transistor stabilization

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Stabilization of Microwave Amplifiers Sadia Nawaz, Student Member, IEEE Haleema Mehmood Final-Year Students, Department ofElectrical Engineering, University ofEngineering & Technology, Lahore simply2smart@ggmail. com, nanhaleem@hotmail. com Abstract In this paper the concept of stability, in the design of microwave transistor amplifiers is discussed along with various methods of stabilizing the potentially unstable device. The various techniques are then illustrated with the help of a design example utilizing the parameters of a typical small signal microwave BJT 1. Introduction In the design of microwave amplifiers, stability is a major concern. Stability of a device is its resistance to oscillate. The device should not only be stable in the desired frequency range but it must also possess out of band stability to avoid undesired oscillations in output response. Stability of a device can easily be determined by its S parameters; which are effective for small-signal design in linear, class A amplifiers. S parameters can be utilized for amplifiers running under 1 watt of power [1]. As far as the device is concerned it may be unconditionally stable or potentially unstable [2]. The major reason for instability is the negative resistance at the input or the output port. A negative resistance implies a reflection co-efficient having a magnitude greater than one. Conditions for unconditional stability at a given frequency are[2]: IFINI IFOUTI=I IFsl < FL < 1 Sll + S12S21FL 1- S22FL S22 + S12S21FS I-S11Fs <1 <1 (1) (2) (3) (4) Here all the coefficients are normalized to same characteristic impedance. Since F Fs and FL are less than one for all passive source and load impedances; so we only have to consider FIN and FouT. The values of FIN and FouT are affected by the source and load impedance because of the internal reverse feedback i.e., S12 of the device. So there can be some values of Fs and FL which can make FIN and FOuT greater than one. Thus major cause of instability is the internal feedback which is present in all transistors and makes the device prone to oscillations. A convenient method of determining the device's stability is by using the Rollett's stability factor K which is given as [2]: K = 1 Sll 12 IS22 12 +A A12 2 S12S21 A = SlIS22 -S12S21 Stability circles can also be plotted on the Smith Chart which, define the region of stable terminating impedances. It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate various methods of stabilizing the amplifier with the help of a design example. 2. Techniques of Amplifier Stabilization The techniques described below hold for common source or common emitter configuration but can also be applied to other configurations with slight modifications. 2.1. Choosing Appropriate Terminations In this technique we simply choose our source and load terminations such that they are far removed from the unstable areas i.e., the points representing Fs and

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Transistor Stabilization Methods

