trends in australian political opinion results from …...trends in australian political opinion...
TRANSCRIPT
School of Politics & International Relations
ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences
Trends in Australian Political Opinion Results from the Australian Election Study
1987– 2019
Sarah Cameron & Ian McAllister
Sarah Cameron School of Social and Political Sciences The University of Sydney E [email protected]
Ian McAllister School of Politics and International Relations The Australian National University E [email protected]
Trends in Australian Political Opinion Results from the Australian Election Study 1987– 2019
Sarah Cameron Ian McAllister
December, 2019
australianelectionstudy.org
Contents
Introduction 5
The election campaign 7
Voting and partisanship 17
Election issues 31
The economy 51
Politics and political parties 71
The left-right dimension 81
The political leaders 85
Democracy and institutions 97
Trade unions, business and wealth 107
Social issues 115
Defence and foreign affairs 129
References 143
Appendix: Methodology 147
australianelectionstudy.org
> Access complete data files and documentation to conduct your own analysis
> Explore interactive charts to examine differences in political attitudes by age, gender, education level and vote
> Download Australian Election Study reports and articles
The results also highlight how voter attitudes contributed to the election result. Factors advantaging the Coalition in the 2019 election include: the focus on economic issues (p. 32), an area in which the Coalition has a strong advantage over Labor (p. 34); and Bill Shorten’s low popularity in comparison to other party leaders over the past thirty years (p. 88). Although the Coalition won the election, there were factors benefitting Labor. Climate change and the environment were more important issues in this election than in any other election on record (p. 33), an area where Labor’s policies are preferred to the Coalition’s (p. 39). And a majority of voters disapproved of the way the Liberal Party handled the 2018 leadership change from Malcolm Turnbull to Scott Morrison (p. 95).
In most cases, our trends run from 1987 until 2019; in some cases, the same questions have been asked in surveys conducted in 1967, 1969 and 1979, allowing us to extend the time series back another two decades. The 1987 to 2019 trends are based on the Australian Election Study (AES) surveys, comprehensive post-election surveys of political opinion that have asked the same questions and used substantially the same methodology. The 1967, 1969 and 1979 surveys are also comprehensive academic surveys of political opinion; all three surveys were conducted by Don Aitkin, who pioneered the use of mass public opinion surveys in the academic study of politics in Australia.
The Liberal-National Coalition win in the 2019 Australian federal election came as a surprise to the nation. The media and the polls had provided a consistent narrative in the lead up to election day that Labor was headed for victory. When we have unexpected election results, how do we make sense of why people voted the way they did?
The Australian Election Study (AES) provides the most sophisticated and comprehensive source of evidence ever collected on political attitudes and behaviour in Australia. A representative public opinion survey, the AES has been fielded after every federal election since 1987. The survey asks a wide range of questions to discover what shaped voters’ choices at the ballot box—including considerations in the vote decision, the importance of different policy issues, and attitudes towards the political parties and leaders. This provides a wealth of information to understand voter behaviour and how that feeds into election results.
This monograph presents the long-term trends over time in voter attitudes and behaviour in Australia. Situating the 2019 election in historical context highlights unique factors in this election. Many indicators point to citizen detachment from the major political parties, including record low political partisanship (p. 28), rising voter instability (p. 21) and voter distrust in government (p. 99). Compared to previous elections, voters saw clear differences between the parties (p. 27).
In 2019 two further surveys are available to complement the AES. The first is Module 5 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems project (www.cses.org). This survey used the Social Research Centre’s ‘Life in Australia’ panel and was fielded just after the election. In addition to fielding the Module 5 questionnaire, the survey also included a variety of other questions relevant to the election. The second is the 2016-19 panel survey, which re-interviewed 968 respondents between the two elections and provides a unique insight into the factors influencing changes in political attitudes and behaviour between the two elections.
In this monograph, we draw on the main recurring themes of the AES to trace long-term changes in the political opinion of the electorate. The appendix provides an overview of the methodology used in each survey.
Further details on the dynamics shaping the 2019 election are provided in our accompanying report, The 2019 Australian Federal Election: Results from the Australian Election Study. These reports and a range of other resources including codebooks, technical reports and an interactive tool to explore the data online, are available on the AES website: australianelectionstudy.org
Sarah Cameron Ian McAllister
December 2019
Introduction
5
Many individuals have contributed to the Australian Election Study over its more than thirty year history. The current team of investigators includes Ian McAllister, Jill Sheppard, Clive Bean, Rachel Gibson and Toni Makkai. Previous contributors include David Denemark, David Gow, Roger Jones, Anthony Mughan and Juliet Pietsch. Anna Lethborg at the Social Research Centre fielded the 2019 survey. Steven McEachern, Marina McGale and Lawrence Rogers at the Australian Data Archive prepared the data for public release. Emily Downie, Ralph Kenke, Ron Woods and Small Multiples have contributed to the graphic design of this report. Martin Heskins in the ANU School of Politics and International Relations has provided support with project management. The Australian Election Study is funded by the Australian Research Council (details on p. 149). Last but not least, this research is made possible by the thousands of Australians who completed the Australian Election Study surveys and shared their opinions as captured in this report.
Acknowledgements The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
6 7 The election campaign
Watched debateDid not watch debate
Watched the leaders’ debates
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
56
71
58
43
40
35
47 47
32
21
30
44
30
42
57
60
65
54 53
68
79
70
TelevisionRadioNewspapersInternet
Followed the election in the mass media
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
34
63
59
52
42 42
31 32
2628
3736
30
25
22
1718
3230
23 21
15
18
16
14
1917
1515 12
40
55
48
33
2729
1821
1615
2120
17 17
11
1 23
7
1014
19
26
9 The election campaign8 The election campaign
Care a good deal who wins the electionA good deal of interest in the election
Interest in the election
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
1967
1969
1987
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
60
66
79
83
75
74
65
72
76
68
68
65
69
50
34
38
3130
40
34
33
3032
Contacted by a party during the campaign
Contacted by candidate or political party
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
28 29
33
45
60
57
61
11 The election campaign10 The election campaign
Discuss politicsPersuade others how to vote
Discussing the election campaign with others
0
20
40
60
80
100%
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
88
8284
6768
75 7673 72
74
49
35
42
11
15
18
14 14 15
18
Attend meetingWork for party or candidateContribute money to a political party or election candidate
Involvement in the election campaign
1969
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14%
33
22
3
5
3 3
5
4
2
3
2
7
8
12
8
9
1110
3
3
3
3
4
23
4
4
13 The election campaign12 The election campaign
Party or candidate campaign sitesMainstream news mediaFederal ParliamentAustralian Electoral CommissionUnofficial online videos
Websites accessed during the election campaign
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50%
6
8 8
12
19
21
8
15
27
30
42 42
2 2 32
33
5
810
14
21
30
5 5
9
14
17
Signed up to receive information from a party or candidateShared unofficial political content onlineJoined a political group on a social networking site
Online activity during the election campaign
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
2
4
6
8
10
12%
2
5
7
5
4
910 10
2 22
15 The election campaign14 The election campaign
‘contribute money to a political party or election candidate’; (2010) combined responses to ‘contribute money to a political party or election candidate by mail or phone’ and ‘contribute money to a political party or election candidate using the internet’. For 2001-2019 all estimates combine ‘frequently’ and ‘occasionally’.
