainstandstateclearlythatavegetariandietishealthierandgreenerfortheplanet.Therearethreemainreasonswhyavegetariandietishealthierandbetterfortheenvironment.Themostsignificantpointisthateatingmeatiscruelandunethical.Animalsaresentientbeingsthathavetheemotionsoffear,stressandpain.Itcouldbearguedthatanimalshaveequalrightstoliveandbefreeandfarmingpracticetakesawaythisprivilege(HSUS,2011).TheVealmeatindustryisaconvincingexampleofextremecruelty,wherebythecalfisheldinacrate,unabletomove,forupto20weeksbeforeslaughtering.Thispracticeistokeepthemeattender.Thesecondargumentisthatthereissignificantscientificandmedicalevidencethatthehumananatomyhasevolvedtosupportaprimarilyvegetariandiet.Humansareconsiderablydifferenttocarnivoresinthattheirteetharenotsimilarandtheintestineandliverofacarnivoreallowsfordigestionofmeat.Millward’s(1999)researchhashighlightedthatavegetariandietimproveshealth,canmeetalltheproteinneedsandprovideshealthbenefits.Infact,AmericanDieteticAssociation(2009)statethatmeatisnotessentialforahealthydiet.AfinalargumentconnectedtotheenvironmentisthatavegetariandietleadstolowerGreenhousegases(GHGs).Themeatindustryproduces54%moreGHGsthangrowingcropsandisresponsiblefor18%ofallglobalmethane(Scarboroughetal.,2014),whichcausesClimateChange.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2014),a‘worldwidedietchangeawayfromanimalproducts’isnecessarytostoptheworsteffectsofglobalclimatechange.Overall,avegetariandietwouldhaveapositiveeffectontheplanetanditspeople.Inbalance,proponentsforthemeatindustryhavethreeopposingviewstotheargumentsofvegetarianism.Themostsignificantisthateatingmeatisnotcruelbutanaturalpartofthecycleoflifeandevolution.Humanbeingshavebeeneatingmeatfor2.3millionyearsandaccordingtoWynessetal.,(2011)thisdenseformofnutrientsandcalorieshaveensuredoursurvivalbutalsothedevelopmentofthebrainandintelligence.Afurtherpointisthatvegetariansmistakenlyelevatethevalueofanimallifeoverplantlife.ResearchbySimmons(2009),showsthatplantsrespondelectrochemicallytothreatsandmayfeelfear,sovegetariansarecrueltoo.ThesecondstrongestargumentisthatmeatisthebestsourceofironandvitaminB12.PeerreviewedresearchbyFenechandRinaldi(1995)hasshownthatthebodyabsorbs35%ironthroughmeatbutonly20%throughplants.(3).Inaddition,thesameresearchhighlightedthat2:3vegetariansweredeficitinB12asopposedto1:20meateaters.Afinalargumentisthatraisingbeefisthemostefficientwaytoproducefood


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forhumans.Simmons(2009)statesthat85%oflandintheUSisnotsuitableforgrowingcrops.Healsoclaimsthatmono-agriculturalfarminghasevolvedtobebasedprimarilyoncerealsandbeef,suchchangestogrowingwouldtakeyears,ifnotcenturies(ibid).Insum,therearecredibleargumentsforthemeatindustry.Inconclusion,bothsidesoftheargumenthavemerit.Avegetariandietsseemstobemorehumane,anatomicandlesspolluting.Ameateatingdietispartofhumanevolution,morenutrientabsorbingandanefficientwayofusingland.However,theevidencethatavegetariandietishealthierisrelativelyconclusiveandthetimeisnowtoworktowardsagreenerlifestyleandplanet.GrowingcropsaremuchlesspollutingandreducingCO2/CH4isaprimarygoalforallnations,nomatterwhatcostorchangesthatneedtotakeplace.Overall,thisessaysupportstheviewsoftheUNEnvironmentalprogramme,whosuggestavegetariandietwillhelppreventclimatechange.

[750words]

Referencelist

AmericanDieteticAssociation.(2009).VegetarianDiets:JournaloftheAmericanDieteticAssociation,109(7),pp.1266-1282.Fenech,M.andRinaldi,J.(1995).AComparisonofLymphocyteMicronucleiandPlasmaMicronutrientsinVegetariansandNon-Vegetarians.Carcinogenesis,16(2),pp.223-230.Humanesociety.org(HSUS)(2011).AnHSUSReport:TheWelfareofAnimalsintheVealIndustry.[online]Availableat:http://www.humanesociety.org[Accessed22Jul.2016].Millward,D.(1999).TheNutritionalValueofPlant-basedDietsinRelationtoHumanAminoAcidandProteinRequirements.ProceedingsoftheNutritionSociety,58(02),pp.249-260.Scarborough,P.,Appleby,P.,Mizdrak,A.,Briggs,A.,Travis,R.,Bradbury,K.andKey,T.(2014).DietaryGreenhouseGasEmissionsofMeat-eaters,Fish-eaters,VegetariansandVegansintheUK.ClimaticChange,125(2),pp.179-192.Schroeder,W.andKort,J.(2001).Proceedingsofthe7thBiennialConferenceonAgroforestryinNorthAmericaand6thAnnualConferenceofthePlainsandPrairieForestryAssociation,August13-15,2001.Regina,Sask.:PlainsandForestryAssociation.Simmons,A.(2009).UntiltheCowscomeHome.Agriculture&FarmingJournal9(1),pp.1-10.UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme(UNEP)(2014).ClimateChange.Publications|UNEP.org.[online]Availableat:http://web.unep.org/climatechange/cop21/publications[Accessed22Jul.2016].Vegsoc.org.(2016).VegetarianSociety:factsheetandstatistics.[online]Availableat:https://www.vegsoc.org/statistics[Accessed22Jul.2016].Wyness,L.,Weichselbaum,E.,O'Connor,A.,Williams,E.,Benelam,B.,Riley,H.andStanner,S.(2011).RedMeatintheDiet:anupdate.NutritionBulletin,36(1),pp.34-77.


