Travel Opportunity!Travel Opportunity! March 6th : Trip to Dallas

Visit the new Perot Perot

Museum of Museum of Nature & Nature &

ScienceScience &

Museum Museum of of

Biblical Biblical ArtArt

hosted by Babs Cape

signup in Lobby

Ancient Pathways Ancient Pathways Ancient PeoplesAncient Peoples

websites: www.SeniorUniv.org www.VagabondGeology.com

Week 2: into Africa

Week 1: beginning in East Africa

Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia

websites: www.SeniorUniv.org www.VagabondGeology.com

Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia

Week 2: into Africa

Week 1: beginning in East Africa

Week 6: into Americas Week 5: across Beringia

Across BeringiaAcross Beringia- Stone Age Timeline- Stone Age Timeline- Beringia: an Ice Age- Beringia: an Ice Age- Ages of Human Development- Ages of Human Development

SESSION 5SESSION 5

Homo group sapiens

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

2.5 MILLION

2 MILLION

Australopithecus

1.4 MILLION

Paranthropus

3.5M – footprin

ts

Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge

Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Humk’dCradle of Humk’d

300,000 YBP

EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire

2.5M – ‘Little Foot’, ‘M

s Ples’

1.8M – ‘Nutcracker M

an’

1.7M – ‘Handy M

an’

Week 3Week 3

What pre-humans lived then?

What pre-humans lived then?

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

Homo group sapiens

2.5 MILLION

2 MILLION

Australopithecus

1.4 MILLION

Paranthropus

3.5M – footprin

ts

Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge

Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Civil’nCradle of Civil’n

300,000 YBP

EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire

2.5M – ‘Little Foot’, ‘M

s Ples’

1.8M – ‘Nutcracker M

an’

1.7M – ‘Handy M

an’

Week 3Week 3

20,000 YBP

30,000 YBP

40,000 YBP

50,000 YBP

(Late Stone Age)- symbolic thought- language- domesticated dogs

10,000 YBP

4000 YBP

(New Stone Age)- pottery- farming- livestock

Upper Paleolithic Neolithic

(France)(France) - Lascaux- Lascaux

Week 3Week 3 Week Week 44 (China)(China) - Banpo - Banpo People People

6,700 – Banpo this weekthis week (Beringia)(Beringia) - Prince of - Prince of Wales Is.Wales Is.

10,000 – On-Your-Knees

It started with an

It started with an

Ice Age!Ice Age!

Ice AgesIce Ages - long term reduction in temperature of earth’s surface and atmosphere - presence or expansion of:

• polar ice sheets• continental ice sheets• glaciers

- intermittent pulses of extra cold (glacials) & warmer periods (inter-glacials) within a Glacial Age

Glacial Ages

Let’s look at the big

Let’s look at the big

picture. . . picture. . .

- long term reduction in temperature of earth’s surface and atmosphere - presence or expansion of:

• polar ice sheets• continental ice sheets• glaciers

- intermittent pulses of extra cold (glacials) & warmer periods (inter-glacials) within a Glacial Age

Let’s look at the big

Let’s look at the big

picture. . . picture. . .

650 mya

today

Glacial AgesGeologic Time Scale

today650 mya

Glacial Ages

Glacial Ages

today650 mya

Huronian & Sturtian/Marinoan

Andean-Saharan Karoo

Pliocene-Quarternary

GLACIAL AGES

63o

average global temperature

72o

54o

300mya

450 mya

Glacial Ages

54o

72o

63o

began: 2.6 mya

Let’s look at details . . .the last Let’s look at details . . .the last Glacial AgeGlacial Age

Pliocene-QuarternaryLast 4 glacial pulses: 650,000 years ago

Ice Ages & GlaciersIce Ages & GlaciersLast 4 Glacial Pulsestoday

-650,000

Last 4 Glacial Pulses

focus on the last 2 glacial pulses

- 180,000 0

focus on the last 2 glacial pulses

- 180,000 0

focus on the last 2 glacial pulses

What did North

What did North

America America

look like look like

during these pulses.

during these pulses.

. . . .

- 180,000- 180,000

presentpresent

TIMETIME

GLACIALGLACIALOROR

INTER-GLACIALINTER-GLACIAL

- 180,000 0

How do these pulses

How do these pulses

influence human

influence human

migration?

migration?

focus on the last 2 glacial pulsesHuman Migration into North America!

. . . starting in East Africa

Human Migration into North America!Migration into Asia . . .

Two theories on migration into the Americas

continued across Asia into the Americas . .

continued across Asia into the Americas . .

Two theories on migration into the Americas

Two theories on migration into the Americas

THEORYTHEORY

Land RouteLand Route

Coastal RouteCoastal Route

How can geology

How can geology help?help?

in the last 50,000 years . . . when did events favor migration?

- 180,000 0

Human Migration into North America . . .