Websites accessed during the election campaign For party or candidate campaign sites the response categories are: (2004-2007) ‘party site’, ‘your own MP’s site’, ‘individual candidate site in your electorate’ and ‘other candidate/MPs sites outside your electorate’; (2010-2013) ‘party or candidate campaign sites’; (2016) ‘official party or candidate campaign sites’; (2019) ‘official party or candidate campaign sites (e.g. home pages, blogs, official Facebook profiles, official YouTube channels)’. For unofficial online videos, the response categories are (2007) ‘YouTube; (2010-2013) ‘unofficial online videos’; (2016) ‘unofficial online content (i.e. non-party produced campaign material (e.g. YouTube))’; and (2019) ‘unofficial online content (i.e. non-party campaign material e.g. YouTube)’.
Online activity during the election campaignFor ‘signed up to receive information from a party or candidate’ this includes registering as their follower/friend/supporter on social media.
Notes
Followed the election in the mass mediaResponse categories for television, radio and newspapers are: (1967-1979) ‘yes’; (1987-1990) ‘often’; (1993-2019) ‘a good deal’. Response categories for internet are: (1998-2004) ‘many times’; (2007-2019) ‘a good deal’.
Watched the leaders’ debateWatched debate includes respondents who watched one or more of the debates in the election campaign. Elections 1990 and 1998-2016 each had one leaders’ debate, in 1993 and 1996 there were two debates, and in 2019 there were three debates.
Contacted by candidate or political party For contacted by a party during the campaign, the response categories are: (2001-2007) ‘Yes’; (2010) ‘Yes, by telephone’, ‘Yes, by mail’, ‘Yes, by face-to-face’, and ‘Yes, by email or through the web’; (2013-2019) ‘Yes, by telephone’, ‘Yes, by mail’, ‘Yes, (2013: by) face-to-face’, ‘Yes, by text message or SMS’, ‘Yes, by email’, and ‘Yes, by social network site or other web-based method’.
Discussing the election campaign with othersFor 2001 – 2016 estimates combine ‘frequently’ and ‘occasionally’.
Involvement in the election campaign For attend meeting, the response categories are: (1969) ‘yes’; (1993-2019) ‘go to any political meetings or rallies’. For work for a party or candidate, the response categories are: (1969) ‘yes’; (1993-1998) ‘do any work for a political party or election candidate’; (2001- 2019) ‘show your support for a particular party or candidate by, for example (2019: e.g.), attending a meeting, putting up a poster, or in some other way’. For contribute money to a political party or election candidate, the response categories are: (1969) ‘yes’; (1993-2007, 2013-2019)
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
16 17 Voting and partisanship
A long time agoDuring the election campaign
Timing of the voting decision
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
50
46
42
50
35
45
47
55
37
45
35
37
27
36
38
31
42
35 32
23
3734
42
37
Followed 'How to Vote' card for House of RepresentativesVoted above the line for Senate
The use of voter prompts on polling day
0
20
40
60
80
100%
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
56
5250
5351
47
43
34
29
88 88
84
88 8786
19 Voting and partisanship18 Voting and partisanship
Split tickets
Split ticket voting — cast different vote in House of Representatives and Senate
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
1716 16
22
27
29
27 27 27
30
35
30
0
10
20
30
40%
Always voted for same partyConsidered voting for another party
The extent of voting volatility
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
19
67
19
69
19
79
19
87
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
72
69
61
63
60
5553
4948
50
45
52
46
4039
25
30
2522
29 29
25
23
2930
34 34
21 Voting and partisanship20 Voting and partisanship
Liberal-National votersLabor voters
Considered changing vote during campaign
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
23 24
18
16
27
20
17 17
20
19
25
24
22
30
27 27 27
31
28
25
33
37
36
40
0
10
20
30
40
50%
Stable Liberal-NationalStable Labor
Lifetime voting
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
36
35
27
24
25
23
25
20 20
25
22
25
22
19
17
32
32
33
38
27
29
2323
21
19
18
22
17
14 14
0
10
20
30
40%
23 Voting and partisanship22 Voting and partisanship
Party leadersPolicy issuesCandidates in your electorateParties taken as a whole
Considerations in the voting decision
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
15
9
18 19
1615
14
9
7
49
66
47
49
52 52
54
59
66
7
6
9
6 6
8 89
8
29
20
26 26 26 2524
23
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Liberal-NationalLaborNot sure / don’t know
Destination of minor party votes in the House of Representatives
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
44
36 35
41
34
35
20
26
21
35
41 40
38
47 47
5150
54
2224 24
22
19 18
29
24
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
25 Voting and partisanship24 Voting and partisanship
Liberal-NationalLaborNot sure / don’t know
Destination of minor party votes in the Senate
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
43
3332
37
32 32
17
24
27
33
4041
39
45
47
4546
52
25
27 27
24 24
21
38
30
21
Good deal of differenceSome differenceNot much / no difference
Difference between the parties
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
44
3130
24
3030
26
32
27
4040
44
4645
4950
47
45 46
43
16
2524
31
22
19
28
23
28
17
27 Voting and partisanship26 Voting and partisanship
LiberalLaborGreensNone
Direction of political partisanship
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
41 40
36
34
36 3638
42
36 3634
3332
38
40
42
49
47
44
37
41
3632
37 38
30 30
1 23
56 6 6
99
1110
14
6
4
12
17
1415
1616
14
17
1921
37
34
35
Very strongFairly strongNot very strong
Strength of political partisanship
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
33 34 34
20 18
19 1918 18
21
24
19
21 21 22
44
4847 47 48
49
46
50
48 4849
52
50 50 50
23
1819
33
35
32
36
32
34
32
27
29 29 29 28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
29 Voting and partisanship28 Voting and partisanship
Notes
Timing of the voting decision For 1990 – 2019 during the election campaign combines ‘in the first few weeks of the campaign’, ‘a few days before election day’ and ‘on election day’.
Split ticket votingEstimates are based on voters preferring a different party in the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Liberal and National parties are treated as a single group.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
31 Election issues30 Voting and partisanship
UnemploymentIndustrial relationsEducationTaxationManagement of the economy
Most important economic election issues
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35%
1111
27
13
9
4
2
23
7
1 12
16
3
3
5
7
11
6
17
15
11
13
15
12
8
18
23
16
16
11
7
11 11
12
21
28
20
24
HealthEnvironmentGlobal WarmingRefugees and asylum seekers
Most important non-economic election issues
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35%
9
6
26
10
16
30
21
23
19
24
22
11
4
5
34
6
8
5
6
6
11
7
8
44
10
13
3
6
10
6
3
33 Election issues32 Election issues
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on management of the economy
2010
2013
2016
2019
27
23
17
21
37
44 44
47
22
18
22
17
0
10
20
30
40
50%
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on education
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
34
44
29
40
48
44
58
41
43 42
40
23
27
31
24
27
35
21
2425
2425
23
17
24
22
17
12
15
22 1920 19
35 Election issues34 Election issues
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on taxation
0
10
20
30
40
50%
1990
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
27
21
36
33
27
30
27
25
31
28
39
42
45
39
41
3233
3433
41
17 21
11
1818
27
24
22
19
14
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on health
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
46
53
39
41 41
44
48
3737
4543
29
32
38
2728
37
25
26 27 26
24
13
8
14
17
20
11
18
2322
17 18
37 Election issues36 Election issues
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on the environment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
54
35
30
2827
35
56
33
36
31
40
1517
30
17
21
28
19
20
23
18
2117
31
26
35
36
23
18
3225
32
22
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on global warming
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
55
3335
28
40
17
22 23
16
2017
29
24
34
22
39 Election issues38 Election issues
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on immigration
10
0
20
30
40
50
60%
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2013
2016
2019
20
26
20
22
30
21
23
24
46
23
47
39
28
37
35 35
16
30
23
21
2526 26
21
ALPCoalitionNo difference
Preferred party policy on refugees and asylum seekers
0
10
20
30
40
50%
2001
2004
2010
2013
2016
2019
15
2221
19 19
25
46
36
38
41
3435
27
22
27 27
31
22
41 Election issues40 Election issues
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
70
68
57
63
27 27
38
34
3
6 64
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of management of the economy in vote decision
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of education in vote decision
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
50 50 50
6665
6968
61
63
6062
33
30
33
27
29
26 26
33
30
33 33
17
21
17
76
5 6 6 7 75
43 Election issues42 Election issues
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of taxation in vote decision
19
90
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
59
44
68
4544
39
40
3738
45
31
36
26
41 4041
49
4547
45
10
20
6
1516
20
11
19
16
10
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of health in vote decision
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
54
70
6869
66
76 76
73
6870 70
35
24 2526
30
21 21
24
2726
28
11
58
5 53 3 3
5 52
45 Election issues44 Election issues
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of the environment in vote decision
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
52
41 4244
47
52
59
4143 42
53
35
42 42
46
44 40
36
47
4544
37
13
1816
119 8
5
12 1314
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of global warming in vote decision
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
52
30
3334
47
37
44
4042
35
12
26 26
24
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
47 Election issues46 Election issues
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of immigration in vote decision
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
31
30
50
32 32
43
46
3536
41
39
4644
39
36
44
33
29
12
2324
1918
21
Extremely importantQuite importantNot very important
Importance of refugees and asylum seekers in vote decision
2001
2004
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
51
30
37
46 45
3333
40
3735 34
42
16
30 26
20 20
25
49 Election issues48 Election issues
Notes
Most important economic election issues‘Taxation’ was not included in 1993.