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘IsaVegetariandiethealthierandbetterforthe

environment?’IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

Recommendation


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#2

Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Isavegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?’

IntroductionGeneral Eatinghabits=changedlast10years>invegetarianism.Specific 17%U.Kvegetarian,>veg.dishesrestaurants.Vegsoc.org.(2016)

For=vegetariandiet=healthier/growingfood<polluting.Against=eatingmeatisnaturalhumanevolution&efficientwayfeedhumanpopulation.

Outline Thisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsforandagainst

Thesis Avegetariandietishealthierandgreenerfortheplanet.

YES1.cruel&unethical

• Animalsaresentientbeings=fear,stressandpain.• Animals=equalrightstoliveandbefree&farmingtakesaway(HSUS,2011).• Exampleofcruelty=TheVealmeatindustry=calfheldinacrate,unabletomove(tokeepmeat

tender),for20weeksbeforeslaughtering.2.Medicalevidence/humananatomy

• Humananatomyevolved=primarilyvegetariandiet.• Humansdifferenttocarnivores=teeth/intestine/liver• Millward’s(1999)research=avegetariandiet=allproteinneeds&provideshealthbenefits.• AmericanDieteticAssociation(2009)=‘meatnotessentialforhealthydiet.’

3.Environment• LowerGreenhousegases(GHGs).• Themeatindustryproduces=54%GHGsthangrowingcrops&18%ofallGlobalmethane

(Scarboroughetal.,2014).• UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2014),a"worldwidedietchangeawayfromanimal

products"=stoptheworsteffectsofglobalclimatechange.

NO1.Notcruel

• Naturalpartofthecycleoflife&evolution.• Humanbeings=eatingmeatfor2.3millionyears• Meat=densenutrients&calories=survival&developbrainintelligence(Wynessetal.2011)• Plantsrespondelectrochemicallytothreats&fear=vegetarianscrueltoo(Simmons,2009research)

2Iron&VitaminB12.• Fenech&Rinaldi(1995)research=bodyabsorbs35%ironthroughmeatbut20%throughplants.• Research2:3vegetariansweredeficitinB12to1:20meateaters

3.Efficientproduction• Simmons(2009)85%oflandintheUSisnotsuitableforgrowingcrops.• Mono-agricultureevolvedprimarilyoncerealsandbeef,changes=years/centuries(ibid).

Conclusion Summary: Vegetariandiets=humane,anatomicandlesspolluting.

Meatdiet=humanevolution,morenutrient&efficientlanduse.Thesis Avegetariandietishealthier=greenerlifestyleandplanet.

Growingcrops=lesspolluting/reducesCO2/CH4isimportantglobally.Recommendation UNEnvironmentalprogramme=vegetariandietwillhelppreventclimatechange


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Isavegetariandiethealthierandbetterfortheenvironment?’

‘Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)IntroductionGeneral:

Specific:

Outline:

Thesis:

Yes–findthemainpointsandsupport1)_______________________________________________

•

•

•

2)________________________________________________

•

•

•

•

3)________________________________________________

•

•

•


___________________________________________________________________________


No–findthemainpointsandsupport1)________________________________________________

•

•

•

•

2)________________________________________________

•

•

3)________________________________________________

•

•

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation:


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#4:ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral Eatinghabitshavechangedoverthepasttwodecadesandwithithas

beentheriseinvegetarianism.

Specific Vegsoc.org.(2016)17%U.Kvegetarian,increaseinveg.dishesrestaurants.For=vegetariandietishealthierandgrowingfoodlesspollutingtotheenvironment.Against=eatingmeatisnaturalhumanevolution&efficientwayfeedhumanpopulation.

Outline Thisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsforandagainst

Thesis avegetariandietishealthierandgreenerfortheplanet.

YES

1.cruel&unethical

• Animalsaresentientbeingsthathavetheemotionsoffear,stressandpain.• Animalshaveequalrightstoliveandbefreeandfarmingpracticetakesawaythis

privilege(HSUS,2011).• TheVealmeatindustryexampleofcruelty,calfheldinacrate,unabletomove,

forupto20weeksbeforeslaughtering.

