Transport Measures

0( , , ) ( , , , )

xe

z xwy z t V x y z t dxdz

( , , ) ( , , , )s xe

xwy t V x y t dxd

0( , ) ( , , , ) ( , , , )

xe

H xwHT y t V x y z t T x y z t dxdz

35 ,)/),,,(1(),,,(),(0

o

H

xe

xwo SdxdzStzyxStzyxVtyST

Meridional overturning, MOC:

MOC on density surfaces:

Heat transport (rel. 0oC):

Freshwater transport (rel. 35 psu):

K-7Ganachaud&Wunsch

heat transports are indicated by the arrows and red numbers (positive northward/eastward). The white box at the tail end of each arrow is the one-standard-deviation uncertainty. Between sections, ocean-atmosphere heat transfers are indicated by the zonal length of the coloured boxes (blue for ocean cooling; red for ocean heating), with the length of the white box inside indicating the uncertainty.

•Keith (1995)•Trenberth & Solomon (1994)•Macdonald & Wunsch (1996)•Garnier et al (2001)•De las Heras & Schlitzer(1999)•Bryden et al (1991)•Ganachaud & Wunsch•(2000)

Heat transports

Mass transports

Heat transports

K-7Global Heattransport

Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

ENSEBLESNorth Atlantic Heattr.

Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

K-7Indo-Pac. Heattransport

Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

Wijffels et al (2001)/Macdonald&Wunsch(1996)

Wijffels et al (2001)

Macdonald&Wunsch(1996)

K-7Global Freshwater transp.

Wijffels et. al. (2001)

K-7Atlantic and IndoPac freshwater transports

Indo-Pacific Atlantic

K-7Heat transport 25oN

K-7Heat transport 48oN

ENSEBLESHeat/FW transport

Heat/FW transport

Global Mean 25N (PW)

Global Mean 20S (PW)

Ind.-Pac. Mean 25N (PW)

Atl. Mean 25N (PW)

Atl. STD 25N (PW)

Atl. Seasonal 25N (PW)

Atl. Drift 25N (PW/10yr)

Global Mean FW 30S (Sv)

Global Mean FW 25N (Sv)

Model DetailsMethod Details

Ganachaud& Wunsch (2000)

1.80 -0.80 0.50 1.30 Macdonald (1998) 0.72 -0.3

ECCO-JPL 1.45 -1.30 0.44 1.01 0.30 -0.37 0.50 -0.35MIT 1-1/3o, Lev KPP, GM

partition Kalman

ECCO-SIO 1.40 -0.44 0.45 0.96 0.21 0.13 -0.08 0.35 -0.31 MIT 1o, Lev, KPP, GM

adjoint

ECCO-50yr 1.26 -0.63 0.38 0.88 0.21 0.14 0.034 0.33 -0.31 MIT 1o,Lev, KPP, GM

adjoint

ECCO-GODAE 1.15 -0.78 0.33 0.82 0.21 0.13 0.033 0.55 -0.31 MIT 1o,Lev adjoint

GFDL 1.01 0.22 0.20 0.77 0.31 0.11 -0.018 MOM

INGV 2.2 -1.1 0.7 1.45 0.25 0.11 -0.27 0.82 -0.45 OPA 2-1/2o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel

multivar. OI

SODA 0.99 0.16 -0.08 MOM 1-1/3o Lev KPP,GM

OI

K-7Bryden et al (2005)

Transport per unit depth (in m2 s-1) represents the zonally averaged northward geostrophic velocity times the zonal distance across the section at each depth. a, Top-to-bottom profile showing the general similarity in vertical structure of the flow for each section with southward flow in the upper waters, a northward flow of intermediate waters, a southward flow of deep waters at 1,200-5,000 m depth, and a northward flow in the bottom waters. b, Expanded profile of the thermocline flow showing the stronger southward flow in the 1998 and 2004 sections. c, Expanded profile below 1,000 m depth showing the two cores of southward flowing upper NADW centred at about 2,000 m depth and lower NADW centred at 4,000 m depth.

u-NADWl-NADWAABW

K-7Max. MOC 25oN

Bryden et al. (2005)

ECMWF

K-7Max. MOC 48oN

Global MOCECCO-SIO

ECCO-50y

ECCO-GODAE

ECCO-JPL

INGV

SODA

GFDL

Atlantic MOCECCO-SIO

ECCO-50y

ECCO-GODAE

ECCO-JPL

INGV

SODA

GFDL

IndoPac MOCECCO-SIO

ECCO-50y

ECCO-GODAE

ECCO-JPL

INGV

SODA

GFDL

ENSEBLESMOC

MOC Max. Atl. MOC (Sv)

Mean MOC 25N (Sv)

STD MOC 25N (Sv)

Seasonal MOC 25N

(Sv)

Drift MOC 25N, 92-02 (Sv/10yrs)

Mean MOC 48N

(Sv)

l-NADW

92 – 02

3-5km

AABW

North-Atl.

Min. Ind-Pac

MOC(Sv)Model Details

Method Details

G & W (2000) Bryden et al(2005)

16(<27.72) 19.4-14.8

………..

-4.0

14(<27.72) …………..

……….

10.4-6.5

………

1.2-2.5

ECCO-JPL 19 17 4.0 -7.0 19 No(Yes) too shallow

-16MIT 1-1/3o, Lev KPP, GM

partition Kalman

ECCO-SIO19 16 3 1.8 -0.7 19

(No) 2Sv

(Yes) 1Sv not ov.Eq.

-11MIT 1o, Lev, KPP, GM

adjoint

ECCO-50yr18 14 3 1.7 0.2 17 No

(Yes) not ov.Eq.

-8MIT 1o,Lev, KPP, GM

adjoint

ECCO-GODAE17 14 3 1.9 -0.3 17

(No) 4Sv

(Yes) not ov.Eq.

-15 MIT 1o,Lev adjoint

ECMWF (30N) 16 2 0.28 -3.1Yes

13Sv6Sv HOPE 1o,Lev OI

GFDL 30 14 3 1.2 -1.5 15(No)

7SvYes -10 MOM

INGV25 22 3 1.2 -3.3 18

Yes

6Sv(Yes) only

S Atl.-15

OPA 2-1/2o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel

multivar. OI

SODA22 17 4 1.2 0.6 13 No

(Yes) 1Sv no ov. 20S

MOM 1-1/3o Lev KPP,GM

OI

AWI----------------

Willebrand et al (2000)

Level ISOPYCNIC

SIGMASIGMA

ISOPYCNICLevel

AtlanticMOC vs. depth

AtlanticMOC vs. density

Roemmich&Wunsch (1985)

Level

SIGMA

ISOPYCNIC10th yr

1st yr

ECCO-JPLECCO-JPL

ECCO-SIOECCO-SIO

ECCO-50yECCO-50y

ECCO-GODAEECCO-GODAE

ECMWFECMWF

SODAGFDL

INGVINGV

SODASODA

ECCO-SIOECCO-SIO/50y + Ref.

Bryden et al. (2005)