Most important non-economic election issues In 1996 – 2019 estimates for health are for ‘Health and Medicare’. ‘Refugees and asylum seekers’ was not included in 2007.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
51 The economy50 Election issues
Become betterBecome worseAbout the same
Financial situation of household over past year
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
19
13
15
1921 21
2827
2018
18
20
43
54
44
36
30
41
23
32
35 35 35
28
38
33
41
45
50
38
49
42
4546
48
52
Become betterBecome worseAbout the same
Financial situation of country over past year
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
31
8
1617
30
26
43
36
28
16
10
18
46
74
62
47
36
41
15
29
36
4647
38
22
18
22
36
35
34
42
35 36
38
4345
53 The economy52 The economy
Good effectNot much differenceBad effect
Government effect on household finances over past year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
10
5 5
810
12
19
19
13
8
4
6
59
57
66 67
75
57
69
60
68
63
74
77
31
38
29
25
15
31
13
22
19
29
22
17
Good effectNot much differenceBad effect
Government effect on country's finances over past year
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
29
9
10
13
28
23
35
3029
13
7
16
4039
44
47
56
50
57
52
46
50
69
62
31
52
47
40
16
27
8
1925
37
25
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
55 The economy54 The economy
Will be betterWill be worseAbout the same
Financial situation of household in a year's time
1990
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
24
36
2422
26 27
25
32
19
28
37
18
35
29
21
24
2726
31
23
39
46
42
49
53
49 49
43
5049
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
Will be betterWill be worseAbout the same
Financial situation of country in a year's time
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
23
43
39
25
22
30
20
28
37
16
28
50
28
22
40
36
22
36
30
27
38
33
27 29
40
36
42
48
4442
36
46
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
57 The economy56 The economy
Good effectBad effectNo difference
Government effect on household finances in a year's time
1990
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
11
22
13
11
1618
9
22
7
17
21
12
26
19
11
13
18
17
19
17
68 67
61
70
73
69
73
61
73
66
Good effectBad effectNo difference
Government effect on country's economy in a year's time
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
18
25
31
21
19
25
19 18
33
13
26
31
17
14
23
18
12
2321
18
20
22
51
58
56 56
6463
59
61
49
67
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
59 The economy58 The economy
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on health
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
78
68
79
19
28
19
35
2
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
69
62
73
27
34
25
4 42
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on education
61 The economy60 The economy
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
20
18
33
4847
42
33
36
25
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on unemployment benefits
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on defence
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
27
24
29
49 49 48
24
27
22
63 The economy62 The economy
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
65
53
68
31
40
28
4
7
4
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on old-age pensions
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
34
27 28
48
5152
17
2221
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on business and industry
65 The economy64 The economy
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
52
45
53
41
47
41
79
7
More than nowThe same as nowLess than now
Government spending on police and law enforcement
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
36
32
44
65
68
56
If lost job how easy to find another in 12 months
EasyDifficult
67 The economy66 The economy
2013
2016
2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
28
26
35
4848
41
23 2624
EasyDifficultDo not have a partner
If spouse / partner lost job how easy to find another in 12 months
69 The economy68 The economy
Notes
Financial situation of household over past year For become better, estimates combine ‘a lot better’ and ‘a little better’. For become worse, estimates combine ‘a little worse’ and ‘a lot worse’.
Financial situation of country over past year For become better, estimates combine ‘a lot better’ and ‘a little better’. For become worse, estimates combine ‘a little worse’ and ‘a lot worse’.
Financial situation of household in a year’s timeFor will be better, estimates combine ‘a lot better’ and ‘a little better’. For will be worse, estimates combine ‘a little worse’ and ‘a lot worse’.
Financial situation of country in a year’s timeFor will be better, estimates combine ‘a lot better’ and ‘a little better’. For will be worse, estimates combine ‘a little worse’ and ‘a lot worse’.
Government spendingEstimates show whether respondents think there should be more or less public expenditure in various policy areas. For more than now, estimates combine ‘much more than now’ and ‘somewhat more than now’. For less than now, estimates combine ‘somewhat less than now’ and ‘much less than now’.
If lost job how easy to find another in 12 monthsIn 2019 ‘Do not have a job’ was included in the list of responses although was dropped from the analyses for comparability with 2013 and 2016.
If spouse / partner lost job how easy to find another in 12 monthsIn 2019 ‘Do not have a job’ was included in the list of responses although was dropped from the analyses for comparability with 2013 and 2016.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
71 Politics and political parties70 The economy
A good dealSomeNot muchNone
Interest in politics
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
18
22
27
35 36
38
32
37
3233
39
3432
34
31
37
47
4445
46
45
47
4544
46
44
46
4243
46
34
26
23
15 15 15
18
16
1918
14
17
20
18
20
12
66
5
3 34 3
5
3 3 3
55
3
0
10
20
30
40
50%
Supports compulsory votingWould have voted if voluntary
Compulsory voting and likelihood of voting if voluntary
1967
1969
1979
1987
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
7677
69
64
68
71 7270
7477
69 70 7072
86 85
80
8689
83
79 80 80
0
20
40
60
80
100%
73 Politics and political parties72 Politics and political parties
Contacted official via emailContacted official in person or in writingWorked together with others
Political participation in the past five years
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
13
17
19
23
27
29
24
18
15
17
15
2223
24
2019
23
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35%
Taken part in a protestSigned a written petitionSigned an online petition
Political participation in the past five years
1987
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
1312
14 13
11 1012
12
72
56
44 4443
44
37
12
17
21
29
39
48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
75 Politics and political parties74 Politics and political parties
LiberalLaborNational
Feelings about political parties
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
5.4
5.8
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.3
5.1
5.0
4.84.9
5.4 5.0
5.7
5.55.4
5.9
5.1
4.8
4.95.0
4.2
4.84.7 4.7
4.8
4.44.3
4.54.4
4.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
GreensDemocratOne Nation
Feelings about political parties (continued)
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
3.9
4.0
4.4
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.2
3.83.9 3.9
3.9
5.25.1
4.6
4.0
2.3
2.6 2.6
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Estimates are means The scale runs from 0 (strongly dislike party) to 10 (strongly like party) with a designated midpoint of 5 (neither like nor dislike).