2.Medicalevidence/humananatomy

• Humananatomyevolvedtoaprimarilyvegetariandiet.• Humansdifferenttocarnivores=teethnotsimilar&intestine&liverofa

carnivoreallowsfordigestionofmeat.• Millward’s(1999)research=avegetariandietimproveshealth,meetallprotein

needs&provideshealthbenefits.• AmericanDieteticAssociation(2009)=meatnotessentialforhealthydiet.

3.Environment

• LeadstolowerGreenhousegases(GHGs).• Themeatindustryproduces54%moreGHGsthangrowingcropsandis

responsiblefor18%ofallGlobalmethane(Scarboroughetal.,2014).• TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2014),a"worldwidedietchange

awayfromanimalproducts"isnecessarytostoptheworsteffectsofglobalclimatechange.


___________________________________________________________________________


NO

1.notcruel

• Anaturalpartofthecycleoflifeandevolution.• Humanbeingshavebeeneatingmeatfor2.3millionyears• Wynessetal.,(2011)thisdenseformofnutrientsandcalorieshaveensuredour

survival&developmentofthebrainintelligence.• ResearchbySimmons,(2009),plantsrespondelectrochemicallytothreats&fear,

sovegetariansarecrueltoo.2Iron&VitaminB12.

• FenechandRinaldi(1995)researchhasshownthatthebodyabsorbs35%ironthroughmeatbutonly20%throughplants.

• Research2:3vegetariansweredeficitinB12to1:20meateaters3.Efficientproduction

• Simmons(2009)85%oflandintheUSisnotsuitableforgrowingcrops.• Mono-agricultureevolvedprimarilyoncerealsandbeef,changestogrowing

wouldtakeyears,ifnotcenturies(ibid).

Conclusion

Summary: Avegetariandietsseemstobemorehumane,anatomicandlesspolluting.Ameateatingdietispartofhumanevolution,morenutrientabsorbingandanefficientwayofusingland.

Thesis Avegetariandietishealthierisconclusiveandworktowardsagreenerlifestyleandplanet.GrowingcropslesspollutingandreducingCO2/CH4isaprimarygoalforallnations,nomatterwhatcostorchangesthatneedtotakeplace.

Recommendation SupportstheviewsoftheUNEnvironmentalprogramme,whosuggest

avegetariandietwillhelppreventclimatechange


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:Obesity

Argument:‘Isobesityadisease?’Type:Academic[9sources]Level:*****[B2/C1]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Isobesityadisease?’• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)





___________________________________________________________________________


Isobesityadisease?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

1. Overweight/obese/obesity2. Epidemic3. Virus/adisease4. Sedentarylifestyle5. Tocategorise6. Animpairment7. Symptoms8. Morbidity9. inherited10. Sickle-cellAnemiaandTay-sachs[googlethis]11. Over-whelmingsupport12. Anofficialstance13. Preventable14. Over-indulgence15. Respiratoryproblems16. Calories/Calorificintake17. Geneticdisorder18. Todisprovesomething19. Conveniencefoods20. Commuting21. Moderateexercise22. Genetictendencies


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Isobesityadisease?C.Wilson(2017)

Inthelast60years,westernsocietieshavechangedsignificantly.Now,mostpeopletravelaroundincars,familiesspendmoretimewatchingTVs,playingvideogamesandeatingout.Allthesenewtrendshaveresultedinindividualsbecomingmoreoverweight.Obesity,definedasbeingoverweighttotheextentthatitaffectsyourhealth,hasbecomeanepidemicwithoneinthreeAmericansbeingobese(TOS,2015).Manypeopleclaimthatobesityistheresultofindividualseatingtoomuchandnotdoingenoughexercisewhileothersstatethatobesityfollowsthecharacteristicsofadiseasesuchasavirusoracancerbutalsogeneticsothatgenesarepasseddownthroughgenerationtogeneration.Thisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsonbothsidesandconcludethatobesityisnotadiseaseorgeneticbutsolelyconnectedtoovereatingandsedentarylifestyles.Therearethreemainargumentsthatprovideevidenceforobesitybeingadisease.Thefirstmainargumentisthatobesitymeetsthedefinitionof'disease'.ThiscanbecategorisedfromTheAmericanMedicalAssociation's(2013),whoidentifiedthreecriteriatodefinedisease:1.‘animpairmentofthenormalfunctioningofsomeaspectofthebody’;2.‘characteristicsignsandsymptoms’;and3.‘harmormorbidity’.Allthesefactorsmatchobesity.Inaddition,governmentmedicalgroupssuchastheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA),theAmericanHeartAssociation,theAmericanCollegeofCardiology,andtheObesitySociety,haveidentifiedobesityasadisease(ibid).Thesecondmostpopularargumentisthatobesityisahumaninheriteddisorderknownscientificallyassickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachs,andassuchisclassifiedasadisease.Stunkardetal.,(1990)researchhighlightedthatobesitycanbeinheritedlikeheight.AmorerecentstudybyTranetal(2013)linkedhigherratesofobesitytothe‘fatmassandobesityassociation’(FTO)gene.Afinalsupportingargumentisobesityhasalwaysbeenhistoricallyreferencedasadisease.Forexample,fromasearlyasthe17thCentury,evidencesuggeststhatphysicianThomasSydenham(1624-1689)wrote,‘Corpulency[obesity]mayberankedamongstthediseasesarisingfromoriginalimperfectionsinthefunctionsofsomeoftheorgans.’(Allisonetal,2008).Overall,thereisover-whelmingsupportforthedefinitionofobesityasadisease.Althoughtheofficialstanceonobesityisadisease,thereareasignificantamountoffactsthatsuggestthecompleteopposite.Themostimportantobservationisthatobesityispreventable.Thisconceptisdividedintothreeparts.Firstly,accordingtotheNestle(2000),obesityiscomparabletosmokinganddrinkingalcoholinthatoverindulgencecancreateahealthrisk.Overeatingandlackofexerciseincreaseallknownassociatedriskfactorssuchasheartdisease,cancersandrespiratoryproblems.Therefore,obesityaloneisnotadiseasebuttheeffectscanbe.Secondly,obesityisaresultofeatingtoomuch.Bridges’(2011)studyintodailycalorificintakeoftheaverageAmericanmanandwomanfoundthatpeoplewere22%overtherecommendedfigureof1,800caloriesforwomenand2,200caloriesformen.Thestudyconcludedthat1:3peopleareoverweightintheUSAand1:6areobese,allofwhichwascausedforover-consumptionoffood.Inaddition,amorerecentstudyfoundnoconnectionwithgeneticdisordersandobesity,thereforedisprovingStunkard’soriginalresearchthatobesitywasgenetic(Greenhill,2015).Finally,sedentarylifestylesareamajorcauseofobesity.ArecentNHSsurveyandreportsuggeststhatrecentriseofobesityinthe