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S t a b i l i z a t i o n o fMi cro wa ve A m p l i f i ersS a d i a N a wa z , S t u d en t Mem b er, IEEEH a l eem a Mehm o o dF i n a l - Y ea r S t u d en t s , D ep a rt m en t o f El ect ri ca l En g i n eeri n g ,U n i vers i t y o f En g i n eeri n g &T echn o l o g y , L a ho res i m p l y 2 s m a rt @ g g m a i l .co m ,n a n ha l eem @ ho t m a i l . co mA b s t ra ctIn t hi s p a p er t he co n cep t o fs t a b i l i t y , i n t he d es i g no f m i cro wa ve t ra n s i s t o r a m p l i f i ers i s d i s cu s s ed a l o n gwi t h va ri o u s m et ho d s o f s t a b i l i z i n g t he p o t en t i a l l yu n s t a b l e d evi ce. T he va ri o u s t echn i q u es a re t heni l l u s t ra t ed wi t h t he hel p o f a d es i g n ex a m p l e u t i l i z i n gt he p a ra m et ers o f a t y p i ca l s m a l l s i g n a l m i cro wa veBJT1 . In t ro d u ct i o nIn t he d es i g n o f m i cro wa ve a m p l i f i ers , s t a b i l i t y i sa m a j o r co n cern . S t a b i l i t y o f a d evi ce i s i t s res i s t a n cet o o s ci l l a t e. T he d evi ce s ho u l d n o t o n l y b e s t a b l e i n t hed es i red f req u en cy ra n g e b u t i t m u s t a l s o p o s s es s o u t o fb a n d s t a b i l i t y t o a vo i d u n d es i red o s ci l l a t i o n s i n o u t p u tres p o n s e.S t a b i l i t y o f a d evi ce ca n ea s i l y b e d et erm i n ed b yi t s S p a ra m et ers ; whi ch a re ef f ect i ve f o r s m a l l - s i g n a ld es i g n i n l i n ea r, cl a s s A a m p l i f i ers . S p a ra m et ers ca nb e u t i l i z ed f o r a m p l i f i ers ru n n i n g u n d er 1 wa t t o fp o wer [1 ].A s f a r a s t he d evi ce i s co n cern ed i t m a y b eu n co n d i t i o n a l l y s t a b l e o r p o t en t i a l l y u n s t a b l e [2 ]. T hem a j o r rea s o n f o r i n s t a b i l i t y i s t he n eg a t i ve res i s t a n ce a tt he i n p u t o r t he o u t p u t p o rt . A n eg a t i ve res i s t a n cei m p l i es a ref l ect i o n co - ef f i ci en t ha vi n g a m a g n i t u d eg rea t er t ha n o n e. C o n d i t i o n s f o r u n co n d i t i o n a l s t a b i l i t ya t a g i ven f req u en cy a re[2 ]:IF IN IIF O U T I= IIF s l OT he f o l l o wi n g m et ho d s ca n b e u s ed t o a t t a i n s t a b i l i t y :2 . 3 . 1 . In p u t R es i s t i ve L o a d i n g . A n i n p u t ( b a s e o rg a t e) s eri es o r s hu n t res i s t a n ce ca n b e u s ed t o ca n celo u t t he n eg a t i ve res i s t a n ce p a rt ; i t wi l l s t a b i l i z e t het ra n s i s t o r b u t a t t he ex p en s e o f s i g n i f i ca n t g a i nred u ct i o n a n d i n crea s ed n o i s e f i g u re. H en ce t hi st echn i q u e ca n n o t b e u s ed i n d es i g n s where n o i s e i s am a j o r co n cern .2 . 3 . 2 . O u t p u t R es i s t i ve L o a d i n g . A d d i n g a l o w va l u es eri es res i s t o r a t t he o u t p u t ( co l l ect o r o r d ra i n ) f o rcess t a b i l i t y o ver a wi d e b a n d o f f req u en ci es . T he hi g hert he res i s t o r va l u e t he b et t er t he s t a b i l i t y . It a l s o red u cest he g a i n o f t he d evi ce b u t t o a n a ccep t a b l e l evel . T heef f ect o n n o i s e f i g u re i s m i n u t e. V a l u es o f res i s t o r u p t o2 0Q ca n s a f el y b e u s ed . T hi s i s t he m o s t f req u en t l yu s ed t echn i q u e f o r a t t a i n i n g wi d eb a n d s t a b i l i t y .O u t p u t s hu n t res i s t a n ce ca n a l s o b e u s ed t o ca n celt he n eg a t i ve res i s t a n ce a t t he o u t p u t t erm i n a l .H o wever, t hi s t echn i q u e i s n o t a s ef f ect i ve a s s eri esres i s t i ve l o a d i n g a t t he o u t p u t . It a l s o red u ces t he g a i no ft he d evi ce.A s eri es t ra n s m i s s i o n l i n e m a y a l s o b e a d d edb ef o re t he s eri es res i s t a n ce. It s ef f ect i s , ho wever,d evi ce d ep en d en t . In a d d i t i o n t o p ro vi d i n g s t a b i l i t y , i tca n ; i n s o m e ca s es ; a l s o i m p ro ve t he g a i n .2 . 