Estimates are means The scale runs from 0 (strongly dislike party) to 10 (strongly like party) with a designated midpoint of 5 (neither like nor dislike).
77 Politics and political parties76 Politics and political parties
Good deal of difference between partiesParties care what people thinkParties necessary to make political system work
Perceptions of the role of political parties
1967
1969
1979
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
40 40
44
31 30
24
30
30
26
32
27
40
2321 24
28
32
28
30
22 22
71
68 68
74
77
68 69
6563
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
79 78 Politics and political parties
Political participation in the past five years (continued) For taken part in a protest, the response categories are: (1987) ‘attending lawful demonstrations’; (2001-2019) ‘taken part in a protest, march or demonstration’. For signed an online petition, the response categories are: (2004-2007) ‘signed an electronic petition’; (2010-2019) ‘signed an online or e-petition’. Unlike 2001-2019, the 1987 estimate does not refer to the past five years only.
Perceptions of the role of political parties For parties care what people think and parties necessary to make political system work, estimates combine ‘1’ and ‘2’ on the five point scale.
Notes
Compulsory voting and likelihood of voting if voluntary For supports compulsory voting, estimates are: (1967-1979) ‘compulsory better’; (1987-2019) ‘favour compulsory voting’ and ‘strongly favour compulsory voting’. For would have voted if voluntary, estimates combine ‘definitely would have voted’ and ‘probably would have voted’.
Political participation in the past five years For contacted official via email the response category is: (2010-2019) ‘contacted a politician or government official by email’. For contacted official in person or in writing the response categories are: (2001-2007) ‘contacted a politician or government official either in person, or in writing, or some other way’; (2010-2019) ‘contacted a politician or government official either in person, or in writing’. For worked together with others the response category is: (2001-2019) ‘worked together with people who shared the same concern’.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
81 The left-right dimension80 Politics and political parties
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
5.46
5.36
5.305.34
5.29
5.03 5.03
4.91
4.98
Left-right position
Voters' left-right position
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
LaborLiberalGreens
DemocratOne NationNational
Where voters place the parties on the left-right scale
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
4.3 4.5
4.7
4.3
4.4
4.2 4.2
4.03.9
6.5 6.5 6.5
7.06.9
6.3
6.5
6.3
6.5
3.83.7 3.7
3.2
3.6
3.3
3.0 3.0
2.7
4.7 4.7
4.4 4.4
6.56.4
6.3
6.6 6.6
6.1 6.26.3
6.5
6.1
5.9 5.9
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Estimates are means The political left-right scale runs from 0 (far left) to 10 (far right) with a designated midpoint of 5 (neither left nor right).
Estimates are means The political left-right scale runs from 0 (far left) to 10 (far right) with a designated midpoint of 5 (neither left nor right).
83 The left-right dimension82 The left-right dimension
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
85 The political leaders84 The left-right dimension
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Bob Hawke* 6.22
John Howard* 4.87
Andrew Peacock 4.84
Janine Haines 4.71
Paul Keating 4.34
Ian Sinclair 3.58
Joh Bjelke-Petersen 2.58
Bob Hawke* 5.46
Andrew Peacock* 3.87
Janine Haines 5.12
John Howard 4.93
Paul Keating 4.01
Charles Blunt 3.60
Paul Keating* 4.74
John Hewson* 5.18
Tim Fischer 4.12
John Coulter 3.27
John Howard* 5.73
Paul Keating* 4.21
Cheryl Kernot 5.36
Tim Fischer 4.77
John Howard* 5.31
Kim Beazley* 6.11
Tim Fischer 4.76
Cheryl Kernot 4.35
Peter Costello 4.27
Gareth Evans 3.54
Pauline Hanson 2.34
John Howard* 5.56
Kim Beazley* 5.73
Natasha Stott-Despoja 5.01
John Anderson 4.92
Bob Brown 4.37
Peter Costello 4.29
Simon Crean 4.01
Pauline Hanson 2.56
John Howard* 5.71
Mark Latham* 5.04
John Anderson 5.22
Peter Costello 4.72
Bob Brown 4.01
Andrew Bartlett 3.96
Simon Crean 3.79
Pauline Hanson 3.19
Kevin Rudd* 6.31
John Howard* 5.14
Julia Gillard 5.19
Mark Vaile 4.61
Bob Brown 4.48
Peter Costello 4.13
Julia Gillard* 4.89
Tony Abbott* 4.26
Kevin Rudd 5.01
Warren Truss 4.12
Bob Brown 4.11
Wayne Swan 4.03
Tony Abbott* 4.29
Kevin Rudd* 4.07
Warren Truss 4.34
Julia Gillard 4.04
Christine Milne 3.81
Malcolm Turnbull* 4.94
Bill Shorten* 4.22
Barnaby Joyce 4.13
Richard Di Natale 4.12
Tony Abbott 3.60
Bill Shorten*
2019 2019
Richard Di Natale 4.02
Malcolm Turnbull 4.76
Michael McCormack 4.38
5.14Scott Morrison*
3.97
How politicians were rated
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Bob Hawke* 6.22
John Howard* 4.87
Andrew Peacock 4.84
Janine Haines 4.71
Paul Keating 4.34
Ian Sinclair 3.58
Joh Bjelke-Petersen 2.58
Bob Hawke* 5.46
Andrew Peacock* 3.87
Janine Haines 5.12
John Howard 4.93
Paul Keating 4.01
Charles Blunt 3.60
Paul Keating* 4.74
John Hewson* 5.18
Tim Fischer 4.12
John Coulter 3.27
John Howard* 5.73
Paul Keating* 4.21
Cheryl Kernot 5.36
Tim Fischer 4.77
John Howard* 5.31
Kim Beazley* 6.11
Tim Fischer 4.76
Cheryl Kernot 4.35
Peter Costello 4.27
Gareth Evans 3.54
Pauline Hanson 2.34
John Howard* 5.56
Kim Beazley* 5.73
Natasha Stott-Despoja 5.01
John Anderson 4.92
Bob Brown 4.37
Peter Costello 4.29
Simon Crean 4.01
Pauline Hanson 2.56
John Howard* 5.71
Mark Latham* 5.04
John Anderson 5.22
Peter Costello 4.72
Bob Brown 4.01
Andrew Bartlett 3.96
Simon Crean 3.79
Pauline Hanson 3.19
Kevin Rudd* 6.31
John Howard* 5.14
Julia Gillard 5.19
Mark Vaile 4.61
Bob Brown 4.48
Peter Costello 4.13
Julia Gillard* 4.89
Tony Abbott* 4.26
Kevin Rudd 5.01
Warren Truss 4.12
Bob Brown 4.11
Wayne Swan 4.03
Tony Abbott* 4.29
Kevin Rudd* 4.07
Warren Truss 4.34
Julia Gillard 4.04
Christine Milne 3.81
Malcolm Turnbull* 4.94
Bill Shorten* 4.22
Barnaby Joyce 4.13
Richard Di Natale 4.12
Tony Abbott 3.60
Bill Shorten*
2019 2019
Richard Di Natale 4.02
Malcolm Turnbull 4.76
Michael McCormack 4.38
5.14Scott Morrison*
3.97
How politicians were rated
How politicians were rated Estimates are meansThe scale runs from 0 (strongly dislike politician) to 10 (strongly like politician) with a designated midpoint of 5 (neither like nor dislike).