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UKislinkedtoanincreasedamountofsugarinfood,moreavailabilityofconveniencefoodsandachangeinlifestyles.Comparedto40yearsago,peopletodayspendmoretimecommuting,sittinginfrontofacomputer,watchingtelevision,playingvideogames,andgenerallyexercisingless(Rolls,2007).In196050%ofjobsrequiredmoderatephysicalactivitycomparedtojust20%ofjobsin2011.Insum,itseemsreasonablyclearthatobesityisconnectedmoretoovereating,andsedentarylifestyle.Inconclusion,theargumentsforobesitybeingadiseasearevalidinthatprofessionalbodiesendorsethisstatement,ithasgenetictendenciesandhashistoricalevidence,theargumentsagainstarethatitiseasilypreventable,peopleareeatingfarmoretodaythaninthepastandourlifestyleshavebecomemoresedentary.Thispaperconcludesthatobesityisnotadisease,theevidencehighlightsaclearcorrelationthatinthelast60years,changesinfoodandphysicalexercisehaveresultedinasignificantincreaseofobesitycases.Itisthereforerecommendedthatmoreresearchisdoneinreducingsugarinfoodsandencouragingsocietiestoexercisemore.

[765words]

Referencelist

Allison,D.etal(2008).ObesityasaDisease:AWhitePaperonEvidenceandArgumentsCommissionedbytheCouncilofTheObesitySociety.Obesity,16(6),pp.1161-1177.Bridges,J.(2011).AVisualGuidetoCarbohydrateandCalorieCountingforPeoplewithObesity.NursingStandard,26(1),pp.28-28.Greenhill,C.(2015).Obesity:Importanceofgeneticbackground.NatRevEndocrinol.Nestle,M.(2000).Obesity.Haltingtheobesityepidemic:apublichealthpolicyapproach.PublicHealthReports,115(1),pp.12-24.Rolls,E.(2007).Understandingthemechanismsoffoodintakeandobesity.ObesityReviews,8(s1),pp.67-72.Stunkard,A.,Harris,J.,Pedersen,N.andMcClearn,G.(1990).TheBody-MassIndexofTwinsWhoHaveBeenRearedApart.NewEnglandJournalofMedicine,322(21),pp.1483-1487.TheObesitySociety(TOS).(2015).11thAnnualInternationalSymposiuminObesity:‘Obesityinamodernworld:whenpleasuremeetshomeostasis’.IntJObesRelatMetabDisord,33,pp.S1-S2.Tran,B.,Nguyen,N.,Center,J.,Eisman,J.andNguyen,T.(2013).Associationbetweenfat-mass-and-obesity-associated(FTO)gene.ClinEndocrinol,81(2),pp.210-217.USMedicalAssociation,(2013).Recognitionofobesityasadisease.[online]NPR.org.Availableat:http://www.npr.org[Accessed22Jul.2016].


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Isobesityadisease?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport


2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

Recommendation


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Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Isobesityadisease?’

IntroductionGeneral last60years,societieschangedsignificantly/cars/watchingTVs,

videogames/eatingout.

SpecificDefinition

Newtrends=moreoverweight.Obesitydefinition=beingoverweight=affectsyourhealth,1:3USobese(TOS,2015).eatingtoomuch+notenoughexercise.Others=adiseasesuchasavirusoracancerbutalsogenetic.