-50,000

0best chance duringglacial recessions

glacial

- 35000-13000

Human Migration into North America . . .interglacialinterglacial

Let’s go & Let’s go & look look Keep in mind . . .Keep in mind . . . Pre-Clovis: < Pre-Clovis: < 13,00013,000 Clovis: > Clovis: > 13,00013,000

ClovisClovis

XXmust cross

Bering Strait53 miles

BeringiaLand Bridge

Pre-Pre-ClovisClovis

humans??humans??

Two theories on migration into the Americas

Coastal RouteCoastal Route

Land RouteLand Route

What were these routes like?

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Routesurface view

betweenthe glacier & the

ice sheet

Two theories on migration into the Americas

cold, hostile climate!

edge of the ice sheet

and over icy rivers!and over icy rivers!

treking south through mountainstreking south through mountains

North South

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Route

surface view

Sea RouteSea Route

along 100’s of milesof frozen coastline

Two theories on migration into the Americas

Sea RouteSea Route

along 100’s of milesof frozen coastline

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Two theories on migration into the Americas awesome challenge of migrating by sea

awesome challenge of migrating by sea

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Route

Sea RouteSea Route

Two theories on migration into the Americas Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA

Land RouteLand Route

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Route

Sea RouteSea Route

Two theories on migration into the Americas Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA

Siberia Alaska

Arctic Ocean

Yukon

Pacific Ocean

Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA53 miles 53 miles of waterof water

Bering StraitBering StraitTodayToday

Siberia Alaska

Arctic Ocean

Yukon

Pacific Ocean

Beringia

Land Bridge

Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA during the last ice age . . . vast glaciers formed . . . .

. . . sea level dropped 400 feet . . . . . . exposing the floor of the Bering Sea

. . . connecting Siberia & Alaska

AlaskaYukon

Beringia

Land Bridge

Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA

Siberia

Whitehorse

Whitehorse

Beringia Interpretive Center

The Land RouteThe Land Route

. . . Beringia was grassland steppe . . .. . . with light snowfall . . . . and much plant & animal life

during the last ice age . . . vast glaciers formed . . . .

Beringia Interpretive Center

Beringia Interpretive Center

Beringia Interpretive CenterThe Wooly ManmonthThe Wooly Manmonth

The Wooly Manmonth- 14 feet tall, 8 tons - 700 lbs of grasses/day- adapted to extreme cold temperature- 11,000 YBP: extinct in eastern Beringia- 3,700 YBP: extinct in northern Siberia

Beringia Interpretive Center

The Wooly Manmonth- 14 feet tall, 8 tons - 700 lbs of grasses/day- adapted to extreme cold temperature- 11,000 YBP: extinct in eastern Beringia- 3,700 YBP: extinct in northern Siberia

Giant Beavers

Beringia Interpretive Center

- 8 feet long- 480 lbs- shoebox size teeth- extinct: 10,000 YBP

Giant Beavers - 8 feet long- 480 lbs- shoebox size teeth- extinct: 10,000 YBP

Giant Flat Faced Bear- 5 feet tall

- 1500 lbs- largest land predator of the Ice Age- almost exclusively carnivorous

Beringia Interpretive Center

Giant Flat Faced Bear

Beringia Interpretive Center Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?

Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?

- ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation - blood type, linguistics, & DNA confirm common ancestry with the Siberian Yupiks

Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?

North

Pole

Canada

Russia

ALASKA SIBERIA

Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens? - ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation

North

Pole

Canada

Russia

ALASKA SIBERIA

LAND BRIDGE

ik

Alaskan Yupik

Siberian Yupik

about 10,000 YPB

Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens? - ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation

Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens? - ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation

LAND BRIDGE

Alaskan Yupik

Siberian Yupik

about 10,000 YPB

ik

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Route

Sea RouteSea Route

Two theories on migration into the Americas

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Route

Sea RouteSea Route

Two theories on migration into the Americas Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

Sea RouteSea Route

Sea RouteSea Route

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Alaska

Panhandle

Alaska Panhandle

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

Alaska Panhandle

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

CANADA

ALASKA

MOUNTAINS

Alaska Panhandle

Prince of Wales Island

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

On-your-knees Cave

MOUNTAINS

1996: Alaskan paleontologist found human remains 10,300 years old 2008: DNA testing found genetic relatives along the western coast

Alaska -- California – tip of Argentina

Alaska Panhandle

On-your-knees Cave

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Sea RouteSea Route

Two theories on migration into the Americas

1996: Alaskan paleontologist found human remains 10,300 years old Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

2008: DNA testing found genetic relatives along the western coast Alaska -- California – tip of Argentina

STUDY CONCLUSION:STUDY CONCLUSION: “ “an ancient pathway south . . . a an ancient pathway south . . . a coastalcoastal migration” migration”

Alaska Panhandle

Tlingits in Ketchikan

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COASTDNA also confirmed that the Tlingit Native Americans are

descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ cave man

On-your-knees Cave

The ancient remains were transferred to the Tlingits

Alaska Panhandle

Tlingits in Ketchikan

DNA also confirmed that the Tlingit Native Americans are descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ cave man

The ancient remains were transferred to the Tlingits

arriving in Ketchikan today . . . visiting a Tlingit Village

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

visiting a Tlingit VillageNathan Jackson a famous Tlingit carver

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST

Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COASTTlinglet Totem poles

made by descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ Cave Man

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Two theories on migration into the Americas

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Land RouteLand Route

Sea RouteSea Route

Two theories on migration into the Americas

http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpgour family tree . . . .our family tree . . . .