election winners
* main party leaders
87 The political leaders86 The political leaders
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Bob Hawke* 6.22
John Howard* 4.87
Andrew Peacock 4.84
Janine Haines 4.71
Paul Keating 4.34
Ian Sinclair 3.58
Joh Bjelke-Petersen 2.58
Bob Hawke* 5.46
Andrew Peacock* 3.87
Janine Haines 5.12
John Howard 4.93
Paul Keating 4.01
Charles Blunt 3.60
Paul Keating* 4.74
John Hewson* 5.18
Tim Fischer 4.12
John Coulter 3.27
John Howard* 5.73
Paul Keating* 4.21
Cheryl Kernot 5.36
Tim Fischer 4.77
John Howard* 5.31
Kim Beazley* 6.11
Tim Fischer 4.76
Cheryl Kernot 4.35
Peter Costello 4.27
Gareth Evans 3.54
Pauline Hanson 2.34
John Howard* 5.56
Kim Beazley* 5.73
Natasha Stott-Despoja 5.01
John Anderson 4.92
Bob Brown 4.37
Peter Costello 4.29
Simon Crean 4.01
Pauline Hanson 2.56
John Howard* 5.71
Mark Latham* 5.04
John Anderson 5.22
Peter Costello 4.72
Bob Brown 4.01
Andrew Bartlett 3.96
Simon Crean 3.79
Pauline Hanson 3.19
Kevin Rudd* 6.31
John Howard* 5.14
Julia Gillard 5.19
Mark Vaile 4.61
Bob Brown 4.48
Peter Costello 4.13
Julia Gillard* 4.89
Tony Abbott* 4.26
Kevin Rudd 5.01
Warren Truss 4.12
Bob Brown 4.11
Wayne Swan 4.03
Tony Abbott* 4.29
Kevin Rudd* 4.07
Warren Truss 4.34
Julia Gillard 4.04
Christine Milne 3.81
Malcolm Turnbull* 4.94
Bill Shorten* 4.22
Barnaby Joyce 4.13
Richard Di Natale 4.12
Tony Abbott 3.60
Bill Shorten*
2019 2019
Richard Di Natale 4.02
Malcolm Turnbull 4.76
Michael McCormack 4.38
5.14Scott Morrison*
3.97
How politicians were rated
How politicians were rated (continued)
89 The political leaders88 The political leaders
Leader characteristics
Paul Keating John Hewson1993
37
54
66
59
72
44
55
41
52
63
64
79
52
38
49
81
77
Reliable
Intelligent
Dependable
DecentSensible
Knowledgeable
Inspiring
Moral
Strong leadership
Compassionate
86
86 43
Intelligent84
89
Sensible80
61
54
81
Strong leadership
Compassionate70
30
Knowledgeable79
84
Honest74
37
Inspiring
44
Moral84
55
Reliable70
44
Dependable68
40
Arrogant24
75
1996John Howard Paul Keating
36 84
54
Dependable
Reliable
Moral
Inspiring
Honest
Compassionate
Strong leadership
Sensible
Knowledgeable
Intelligent59
66
26
45
75
79
54
64
52
60
81
85
69
73
50
64
54
75
74
79
1998John Howard Kim Beazley
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Honest
Compassionate
Strong leadership
Sensible
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
2001John Howard Kim Beazley
54
76
55
63
50
56
35
36
82
83
74
67
72
45
78
76
Estimates are percentages Estimates combine the percentage who responded that the characteristic described the leader extremely well or quite well.
election winners
91 The political leaders90 The political leaders
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Competent
Sensible
2007Kevin Rudd John Howard
50
72
45
66
41
59
39
8292
90
82
73
77
80
76
81
82
81
Honest
Compassionate
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
Strong leadership
Leader characteristics
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Honest
Compassionate
Strong leadership
Sensible
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
2004
55
63
46
52
46
42
43
34
89
73
75
52
84
46
82
59
John Howard Mark Latham2010
40
36
42
28
44
58
Competent
Sensible
48
43
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
Strong leadership
Julia Gillard Tony Abbott
87
69
70
48
70
54
58
52
78
57
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Honest
Compassionate
2013
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Competent
Sensible
Honest
Compassionate
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
Strong leadership
40
29
31
33
49
46
45
68
85
52
49
57
52
60
40
58
80 38
Tony Abbott Kevin Rudd
Estimates are percentages Estimates combine the percentage who responded that the characteristic described the leader extremely well or quite well.
election winners
93 The political leaders92 The political leaders
2016
Competent
Sensible
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
Strong leadership
39
33
38
24
55
44
45
84
70
64
56
67
54
52
48
78
64 37
Malcolm Turnbull Bill Shorten
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Honest
Compassionate
Scott Morrison Bill Shorten2019
Competent
Sensible
Knowledgeable
Intelligent
Strong leadership
46
30
40
51
51
49
72
63
65
50
66
46
63
37
68
59 34
Inspiring
Trustworthy
Honest
Compassionate
21
Leader characteristics
Estimates are percentages Estimates combine the percentage who responded that the characteristic described the leader extremely well or quite well.
election winners
Attitudes towards the leadership changes
Estimates are percentages Question asked whether respondents approved or disapproved of the way the party (Labor, 2010 & 2013; Liberal 2016 & 2019) handled the respective leadership changes. For approve, estimates combine ‘strongly approve’ and ‘approve’. For disapprove, estimates combine ‘disapprove’ and ‘strongly disapprove’.
2010Julia Gillard replaced
Kevin Rudd
2013Kevin Rudd replaced
Julia Gillard
2015Malcolm Turnbull replaced
Tony Abbott
2018 Scott Morrison replaced
Malcolm Turnbull
Approve Disapprove
58
42
51
49
74
26
74
26
X.X Attitudes towards the leadership changes
95 The political leaders94 The political leaders
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
96 97 Democracy and institutions
Satisfied with democracyNot satisfied with democracy
Satisfaction with democracy
1969
1979
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
77
56
78
7174
82
86
72
72
60
59
23
45
22
2926
18
14
29
28
40 41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
People in government look after themselvesPeople in government can be trusted
Trust in government
1969
1979
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
49
71
66
52
6768
61
57
63
66
7475
51
29
34
48
34
32
40
43
37
34
2625
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
99 Democracy and institutions98 Democracy and institutions
Few big interestsAll the people
Who the government is run for
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
53
48
42
38
44
47
56 56
12
17
21 20
12
16
12 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
Who people vote for can make a big differenceWho people vote for won’t make any difference
Political efficacy and the use of the vote
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
70
64
57
66
68
64 64
58
63
13
16
21
18
10
14
17
20 19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
101 Democracy and institutions100 Democracy and institutions
It makes a big difference who is in powerIt doesn't make any difference who is in power
Makes a difference who is in power
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
51
6768
60 60
55
58
24
17
13
16
2022 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
Politicians know what ordinary people thinkPoliticians don't know what ordinary people think
Politicians know what ordinary people think
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
16
2123
16
22
1415
49
42
35
48
43
5253
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
103 Democracy and institutions102 Democracy and institutions
Queen importantFavour republicFavour flag change
The Queen, the flag and republicanism
1967
1979
1987
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
53 54
47
35
40
30
3132
3637
4443 43
6059
66
6462
60
58
53 53
49
29
42
34
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Better when government does not control SenateBetter when government controls both houses
Government control of parliament
1993
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
43
47
44
5251
3937
39
36
43
39
34
34
31
4042
4041
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
105 Democracy and institutions104 Democracy and institutions
Notes Satisfaction with democracy For satisfied with democracy, the response categories are: (1969-1979, 1998-2019) ‘very satisfied’ and ‘fairly satisfied’ combined; (1996) ‘satisfied’ and ‘fairly satisfied’ combined. For not satisfied with democracy, the response categories are: (1969-1979) ‘not satisfied’; (1996-2019) ‘not very satisfied’ and ‘not at all satisfied’ combined.
