Transoceanic EncountersMr. Ermer

World History APMiami Beach Senior High

Easier ExplorationShip Building

Stronger, more maneuverable ships Square sails, triangular lateen sails, sternpost rudders

Navigational InstrumentsMagnetic compassAstrolabe and cross staffs

Allowing the measuring of lines of latitudeNavigational Techniques

Better knowledge of currents and winds (wind wheels) Trade winds by the equator blow easterly, further away

westerly Monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean Volta do mar

CircumnavigationPortuguese sail around Cape of Good Hope, control

IOTSColumbus establishes trans-Atlantic routesFerdinand Magellan

Magellan sailed for Portugal through Indian OceanWanted to establish western route to Asia, sponsored by

Spain Follows Columbus’s route, probes S. America, enters Pacific Long voyage through Pacific proves deadly for many crew

members Magellan dies in Philippines after he’s caught in local political

fight Crew returns to Spain via more familiar Indian Ocean route

Magellan’s crew = first to circumnavigate globe

Age of European ExplorationSpanish establish trading route b/w Mex. &

PhilippinesSpain does not explore greater Pacific Ocean

Other Europeans seek new routes b/w Europe & AsiaEnglish & French explorers seek elusive

“Northwest Passage” 1500s: Sir Francis Drake explores west coast of N.

America 1700s: Danish Vitus Bering sails for Russia, Alaska &

CanadaCaptain James Cook

Sails for England and charts Australia, New Zealand, Oceania

Europeans Trade In AsiaEuropeans see potential for new commercial

marketsEstablish fortified trading posts in Eastern

Hemisphere Not powerful, large enough, to establish complete

controlRussians expand over land to take large parts of

central/east AsiaPortuguese first to establish large trading

empireThe English and Dutch pose a threat to

Portuguese hegemony, establish parallel networks English and Dutch ships = cheaper, faster, more

powerful Joint-Stock Companies more efficient, profitable

English/British East India Company United (Dutch) East India Company (VOC)

Portuguese attempts to control Indian Ocean trade failsEuropeans, unable to dominate Asia, trade peacefullyEarly colonizing efforts only realized in Southeast Asia

The Spanish Philippines1565: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi names islands after Philip II

Conquers most of the Philippine archipelago by 1575Manila established as cosmopolitan trade port

Chinese goods shipped from Manila to MexicoSpread Christianity, Filipinos become fervent Catholics

Dutch JavaDutch seeks to control trade in cloves, nutmeg, and maceJan Pieterszoon Coen founds Batavia as main VOC port

Impose ruthless control over all spice trade in Indonesia VOC & the Netherlands grow extremely rich from spice trade

European Conquest In Asia

Russian ExpansionRussians do not follow maritime empire model

Dominate Eurasia, conquering Mongol khanates in C. Asia

Establish trade with Ottoman Empire, Iran, IndiaConquer the Caucasus, establishing control of

Caspian SeaRussian Siberia

Siberian fur in high demand, Russians seek control of trade Stroganov family hires Yermak opening further

exploration Siberian peoples subsisted on trapping, hunting, fishing

Important for the delivery of fur to Russian merchants Population greatly diminished by war and disease from

Russians Russian government seeks to protect “small peoples”

Orthodox missionaries attempt to convert Siberians to Christianity

Trade and ConflictCompetition among European nations to est. markets

Quest to monopolize creates tensionDutch ships dominate Indian Ocean, expel Portuguese

Prevent English from establishing spice markets1700s: Indian cotton, tea = more profitable than spices

English & French compete to control India, Ceylon English & French ships outnumber Dutch ships

1746: French seize Indian port city of Madras from BritishBritish takes back control after Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

Hostilities part of much larger War of Austrian SuccessionBritish & French also fight over claims in North

America, sugar islands in Caribbean

Great Britain & theBritish East India Co.

vs.France & the

French East India Co.

War of Austrian SuccessionKingdom of Prussia

Kingdom of France

Kingdom of Spain

Habsburg Austria

United Kingdom of Great Britain

Holy Roman Empire

Dutch Republics

Empire of Russia

The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)European rivalries erupt into multi-theater war

Fighting in Europe, India, the Caribbean, & North America Called the “French & Indian War” in the United States

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle breaks downAustrians upset about losing territory of Silesia to PrussiaFrench & British hostilities ongoing

Switch allies to fight another global warPrussia & Austria mostly fight in EuropeBritish & French fight mostly in India & AmericasBritish win, take French colonies in N. America

Also take Florida from Spain, Spanish get to keep CubaGreat Britain emerges as most dominant European power

Seven Years’ WarHabsburg Austria

Kingdom of France

Kingdom of Spain

Russia

Mughal Empire

Kingdom of Prussia

United Kingdom of Great Britain

Portugal

Sweden

Iroquois Confederacy

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Globalization of TradeEuropean merchants connect far flung markets

Europeans conduct trade within Asia & AmericasEmergence of transoceanic slave trade Africa to

AmericasGlobal trade has adverse environmental effects

Fur animals decrease in numbers Deer, seals, walruses, whales, other valuable animals

decreaseNatural resources exploitedColumbian Exchange