Outline Thisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsonbothsidesandconclude

Thesis Obesity=connectedtoovereatingandsedentarylifestyles.

Yes1.Evidenceofa'disease'.

• TheAmericanMedicalAssociation's(2013),threecriteria:1.‘animpairmentofthenormalfunctioningofsomeaspectofthebody’;2.‘characteristicsignsandsymptoms’;and3.‘harmormorbidity’.Obesityisadisease.

• ThegovernmentmedicalgroupsFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA),theAmericanHeartAssociation,theAmericanCollegeofCardiology,andtheObesitySociety,=itisadisease

2.Genetic

• Adisease=obesityissickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachs,humaninheriteddisorders.• Stunkardetal.,(1990)researchhighlightedobesitycanbeinheritedlikeheight.• StudybyTranetal(2013)linked"fatmassandobesityassociation"togenes.

3.Historicallyadisease

• 17thCentury,physicianThomasSydenham(1624-1689)wrote,"Corpulency[obesity]mayberankedamongstthediseasesarisingfromoriginalimperfectionsinthefunctionsofsomeoftheorgans."(Allisonetal,2008).

NO1.Preventable

• Nestle(2000),obesity=smokinganddrinkingalcohol=over-indulgence• Overeating+noexercise=heartdisease,cancersandrespiratoryproblems.• Obesityaloneisnotadiseasebuttheeffectscanbe.


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2.Eatingtoomuch.• Bridges’(2011)studycalorificintakemanandwoman=22%overthe

recommendedfigure• US1:3overweight&1:6areobese=over-consumptionoffood.(ibid)• Noconnectionwithgeneticdisordersandobesity,thereforedisprovingoriginal

researchthatobesitywasgenetic(Greenhill,2015).

3.Sedentarylifestyle• NHSsurvey&reportobesity=sugarinfood,moreavailabilityofconvenience

foodsandachangeinlifestyles.• Peoplespendtimecommuting,sittinginfrontofacomputer,watchingtelevision,

playingvideogames,andgenerallyexercisingless(Rolls,2007).• In196050%ofjobs=physicalactivitycomparedto20%2011.

Conclusion Summary: Theargumentsforvalid=researchgenetictendencies/historical

evidence,theargumentsagainst=easilypreventable,eatingmore,&moresedentary.

Thesis Obesityisnotadisease,=inlast60years,changesinfoodandphysicalexercise

Recommendation Researchinreducingsugarinfoodsandencouragingsocietiestoexercisemore


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Isobesityadisease?’Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly

IntroductionGeneral:

Specific:

Outline:

Thesis:

Yes–findthemainpointsandsupport1)_______________________________________________

•

•

•

2)________________________________________________

•

•

•

3)________________________________________________

•

•

•


___________________________________________________________________________


No–findthemainpointsandsupport1)________________________________________________

•

•

2)________________________________________________

•

•

•

3)________________________________________________

•

Conclusion

Summary:

Thesis:

Recommendation:


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Outline#4ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral last60years,westernsocietieshavechangedsignificantly.peoplein

cars,familieswatchingTVs,videogames&eatingout.

SpecificDefinition

Newtrendshaveresultedinindividualsbecomingmoreoverweight.Obesity,definedasbeingoverweighttotheextentthatitaffectsyourhealth,EpidemicwithoneinthreeAmericansbeingobese(TOS,2015).Manypeople=eatingtoomuchandnotenoughexercise.others=adiseasesuchasavirusoracancerbutalsogenetic.

Outline Thisessaywilldiscusstheargumentsonbothsidesandconclude

Thesis Obesityisnotadiseaseorgeneticbutsolelyconnectedtoovereatingandsedentarylifestyles..

Yes1.Evidenceofa'disease'.

• TheAmericanMedicalAssociation's(2013),threecriteria:1.‘animpairmentofthenormalfunctioningofsomeaspectofthebody’;2.‘characteristicsignsandsymptoms’;and3.‘harmormorbidity’.

• ThegovernmentmedicalgroupsFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA),theAmericanHeartAssociation,theAmericanCollegeofCardiology,andtheObesitySociety,haveidentifiedobesityasadisease(ibid).

2.Genetic

• Adisease=genetic(sickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachs),andassuchisclassifiedasadisease.

• Stunkardetal.,(1990)researchhighlightedthatobesitycanbeinheritedlikeheight.

• recentstudybyTranetal(2013)linked"fatmassandobesityassociation"(FTO)gene.

3.Historicallyadisease

• 17thCentury,physicianThomasSydenham(1624-1689)wrote,"Corpulency[obesity]mayberankedamongstthediseasesarisingfromoriginalimperfectionsinthefunctionsofsomeoftheorgans."(Allisonetal,2008).


___________________________________________________________________________


NO1.Preventable

• Nestle(2000),obesityiscomparabletosmokinganddrinkingalcoholinthatoverindulgencecancreatehealthrisk.

• Overeatingandlackofexerciseincreaseallknownassociatedriskfactorssuchasheartdisease,cancersandrespiratoryproblems.

