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In conducting researchBe transparent

Be accurate

It is ok to be wrong In writingAlways give credit

Keep organized and to the point

Pay attention to detail In protecting subjects Informed consent

How could your research hurt someone?

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AdvantagesHigh Reliability if standardized

Used for descriptive data collection

Used for large scale collectionUsed almost exclusively in quantitative studies.

Be focused on what kind of information you wantto collect. Backwards design.

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DisadvantagesSerious threats to internal and external validity

Return rates vary

Time commitment in design and analysisPossible low return rate

Can be expensive

Translation/interpretation

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Random-completely selected by chance(lottery) must be tightly structured!

Stratified Random-splitting a sample

population and then randomly sampling fromwithin

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HintsSampling involves decision not only about which

people to observe or interview, but also aboutsettings, events and social processes.

Sampling means taking a smaller chunk of alarger universe.

A good conceptual framework will help set thefoci and boundaries for sampling decisions.

The main goal of sampling is to strengthen the

conceptual validity of the study.

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HintsAlways state how and why you chose your

sample. Be honest!

Dont sample too narrowly.

Time is big factor; sampling cases in a multiple-case study is a very demanding experience. Knowyour boundaries.

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AdvantagesCollecting Rich data

Observing behavior

Non-verbal cluesAbility to modify Questions

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DisadvantagesTime consuming

Changing questions threatens reliability

AccessibilityCost effectiveness

May be hostile

Serious threats to reliability and validity

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Structured

Semi-Structure (Open Ended)

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Hints If taping, have extra batteries and tapes

If taping, test distance from microphone

Always ask permission to tapeListen-the temptation is to speak but dont!

Warm up with easy questions, get the respondenttalking and comfortable with you.

You get better with practice (pilot)

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AdvantagesTime

Money

Larger sampling populationMore information

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DisadvantagesResponse rates

Threats to validity (how do you know if wascompleted properly)

No visual clues

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HintsKeep questions closed. Data will be all over the

place otherwise.

Keep responses simple, dont confuse therespondent.