TlingitsTlingits

across Beringia

along the coast

ANCESTORS?ANCESTORS?

YupiksYupiks

Two theories on migration into the Americas

?

homo

3.5M YBP 3.5M YBP Laetoli SiteLaetoli SiteTanzania Tanzania

Cradle of Cradle of Humankind Humankind

South AfricaSouth Africa2.5M YBP2.5M YBP

STONE AGE

STONE AGE

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

ParanthropusParanthropus

‘Little Foot’‘Ms Ples’(africanus)

Australopithecus

Homo

1.8M YBP 1.8M YBP Oldupai Oldupai GorgeGorge

Tanzania Tanzania

‘Nutcracker Man’ (boisei)

XX

??

homo

????

Homo

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present) Homo Genus

1.9M 1.9M YBP YBP

Cradle of Cradle of HumankindHumankind

South South Africa Africa

Oldupai Oldupai GorgeGorge

TanzaniaTanzania1.7M 1.7M YBPYBPX

Homo

Homo Genus homoHomo

Homo Genus AFRICA ASIAEUROPE

sapien

‘‘Peking man’ (erectus)

Peking man’ (erectus) 750,000

Homo (gautengensis)?

1,900,000

‘Handy-man’ (habilis)

1,700,000

‘‘Java man’ (erectus)

Java man’ (erectus)

1,600,000

‘‘Heidelberg man’ (heidelberg)

Heidelberg man’ (heidelberg)

700,000‘Cro-magnon man’ (sapien)

28,000

‘Banpo’ (sapien)

6,400 ‘On-Your-Knees’

(sapien)

10,300

NEXT WEEK . . .NEXT WEEK . . .

Week 2: into AfricaWeek 1: beginning in East Africa

Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into AsiaWeek 4: into AsiaWeek 5: across BeringiaWeek 6: into Americas

Meet the Texans!Meet the Texans!

Please return all borrowed Please return all borrowed books!books!

today - sign up to buy a today - sign up to buy a geology book!geology book! - sign up for the trip to - sign up for the trip to

Dallas!Dallas!

REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithichttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cavehttp://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/http://sepmstrata.org/history/vail.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level#Sea_level_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_agehttp://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-periodic-ice-age.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Range_Archttp://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/pachuta1/page1.htm - videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranehttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/Pangaea.html map w/terraneshttp://muller.lbl.gov/papers/scicorr.htmhttp://www.dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usgs/of/text/of89-0554.PDFhttp://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cavehttp://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.htmllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupik_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo

TRAVEL INFORMATIONTRAVEL INFORMATIONOUR TRAVEL WEBSITESOUR TRAVEL WEBSITES WORLDWIDE HOUSING

www.VRBO.com (individual owners within site)www.homeaway.com (individual owners within site)

AFRICA Housing:

www.villa-st-leon.co.za/ (private home - owner: Babel Schumacher)www.christinesbeachcottage.com (private home - owner: Dan & Christine Carter)

http://www.sa-venues.com (individual owners within site) Safari Travel:

www.Africa-Adventure.com (US based safari company – excellent small group tours)http://www.classicafricansafaris.com/ (Kenya: Hamish Grant -private safari guide) http://www.arptravelgroup.com/arp/(Tanzania: Ranger Ltd- private and group safaris) www.CCAfrica.com (up-scale safaris w/conservation focus)www.sanparks.org (direct booking for South Africa National Parks)

CHINA www.cits.net (China International Travel Service)Guilin: http://en.guilincits.com (agents: Christine, Shelley)

FRANCEHousing: http://www.rentapart.com (agent: Annebelle) http://www.parisattitude.com (agent: Sylvain Guilemin)

Houseboat rental: http://alpha-croisiere.com Language Classes: OISE Paris website: www.paris.oise.com , phone: 30(0)1-42-22-01-98 SPAIN Spanish Paradors (hotels) websites: www.parador.es, http://www.paradores-spain.com

central reservations: +34 91-516 6666, PORTUGAL parryoun@pomarv.jazznet.pt Portugal private house rental: Carole & Kenneth Parr http://www.pousadas.pt Portuguese Posadas (hotels) : phone: +351 218 442 001

http://www.pousadasofportugal.com/ phone:351-258-82-7151 Language Classes: Cambridge School website: www.cambridge.pt, phone: 351-213-124-600