• Obesityaloneisnotadiseasebuttheeffectscanbe.

2.Eatingtoomuch.• Bridges’(2011)studycalorificintakemanandwoman=22%overthe

recommendedfigureof1,800caloriesforwomen&2,200caloriesformen.• ConcludedUS1:3overweight&1:6areobese=over-consumptionoffood.• noconnectionwithgeneticdisordersandobesity,thereforedisprovingoriginal

researchthatobesitywasgenetic(Greenhill,2015).

3.Sedentarylifestyle• NHSsurvey&reportobesitylinkedtosugarinfood,moreavailabilityof

conveniencefoodsandachangeinlifestyles.• Comparedto40yearsago,peopletodayspendmoretimecommuting,sittingin

frontofacomputer,watchingtelevision,playingvideogames,andgenerallyexercisingless(Rolls,2007).

• In196050%ofjobsrequiredmoderatephysicalactivitycomparedtojust20%ofjobsin2011.

Conclusion Summary: theargumentsforvalid=professionalbodiesendorsethisstatement,it

hasgenetictendencies&hashistoricalevidence,theargumentsagainst=easilypreventable,eatingmore,&moresedentary.

Thesis Obesityisnotadisease,theevidence=aclearcorrelationinlast60years,changesinfoodandphysicalexercisehaveresultedinasignificantincreaseofobesitycases.

Recommendation moreresearchisdoneinreducingsugarinfoodsandencouragingsocietiestoexercisemore


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Writingatwo-sidedargumentessayTopic:SocialMedia

Argument:‘Issocialmediaabenefitforsociety?’Type:Academic[8sources]Level:*****[B2/C1]


• AskStudentstodiscuss‘Issocialmediaabenefitforsociety?’• Writedownthereasonsfor‘yes’and‘no’• Feedin/checkkeyvocabulary(seenextpage)





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Issocialmediaabenefittosociety?C.Wilson(2017)

Keyvocabulary

Checkthisvocabularybeforeyouread

1. Popularity2. Biographicalprofiles3. Proponents4. Tofacilitatepoliticalchange5. Afrivolousactivity6. Traditionalmedia7. Awiderpoolofemployees8. Capabilities9. Participation10. Isolatedgeneration11. Todistinguish12. Privacy13. Toinfringecopyrights14. Piracy15. Addictive16. Toaffectpersonality17. Therealworld18. Lowself-esteem19. Loneliness20. Face-to-faceinteraction21. Tobeblamed22. Tocombatthenegatives


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Issocialmediaabenefittosociety?C.Wilson(2017)

Socialmediahasexplodedinthelast10years.Infact,thepopularityofsiteslikeFacebook,Instagram,TwitterandLinkedInhavegrownby36%since2008(Jordan,2015).Onsocialsitesuserscreatebiographicalprofiles,communicatewithfriendsandstrangersandsharethoughts,photosandsimilarmedia.Proponentsofsocialnetworkingsitesclaimthatonlinecommunitiesincreaseinteractionwithfriendsandfamily,sharevaluableinformationandfacilitatesocialandpoliticalchange.Opponentsofsocialnetworkingstatethatsitespreventface-to-facecommunication,wastetimeonfrivolousactivityandalterbehaviour.Thisessaywillexamineboththeargumentsforandagainstwhethersocialmediaisgoodforsociety,andputforwardtheproposalthatitisbeneficialforsociety.Forthepurposeofthispaper,socialnetworkingsites(SNS),socialmediasites(SMS),andsocialnetworks(SN)willbeusedinter-changeablybutwillcarrythesamemeaning.Thereisasignificantamountofevidencethatsupportsthenotionofsocialmediabeingabenefitforsociety.Thisfirstmainbenefitisthatsocialmediasitesspreadinformationfasterthananyothermedia.RecentresearchbyKidwali&Imperatore(2016)highlightthatover50%ofpeoplelearnaboutbreakingnewsfromSMSandmoreimportantly65%oftraditionalmediajournalistsandeditorsusesiteslikeFacebookandLinkedInforstoryresearch.Asecondsignificantbenefitisthatsocialmediaisaneffectivemethodofcreatingemployment.Employersusesocialnetworkstoadvertiseorfindemployeesbecausetheyofferawiderpoolofapplicantsandmoreefficientsearchingcapabilities.Toillustratethispoint,64%ofcompaniesareontwoormoresocialnetworksandover89%ofthesecompanieshiredthroughLinkedIn(Wolburg,2015).AfinalpointisthatSMSareabenefitfortheeconomy.Thisdividesintotwomainareasofpoliticalandfinancial.Inthepoliticalarena,SNShaveincreasedvoters’participation.Facebookusershavereportedthatcommunicationbetweenfriendsonpoliticalissuesandcampaignshavearousedmoreinterestandbeenmorepersuasiveinencouragingpeopletovotethaninthepast.Forexample,duringtherecentBrexitvotes(intheUK,2016),thereadilyavailableinformationandsharingofviewsonSocialsitesencouraged20%morepeopletovote(TheEconomist,2016).WithregardstothefinancialbenefitsofSMS,theSNindustrygeneratesupto£1.3trilliontotheeconomyeveryyear(ibid)andprovidesthousandsofjobs.Overall,theimmenseamountofavailableinformationsharedandpositivebenefitsfortheeconomyhighlightthesignificanceofSNS.ThereisalsoevidencethatsuggestsSNSarenotbeneficialtosocietyandinfactareweakeningcommunitiesandcreatinganisolatedgeneration.ThefirstmaindetrimentaleffectofSNSisinformationsharing.Muchoftheinformationbeingsharedonthesesitesisnotalwaystrue,butpeople'spersonalopinionswrittenasfacts.Asaconsequence,itcanbedifficulttodistinguishthedifference.ManysocialnetworkusersfailtorealisethatSNSlackprivacycontrolsandanypersonalinformationpostedcanbeaccessedandusedbyanyone.InarecentsurveybyBoyd&Hargittai(2015),13millionFacebookuserswereunawareofFacebook'sprivacypolicy.Ofcoursesharingmediacontentinformationsuchasvideo,musicanddocumentscaninfringecopyrightsandcauseartists,musiciansandwriterstoloseincome.Ithasbeenestimatedthatover£10bnislossthroughSNpiracy(CSIS,2014).The