Trust in government For people in government look after themselves, the response categories are: (1969, 1979) look after self; (1993-2019) ‘usually look after themselves’ and ‘sometimes look after themselves’ combined. For people in government can be trusted, the response categories are: (1969, 1979) ‘do the right thing’; (1993-2019) ‘sometimes can be trusted to do the right thing’ and ‘usually can be trusted to do the right thing’ combined.
Who the government is run for For ‘few big interests’, estimates combine ‘entirely run for the big interests’ and ‘mostly run for the big interests’. For ‘all the people’, estimates combine ‘mostly run for the benefit of all’ and ‘entirely run for the benefit of all’.
Political efficacy and the use of the voteFor who people vote for can make a big difference, estimates combine codes ‘1’ and ‘2’. For who people vote for won’t make any difference, estimates combine codes ‘4’ and ‘5’.
Makes a difference who is in powerFor it makes a big difference who is in power, estimates combine codes ‘1’ and ‘2’. For it doesn’t make any difference who is in power, estimates combine codes ‘4’ and ‘5’.
Politicians know what ordinary people thinkFor politicians know what ordinary people think, estimates combine codes ‘1’ and ‘2’. For politicians don’t know what ordinary people think estimates combine codes ‘4’ and ‘5’.
The Queen, the flag and republicanismFor Queen important, estimates combine ‘very important’ and ‘fairly important’. For favour republic, estimates combine (1993 – 2019) ‘strongly favour becoming republic’ and ‘favour becoming republic’. For favour flag change, estimates combine ‘strongly for flag change’ and ‘for flag change’.
Government control of parliamentThe question was not asked in 1996.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
107 Trade unions, business and wealth106 Democracy and institutions
Unions have too much powerBig business has too much power
The power of trade unions and big business
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
5260
82
7169
62
62
53
48
41
37
49
4547
42
6062
68
51
65
62
65
71 72 72
69
72
66
7476
0
20
40
60
80
100%
UpperMiddleWorking
Class self-image
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
12 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
57
49
57
48
4846
4849
5453
57 57
54
50
43
50
41
51 5153
50 50
44 44
42 42
44 48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
109 Trade unions, business and wealth108 Trade unions, business and wealth
Belong to unionStricter laws for unions
Trade union membership and support for industrial action
1967
1969
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
26 26
28
4241
30
30
2624 25 24
2321
18 19
68
62
59
53
49
4442
4946
55
46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
Favours less taxFavours spending more on social services
Government spending: less tax or more social services
1987
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
65
5557
47
42
36
34
39
3635
37
15
1817
26
30
37
47
34
3032
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
111 Trade unions, business and wealth110 Trade unions, business and wealth
Income and wealth should be redistributedIncome and wealth should not be redistributed
Redistribution of income and wealth
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
46
42
51
47
50
56
51 51 51 50
55
53
3435
26
2523
18
20
22
19
21
19
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
AgreeDisagree
High tax makes people unwilling to work
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
7476
69
65
61 61
48
4547
11 10
1316
17 18
26
30
26
0
20
40
60
80
100%
113 Trade unions, business and wealth112 Trade unions, business and wealth
Notes The power of trade unions and big business For unions have too much power, estimates for 1990 – 2019 combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For big business has too much power, estimates for 1990 – 2019 combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’.
Class self-imageFrom 2010 – 2019 ‘None’ was included in the list of responses and percentages adjusted accordingly.
Trade union membership and support for industrial action Estimates for stricter laws for unions combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’.
Government spending: less tax or more social servicesFor favours less tax, estimates combine ‘strongly favour reducing taxes’ and ‘mildly favour reducing taxes’. For favours spending more on social services, estimates combine ‘mildly favour spending more on social services’ and ‘strongly favour spending more on social services’.
Redistribution of income and wealth For income and wealth should be redistributed, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For income and wealth should not be redistributed, estimates combine ‘disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’.
High tax makes people unwilling to work ‘Agree’ combines ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. ‘Disagree’ combines ‘strongly disagree’ and ‘disagree’.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
115 Social issues114 Trade unions, business and wealth
Gone too farNot gone far enoughAbout right
Attitudes towards sex and nudity in films and magazines
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
49
54
59
5654
46
5048
43
43
37
32
8 8 8 8 7
9 10 11 119
1012
44
38
33
37
3945
40
41
4648
53
57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Obtain readilySpecial circumstancesBanned
Attitudes towards abortion
1979
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
46
39
53
61
56
53
61
59
6163
66
69
73
49
55
41
34
39
42
35
37
3533
30
27
23
56 6
5 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
117 Social issues116 Social issues
Marijuana should be a criminal offenceMarijuana should not be a criminal offence
Attitudes towards the legal status of marijuana
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
50
44
4645 44
47
50
47
44
32
28
32
3536
35 3533
29
31
34
43
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
Stiffer sentences for criminalsReintroduce death penalty for murder
Attitudes towards jail sentences and capital punishment
1987
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
88
8281 81
79
74
71 7071 70
65
69
60
6768
6665
57
51
44 45
48
40
43
0
20
40
60
80
100%
119 Social issues118 Social issues
Government help for Indigenous Australians gone too farTransfer of land rights to Indigenous Australians gone too far
Attitudes towards policies on Indigenous Australians
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
59
44
55
54
4745
31
35
34
30
30
55
61
55
50
44
36 35
30
28
31
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Equal opportunity for women gone too farWomen should be given preferential treatmentShould increase business opportunities for women
Attitudes towards gender equality
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
21
18 18
1211
96
7 8
10
13
89
89
11 11 10 10
9 9
4139
4243
44
40
46
5150
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
121 Social issues120 Social issues
Boats should be turned backBoats should not be turned back
Attitudes towards asylum seeker arrivals by boat
2001
2004
2010
2013
2016
2019
62
54
51
4948
50
20
2829
3433
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Equal opportunity for migrants gone too farNumber of migrants allowed into Australia gone too far
Attitudes towards immigrants and immigration
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
21
44 44
34 35
27
28
37 37
35
32
58
70
63
44
35
31
40
52
42
40
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
123 Social issues122 Social issues
Increase immigrationKeep immigration levels the sameReduce immigration
Attitudes towards the level of immigration into Australia
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
9
14
2524
1516
24
26
21
28
38 38
41
39
32
35
3230
63
48
3735
46
52
41 42
49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Immigrants increase crime rateImmigrants good for economyImmigrants take jobs away from Australian bornImmigrants make Australia more open to ideas and cultures
The consequences of immigration
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
52
47 47
4143 43
4037
36
50
57
54
60 59
52
56
54 54
41
37
35
30 29
35 35
30 31
79 80
75
81
78
69
73
7072
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90%
125 Social issues124 Social issues
MaterialistMixedPostmaterialist
Materialist and postmaterialist values
1990
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
201926
21
1918
22 21
30
27
24
18 19
61
6462
64
62 62
59
62 62
6667
1314
18 18
1617
12 11
14
16 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
Serious threatNot a serious threat
Threat of global warming
2010
2013
2016
2019
55 56
62
68
45 44
38
33
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
127 Social issues126 Social issues
Attitudes towards policies on Indigenous Australians For government help for Indigenous Australians gone too far, the estimates for 1993 – 2019 combine ‘much too far’ and ‘too far’. For transfer of land rights to Indigenous Australians gone too far, the estimates for 1990 – 2019 combine ‘much too far’ and ‘too far’. Transfer of land rights to Indigenous Australians was not included in 1993.