3 . 3 . R es i s t a n ce i n Bi a s L i n e. F o r b i a s s u p p l yd eco u p l i n g , u s u a l l y a n i n d u ct o r o r cho k e i s u s ed . T hi si n d u ct o r o r cho k e rep res en t s a n o p en ci rcu i t a t t hed es i g n ed f req u en cy b u t a s t he f req u en cy va ri es ; i td evi a t es f ro m i t s i d ea l o p en ci rcu i t b eha vi o r. T hi sd evi a t i o n ca n crea t e i n s t a b i l i t y a t l o w f req u en ci es . Ino rd er t o a vo i d i t ; we p u t a s m a l l va l u e res i s t o r i n t heb i a s s u p p l y l i n e ( a b o ve t he d i s t ri b u t ed / l u m p ed cho k e) .T hi s a d d ed res i s t o r ha s n o ef f ect o n ci rcu i tp erf o rm a n ce a t a n d a ro u n d t he cen t er f req u en cy . A tl o w f req u en ci es , ho wever, i t hel p s i n s t a b i l i z i n g t hed evi ce. T hi s m et ho d i s a p p l i ed when o u r d evi ce i ss u f f i ci en t l y s t a b l e a t hi g h f req u en ci es a n d o n l y t he l o wf req u en cy s t a b i l i t y i s a p ro b l em .It s ho u l d b e n o t ed here t ha t t he vo l t a g e d ro pca u s ed b y t hi s res i s t o r i n t he b i a s l i n e m u s t b ea cco u n t ed f o rwhen d es i g n i n g t he b i a s i n g ci rcu i t .2 . 4 C o m m o n T erm i n a l In d u ct a n ceA n y i n d u ct a n ce a t t he co m m o n t erm i n a l ( em i t t ero r s o u rce) i n crea s es s t a b i l i t y a t t he co s t o f g a i nred u ct i o n . T hi s a d d ed i n d u ct a n ce a l s o hel p s t o i m p ro vet he i n p u t V S WR a n d n o i s e f i g u re.C a re s ho u l d b e t a k en t ha t t he a m o u n t o fi n d u ct a n ce a d d ed i s very l o w b eca u s e ex ces s i ve s o u rceo r em i t t er i n d u ct a n ce ca n a ct a d vers el y t o ca u s ei n s t a b i l i t y a n d g a i n p ea k i n g . T he s m a l l va l u e o fi n d u ct a n ce req u i red ca n b e i n t ro d u ced i n t he f o rm o fs l i g ht l y l o n g er s o u rce l ea d s o r vi a ho l es t o g ro u n d .N O T E: It s ho u l d b e n o t ed t ha t t he el em en t s u s ed f o ra t t a i n i n g s t a b i l i t y m a y b e t rea t ed a s a p a rt o f t hed evi ce, f o r f u rt her d es i g n i n g o ft he a m p l i f i er.3 . D es i g n Ex a m p l eIn t hi s d es i g n a l o w n o i s e BJT i . e. , In f i n eo n ' s BF P47 0f i s u s ed . T he s i m u l a t i o n res u l t s a re o b t a i n ed b yu s i n g A g i l en t ' s A D S s o f t wa re. We a re i l l u s t ra t i n gd i f f eren t m et ho d s o f s t a b i l i z i n g t he t ra n s i s t o r o ver awi d e b a n d o f f req u en ci es wi t h t he hel p o f s i m u l a t edres u l t s a n d p res en t i n g t hem i n t a b u l a r f o rm . S p eci a lem p ha s i s i s p a i d t o t he n o i s e f i g u re o ft he d evi ce.A f t er cho o s i n g a p ro p er t ra n s i s t o r, t he n ex t s t ep i st o s el ect a n a p p ro p ri a t e b i a s p o i n t . S i n ce t he Sp a ra m et ers o f a n y d evi ce a re d i rect l y rel a t ed wi t h Qp o i n t , s o s t a b i l i t y i s a l s o d ep en d en t u p o n i t . T herel a t i o n s hi p b et ween t he t wo va ri es f ro m d evi ce t od evi ce. A s f a r a s o u r cho s en d evi ce i s co n cern ed ,s t a b i l i t y i m p ro ves a s t he b i a s cu rren t i s i n crea s ed .S o t here i s a t ra d eo f f b et ween s t a b i l i t y a n d p o werreq u i rem en t . In o u r d es i g n ex a m p l e, we ha ve cho s en ab i a s p o i n t o f 2 . 