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secondseriouseffectisSNSareaddictive.Youngpeopleinparticularwastehoursoftimesendingmessages,checkingforrepliesandupdatingprofiles.Bruns(2015)estimatesthattheaverage18-yearoldspendsupto4hoursadayonSMSandcitesrecentresearchwhichhashighlightedthattwothirdsofteachersclaimheavySNusecanbepermanentlydistractingandaffectgradesatschool.ThefinalnegativeassociatedwithSNSisitaffectspersonalityandbehaviour.Intermsofpersonality,constantlyinteractingonSNScancreatesocialisolationasusersbecomelessconnectedtotherealworld.Thiscanleadtoahigherriskofdepression,lowself-esteemandloneliness(Stejin,2014).Infact,toomuchcommunicationonlineischangingbehaviourandreducingtheabilitytospendtimeinteractingface-to-facewithfamilyandfriends.Family'sspend50%lesstimetogetherthantheydid10yearsagoandSNSarebeingblamedforthis(ibid).Insum,thenegativesofinformationsharing,beinghighlyaddictiveandchangesinpersonalityarethemainreasonsagainstabenefittosociety.Inconclusion,itistruethattherearemanynegativesconnectedtoSMS,however,themainbenefitsofimprovingtheeconomyfinanciallyandpoliticallyfaroutweighthosenegatives.Countriesneedeconomicgrowthtocreateprosperityandmoreopportunitiesforemployment,thiscanbedonethroughSMS.Itisthereforerecommendedthattocombatthenegatives,SMSneedstrongerregulationsonsharingcopyrightedmaterialsandmoreadviceandhelpforthosewhohavebecomeisolated.

800wordsReferenceListBoyd,D.andHargittai,E.(2015).FacebookPrivacySettings:whocares?FirstMonday,15(8)Bruns,A.(2015).MakingSenseofSocietyThroughSocialMedia.SocialMediaSociety,1CenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies(CSIS),(2015).TheCostofCybercrime.NetworkSecurity,2015(10),p.2TheEconomist.(2016).ExplainingtheBrexitvote.[online]Availableat:http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21702228-areas-lots-migrants-voted-mainly-remain-or-did-they-explaining-brexit-vote[Accessed16Jul.2016].Jordan,K.(2015).AcademicsAwareness,PerceptionsandUsesofSocialNetworkingSites:AnalysisofaSocialNetworkingSitesSurveyDataset.SSRNElectronicJournal.Kidwali,G&Imperatore,T.,(2016)"SocialMediaasaJournalistTool,"JournalofSocialNetworks,97(6),pp.63-64Steijn,W.(2014).ADevelopmentalPerspectiveRegardingtheBehaviourofAdolescents,YoungAdults,andAdultsonSocialNetworkSites.CP,8(2)Wolburg,J.(2010).OnlinePublicRelations:APracticalGuidetoDevelopinganOnlineStrategyintheWorldofSocial.JournalofConsumerMarketing,27(5),pp.481-482


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Outline#1Makenotesusingthisoutlinetoplananessayon:‘Issocialmediaabenefitforsociety?’

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis

Positives-writeyourideasandsupport1)Point/idea:support

2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Negatives-writeyourideasandsupport1)Point/idea:support

2)Point:support

3)Pointsupport

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis

Recommendation


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#2Usetheseideastowriteatwo-sidedargumenton:‘Issocialmediaabenefitforsociety?’

IntroductionGeneral Socialmedia>10years.Socialmediasites>36%since2008.

Activities=profiles,communicate&sharingthoughts,photos.(Jordan,2015).

Specific Proponents>interactionfriends&family,shareinfoandhelpchange.Opponentspreventface-to-facecomm.,wastetime&behaviour

Outline Examineboththeargumentsfor&againstThesis beneficialforsociety.

Clarifyterms (SNS),(SMS),(SN)usedinter-changeablycarrythesamemeaning.