Attitudes towards gender equality For equal opportunity for women gone too far, estimates combine ‘much too far’ and ‘too far’. For women should be given preferential treatment, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For should increase business opportunities for women, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. Attitudes towards asylum seeker arrivals by boat For boats should be turned back, estimates combine ‘ strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For boats should not be turned back, estimates combine ‘strongly disagree’ and ‘disagree’. This question was not included in 2007. Attitudes towards immigrants and immigration For equal opportunity for migrants gone too far, the response categories are ‘much too far’ and ‘too far’. For number of migrants allowed into Australia gone too far, the response categories are ‘much too far’ and ‘too far’.
Attitudes towards the level of immigration into Australia For increase immigration, estimates combine ‘increased a lot’ and ‘increased a little’. For keep immigration levels the same, estimates are for ‘remain about the same’. For reduce immigration, estimates combine ‘reduced a little’ and ‘reduced a lot’. The consequences of immigrationFor immigrants increase crime rate, immigrants good for economy, immigrants take jobs away from Australian born, immigrants make Australia more open to ideas and cultures, the response categories are (1996 – 2019) ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’.
Threat of global warming Question asks ‘How serious a threat do you think global warming will pose to you or your way of life in your lifetime?’ ‘Serious threat’ combines ‘very serious’ and ‘fairly serious’. ‘Not a serious threat’ combines ‘not very serious’ and ‘not at all serious’.
Notes Attitudes towards nudity and sex in films and magazines For nudity and sex in films and magazines gone too far, estimates for 1990 – 2019 combine ‘gone much too far’ and ‘gone too far’. For nudity and sex in films and magazines not gone far enough, estimates for 1990 – 2019 combine ‘not gone far enough’ and ‘not gone nearly far enough’. Attitudes towards abortion From 2010 – 2019 ‘Don’t know’ was included in the list of responses and percentages adjusted accordingly. Attitudes towards the legal status of marijuana For marijuana should not be a criminal offence, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For marijuana should be a criminal offence, estimates combine ‘disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’. Attitudes towards jail sentences and capital punishment For stiffer sentences for criminals, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For reintroduce death penalty for murder, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
128 129 Defence and foreign affairs
Australia able to defend itself if attackedAustralia's defence stronger than 10 years ago
Attitudes towards Australia's defence capability
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
15 20 16
19
23
31
28
31 30
28
23
32
55 54
50
39
45
41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
AgreeDisagree
Support for war on terrorism
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
69
57
5253
44
52 52
13
2021 21
25
2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
131 Defence and foreign affairs130 Defence and foreign affairs
Very likelyFairly likelyNot very likely
Indonesia as a security threat to Australia
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
24 23
31
2928
23
1615
12
36
39
4243
45
39
3635
32
41
38
2728
27
38
48
50
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
Very likelyFairly likelyNot very likely
China as a security threat to Australia
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
19
14
98
10
1514
18
32
41
38
3332
35
42 38
4243
40
48
58
61
54
44
49
41
26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
133 Defence and foreign affairs132 Defence and foreign affairs
Very likelyFairly likelyNot very likely
Japan as a security threat to Australia
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
119
54 4 4 4 3 4
21 21
15
10
14
1714
1112
6869
80
86
82
7981
8684
0
20
40
60
80
100%
Very likelyFairly likelyNot very likely
Malaysia as a security threat to Australia
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
8 87 7 7
6 6 54
26
30 29
31
27
24
19 1918
66
6365
62
66
70
76 76
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
135 Defence and foreign affairs134 Defence and foreign affairs
Very likelyFairly likelyNot very likely
Vietnam as a security threat to Australia
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
5 54 4 4 4 3 4 3
20 1917
16 16 1714 13
10
75 76
80 81 80 80
83 83
88
0
20
40
60
80
100%
Very likelyFairly likelyNot very likely
The United States as a security threat to Australia
19
96
19
98
20
01
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
3 2 2 64
2 3 2
76 6 68 7 8 8
10
16
9192 93
8789
90 8988
78
0
20
40
60
80
100%
137 Defence and foreign affairs136 Defence and foreign affairs
United States alliance under ANZUS importantTrust in the United States to come to Australia's defence
Attitudes towards defence links with the United States
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
79
8988
90
84 84
87
8687
85
69
8180
83
73
75
80
82
80
69
60
70
80
90
100%
Relations with Asia gone too farRelations with Asia about rightRelations with Asia not gone far enough
Attitudes towards closer relations with Asia
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2421
15
13 13
15 1516
21
5455
51 52
60
63
56
58
56
22 25
34
36
27
22
29
25
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
139 Defence and foreign affairs138 Defence and foreign affairs
AgreeNot sureDisagree
Attitudes towards more trade relations with Asia
1993
1996
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
69
66
5557
6365
67
71
62
66
2426
30
33
2829
26
22
29
25
8 8
15
119
6 7 7
9 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80%
141 140 Defence and foreign affairs
Notes
Attitudes towards Australia’s defence capabilityFor Australia able to defend itself if attacked and Australia’s defence stronger than 10 years ago, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’.
Support for war on terrorismQuestion asks whether ‘Australia should provide military assistance for the war on terrorism’. ‘Agree’ combines ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. ‘Disagree’ combines ‘strongly disagree’ and ‘disagree’.
Attitudes towards defence links with the United StatesFor United States alliance under ANZUS important, estimates combine ‘very important’ and ‘fairly important’. For trust in the United States to come to Australia’s defence, estimates combine ‘a great deal’ and ‘a fair amount’.
Attitudes towards closer relations with AsiaFor relations with Asia gone too far, estimates combine ‘gone much too far’ and ‘gone too far’. For relations with Asia not gone far enough, estimates combine ‘not gone far enough’ and ‘not gone nearly far enough’.
Attitudes towards more trade relations with AsiaQuestion asks whether ‘Australia’s trading future lies in Asia’. For agree, estimates combine ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’. For disagree, estimates combine ‘disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’.
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
143 References142 Defence and foreign affairs
To cite data from the Australian Election Study or the Australian National Political Attitudes Survey please use the following references:
McAllister, I., Sheppard, J., Bean, C., Gibson, R., Makkai, T. (2019). Australian Election Study 2019 [computer file], December 2019.
McAllister, I., Makkai, T., Bean, C., Gibson, R., (2017). Australian Election Study 2016 [computer file], February 2017.
McAllister, I., Pietsch, J., Bean, C., Gibson, R. (2014). Australian Election Study 2013 [computer file], January 2014.
McAllister, I., Bean, C., Gibson, R., Pietsch, J., (2011). Australian Election Study 2010 [computer file], May 2011.
Bean, C., McAllister, I., Gow, D. (2008). Australian Election Study 2007 [computer file], May 2008.
Bean, C., McAllister, I., Gibson, R., Gow, D. (2005). Australian Election Study 2004 [computer file], March 2005.
Bean, C., Gow, D., McAllister, I. (2002). Australian Election Study 2001 [computer file], April 2002.
References
Bean, C., Gow, D., McAllister, I. (1999). Australian Election Study 1998 [computer file], January 1999.
Jones, R., Gow, D., McAllister, I. (1996). Australian Election Study 1996 [computer file], June 1996.
Jones, R., McAllister, I., Denemark, D., Gow, D. (1993). Australian Election Study 1993 [computer file], August 1993.
McAllister, I., Jones, R., Gow, D. (1990). Australian Election Study 1990 [computer file], November 1990.
McAllister, I., Mughan, A. (1987). Australian Election Study 1987 [computer file], November 1987.
Aitkin, D. (2007). Australian National Political Attitudes Survey, 1979 [computer file], May 2007.
Aitkin, D., Kahan, M., Stokes, D. (2005). Australian National Political Attitudes Survey, 1969 [computer file], September 2005.
Aitkin, D., Kahan, M., Stokes, D. (2005). Australian National Political Attitudes Survey, 1967 [computer file], September 2005.
145 References144 References
The election campaignVoting and partisanshipElection issuesThe economyPolitics and political partiesThe left-right dimensionThe political leadersDemocracy and institutionsTrade unions, business and wealthSocial issuesDefence and foreign affairsReferencesAppendix: Methodology
146 147 Appendix: Methodology
Appendix: Methodology
The Australian Election Study (AES) surveys are designed to collect data following federal elections for academic research on Australian electoral behaviour and public opinion. The AES commenced operation in 1987 and has fielded surveys after every federal election since. Since 1998 the AES has been a member of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) group (see www.cses.org). Prior to the AES, three academic surveys of political behaviour were collected by Don Aitkin in 1967, 1969 and 1979, respectively, but they are not strictly speaking election surveys. Where comparable measures exist from these studies, they have been incorporated in the trends in this report. Details on the earlier surveys are available on the Australian National Political Attitudes Survey Dataverse. The AES routinely collects data among a nationally representative sample of voters and among major party candidates standing for election. Both the voter and candidate instruments combine a common set of questions. The AES is mounted as a collaborative exercise between several Australian universities. The 1987 and 1990 surveys were funded by a consortium of universities and the 2007 survey by ANU; all of the intervening and subsequent surveys have been funded by the Australian Research Council. Each of the surveys conducted to date has had a central theme:
1987 The economy
1990 The environment and environmentalism
1993 Political culture
1996 National identity and citizenship
1998 Constitution, rights and minorities
1999 Constitutional referendum
2001 Challenges to governance
2004 The decline of political parties
2007 Democracy and representation
2010 The dynamics of political choice.
2013 Volatility and electoral change
2016 - 2019 Political engagement among the young
australianelectionstudy.org
All of the data are publicly available from australianelectionstudy.org and from Dataverse (dataverse.ada.edu.au/dataverse/aes).
Year Principal investigators Funder Study number
1987 Ian McAllister, Anthony Mughan University of NSW, ANU ASSDA 445
1990 Ian McAllister, Roger Jones, David Gow University of NSW, ANU ASSDA 570
1993 Roger Jones, Ian McAllister, David Denemark, David Gow ARC/ A79131812 ASSDA 763
1996 Roger Jones, David Gow, Ian McAllister ARC/ A79530652 ASSDA 943
1998 Clive Bean, David Gow, Ian McAllister ARC/A79804144 ASSDA 1001
1999 David Gow, Clive Bean, Ian McAllister ARC/ A79937265 ASSDA 1018
2001 Clive Bean, David Gow, Ian McAllister ARC/ A00106341 ASSDA 1048
2004 Clive Bean, Ian McAllister, Rachel Gibson, David Gow ARC/ DP0452898 ASSDA 1079
2007 Clive Bean, Ian McAllister, David Gow ACPSPRI/ACSR ASSDA 1120
2010 Ian McAllister, Clive Bean, Rachel Gibson, Juliet Pietsch ARC/DP1094626 ASSDA 1228
2013 Ian McAllister, Juliet Pietsch, Clive Bean, Rachel Gibson ARC/ DP120103941 ADA 1259
2016 Ian McAllister, Juliet Pietsch, Clive Bean, Rachel Gibson, Toni Makkai
ARC/ DP160101501 ADA 01365
2019 Ian McAllister, Jill Sheppard, Clive Bean, Rachel Gibson, Toni Makkai
ARC/ DP160101501 ADA 01446
Australian Election Study Overview, 1987– 2019
149 Appendix: Methodology148 Appendix: Methodology
Voters
All the Australian Election Study (AES) surveys are national, post-election self-completion surveys. The 1987 – 2013 surveys were based on samples drawn randomly from the electoral register. The 2016 survey used a split sample method, with half of the sample coming from the electoral register, and half from the Geo-Coded National Address File (G-NAF). The 2019 survey was based solely on a sample drawn from the G-NAF. The 1993 AES oversampled in some of the smaller states and because of this the sample was weighted down to a national sample of 2,388 respondents. The overall response rates are listed below. In 2001 and 2004 an online survey was conducted in parallel with the regular AES. In 2010, 2013, and 2016 an online option was available to the survey respondents, and in
Australian Election Study voter response rates, 1987 – 2019
Year Total sampleValid
responseEffective
response (%)
1987 3,061 1,825 62.8
1990 3,606 2,020 58.0
1993 4,950 3,023 62.8
1996 3,000 1,795 61.8
1998 3,502 1,896 57.7
2001 4,000 2,010 55.4
2004 4,250 1,769 44.5
2007 5,000 1,873 40.2
2010 4,999 2,003 40.1
2013 12,200 3,955 33.9
2016 12,497 2,818 22.5
2019 5,175 2,179 42.1
The response rate is estimated as: valid responses / (total sample−moved or gone away).
2013 an additional sample was collected online in order to correct for an under-representation of younger voters. In 2019 a ‘push-to-web’ methodology was used, with a hard copy completion being available to respondents who opted for it. The 1993 and post 2010 surveys are weighted to reflect the characteristics of the national electorate. The 2019 AES also included a panel component, based on respondents who were interviewed in both 2016 and 2019.
Candidates
The Australian Candidates Study (ACS) surveys are conducted in parallel with the surveys of voters. In 1987 all candidates for the House of Representatives and Senate were surveyed. Between 1990 and 2016 the surveys were restricted to all major party candidates, plus identifiable Greens and other environmental candidates. This restriction was designed to cut costs, since about half of the total number of candidates were minor party or independent candidates, almost all of whom lost their deposits. In 1993 the criteria were broadened to include non-major party candidates whom it was anticipated would obtain more than 10 per cent of the first preference vote. In 2019 all candidates were contacted if they supplied a valid email address on their nomination papers.
Australian Candidate Survey response rates, 1987 – 2019
The 1987 and 2016 elections were double dissolution elections for the Senate. Other elections are half-Senate. The response rate is estimated as valid responses / total contacted.
YearHouse of
Representatives Senate TotalTotal
contactedValid
responseEffective
response (%)
1987 613 255 868 868 612 70.5
1990 782 223 1,005 631 410 65.0
1993 943 266 1,209 593 415 70.0
1996 908 255 1,163 672 427 63.5
2001 1,039 285 1,324 840 477 56.8
2004 1,091 330 1,421 998 535 53.6
2007 1,054 367 1,421 952 470 49.9
2010 849 349 1,198 543 247 45.5
2013 1,188 529 1,717 556 192 34.5
2016 994 631 1,625 591 182 30.8
2019 1,056 458 1,514 1,278 482 37.7
Election candidates Australian Candidate Study
Full technical details of the sampling methodology and question wording is available in the survey codebooks, available at www.australianelectionstudy.org.
151 Appendix: Methodology150 Appendix: Methodology
australianelectionstudy.org
> Access complete data files and documentation to conduct your own analysis
> Explore interactive charts to examine differences in political attitudes by age, gender, education level and vote
> Download Australian Election Study reports and articles
Design by Emily Downie, Ralph Kenke and Ron Woods
© The Australian National University, 2019Copyright of material contained in this publication is held by The Australian National University.
School of Politics and International Relations
Haydon Allen Building #22
The Australian National University
Canberra ACT 2601
Australia
T +61 2 6125 5491 W politicsir.cass.anu.edu.auCRICOS #00120C