Positives1)Spreadinformationfaster(thananyothermedia)

• >50%ofpeoplelearnnews(Kidwali&Imperatore,2016)• mediajournalistsforstoryresearch.

2)Effectivemethodofcreatingemployment.

• Employersadvertiseorfindemployees=widerapplicants&search.• 64%ofcompanieshavetwo+socialnetworks• 89%companieshiredthroughLinkedIn(Wolburg,2015)

3)Economy.politicalandfinancial.• increasedvoters’participation.• Facebook=interest/persuasiveinvoting• Socialmedia=20%morepeopletovoteinBrexit(TheEconomist,2016).• SNindustry=£1.3trillion&thousandsofjobs.

Negatives1)informationsharing.

• informationnotalwaystrue,&opinionswrittenasfacts.• SNSlackprivacycontrolsaccessedandusedbyanyone.• 13millionFacebookusersunawareofFacebook'sprivacypolicy(Boyd&Hargittai,2015).• Infringecopyrights&artistsetc./loseincome./Piracycost=£10bn(CSIS,2014).

2)Addictive.• Youngpeople=wastehoursoftime(profiling,messages,etc…)• 18-yearold=4hoursaday(Bruns,2015)• TwothirdsofteachersclaimSMaffectgradesatschool.

3)Personalityandbehaviour.• Socialisolation• Depression,lowself-esteemandloneliness(Stejin,2014).• Reduceinteractingface-to-facewithfamilyandfriends.• Family'sspend50%lesstimethan10yearsago

Conclusion Summary: LotsofnegativestoSMS,

mainbenefits=economicandpoliticalThesis CountriesneedeconomicgrowthSMisgoodRecommendations SMS=strongerregulationsonsharingcopyrightedmaterials&moreadvicefor

isolated.


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Outline#3Readtheessayon:‘Issocialmediaabenefitforsociety?’’Fillintheoutline(basicnotesonly)

IntroductionGeneral

Specific

Outline

Thesis Clarityofterms

Positives-findthemainpointsandsupport1)_______________________________________________

• • •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________

• • • •

Negatives-findthemainpointsandsupport1)________________________________________________

• • • •

2)________________________________________________• • •

3)________________________________________________• • • •

Conclusion Summary:

Thesis:

recommendations


___________________________________________________________________________


Outline#4ANSWERS

IntroductionGeneral Socialmediahasexplodedlast10years.popularityofsitesgrownby36%since

2008.Profiles,communicate&sharingthoughts,photos.(Jordan,2015).

Specific Proponents>interactionfriends&family,shareinfoandfacilitatechange.Opponentspreventface-to-facecomm.,wastetime&behaviour

Outline Examineboththeargumentsfor&againstThesis Putforwardtheproposalthatitisbeneficialforsociety.

Clarifyterms (SNS),(SMS),(SN)usedinter-changeablycarrythesamemeaning.

Positives1)Spreadinformationfaster(thananyothermedia)

• >50%ofpeoplelearnaboutbreakingnews(Kidwali&Imperatore,2016)• mediajournalistsforstoryresearch.

2)Effectivemethodofcreatingemployment.

• Employersadvertiseorfindemployees=widerapplicants&searchingcapabilities.• 64%ofcompaniesareontwoormoresocialnetworks• 89%ofthesehiredthroughLinkedIn(Wolburg,2015)

3)Economy.politicalandfinancial.• increasedvoters’participation.• Facebookarousedmoreinterest/persuasiveinvotingthaninthepast.• Brexitvotesencouraged20%morepeopletovote(TheEconomist,2016).• SNindustrygeneratesupto£1.3trillionprovidesthousandsofjobs.

Negatives1)informationsharing.

• informationnotalwaystrue,butpeople'spersonalopinionswrittenasfacts.• SNSlackprivacycontrolsaccessedandusedbyanyone.• 13millionFacebookuserswereunawareofFacebook'sprivacypolicy(Boyd&Hargittai,2015).• Infringecopyrights&artistsetc.loseincome.Piracycost£10bn(CSIS,2014).

2)Addictive.• Y/Pwastehoursoftimesendingmessages,checkingandupdatingprofiles.• 18-yearoldspendsupto4hoursaday(Bruns,2015)• twothirdsofteachersclaimSMaffectgradesatschool.

3)Personalityandbehaviour.• socialisolationlessconnectedtotherealworld.• higherriskofdepression,lowself-esteemandloneliness(Stejin,2014).• reducinginteractingface-to-facewithfamilyandfriends.• Family'sspend50%lesstime>10yearsago

Conclusion Summary: >negativestoSMS,however,themainbenefitsofimprovingtheeconomyfinancially

andpoliticallyfaroutweighthosenegatives.Thesis Countriesneedeconomicgrowthtocreateprosperityandmoreopportunitiesfor

employment,thiscanbedonethroughSMSRecommendations SMSneedstrongerregulationsonsharingcopyrightedmaterialsandmoreadviceand

helpforthosewhohavebecomeisolated.

two-sided argumentative essays · concentrate on specific subjects. for example, there have been...

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