5 V a n d 2 0m A .T he s i m u l a t ed res u l t s f o r t he s t a b i l i t y f a ct o r K, t hem a x i m u m g a i n a n d t he m i n i m u m n o i s e- f i g u re a reg i ven .T a b l e 1 . T ra n s i s t o r wi t h 5 0. 0 t erm i n a t i o n sf req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 0. 1 41 3 2 . 5 8 3 0. 41 91 . O O O G H z 0. 2 7 3 2 9 . 5 44 0. 5 081 . 5 00G H z 0. 3 9 2 2 7 . 7 2 5 0. 5 9 72 . 000G H z 0. 5 2 7 2 6 . 41 3 0. 6 7 02 . 5 00G H z 0. 6 3 9 2 5 . 3 1 4 0. 7 1 43 . 000G H z 0. 7 3 9 2 4. 3 3 7 0. 7 3 63 . 5 00G H z 0. 8 2 5 2 3 . 5 5 9 0. 7 5 84. 000G H z 0. 8 9 8 2 2 . 8 09 0. 7 8 04. 5 00G H z 0. 9 5 7 2 2 . 1 3 7 0. 8 005 . 000G H z 1 . 06 1 2 0. 000 0. 8 2 05 . 5 00G H z 1 . 07 9 1 9 . 07 8 0. 8 6 56 . 000G H z 1 . 1 02 1 8 . 1 9 2 0. 9 1 0T a b l e 2 . Wi t h 3 . 3 . 0s eri es res i s t o ra t i n p u tT a b l e 3 . Wi t h47 . 0 s hu n t res i s t o r a t i n p u tA s evi d en t f ro m t he a b o ve g i ven res u l t s , ares i s t a n ce co n n ect ed a t i n p u t hel p s i n s t a b i l i z i n g t hed evi ce b u t t he co s t p a i d i s g a i n red u ct i o n a n d n o i s ef i g u re d et eri o ra t i o n .T a b l e 4. Wi t h 1 8 . 0 s eri es o u t p u t res i s t a n ceIt ca n b e s een f ro m t he t a b l e t ha t t he o u t p u t s eri esres i s t a n ce ha s m o re ef f ect a t el eva t ed f req u en ci es . Inco n t ra s t t o t he i n p u t res i s t a n ce m et ho d , t he d eg ra d a t i o no fn o i s e f i g u re i s n eg l i g i b l e.T ab l e 5 . Wi t h 1 8 m m ( 5 0. 0) t ra n s m i s s i o n l i n ea n ds eri es 1 8 . 0 res i s t o rT he t ra n s m i s s i o n l i n e hel p s i n i m p ro vi n g t he s t a b i l i t ya s wel l a s t he g a i n . T he n o i s e f i g u re, ho wever, i s o n l ys l i g ht l y a f f ect ed .T a b l e 6 . Wi t h 1 8 m m ( 5 0. 0) t ra n s m i s s i o n l i n e,s eri es 1 8 . 0 res i s t o r a n d vi a sT he a d d i t i o n o f vi a s ha s f u rt her i m p ro ved s t a b i l i t ya n d d ecrea s ed t he g a i n .f req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 0. 1 5 0 3 2 . 5 8 3 0. 41 91 . O O O G H z 0. 2 9 4 2 9 . 5 44 0. 5 091 . 5 00G H z 0. 42 6 2 7 . 7 2 5 0. 5 9 92 . 000G H z 0. 5 8 5 2 6 . 41 3 0. 6 7 42 . 5 00G H z 0. 7 09 2 5 . 3 1 4 0. 7 2 23 . 000G H z 0. 8 2 8 2 4. 3 3 7 0. 7 473 . 5 00G H z 0. 9 3 2 2 3 . 5 5 9 0. 7 7 34. 000G H z 1 . 01 6 2 2 . 03 2 0. 8 024. 5 00G H z 1 . 08 8 2 0. 3 3 2 0. 8 2 95 . 000G H z 1 . 2 03 1 8 . 7 8 3 0. 8 5 55 . 5 00G H z 1 . 2 1 5 1 7 . 9 9 2 0. 9 036 . 000G H z 1 . 2 2 3 1 7 . 2 8 8 0. 9 42f req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 0. 3 47 3 2 . 5 8 3 0. 42 01 . O O O G H z 0. 6 5 5 2 9 . 5 44 0. 5 1 11 . 5 00G H z 0. 8 9 3 2 7 . 7 2 5 0. 6 032 . 000G H z 1 . 07 6 2 4. 7 3 2 0. 6 8 02 . 5 00G H z 1 . 1 5 9 2 2 . 8 9 3 0. 7 2 73 . 000G H z 1 . 1 7 2 2 1 . 8 2 8 0. 7 5 03 . 5 00G H z 1 . 1 3 3 2 1 . 3 45 0. 7 7 44. 000G H z 1 . 06 9 2 1 . 2 06 0. 7 9 74. 5 00G H z 1 . 01 5 2 1 . 3 7 5 0. 8 1 95 . 000G H z 1 . 09 4 1 9 . 6 3 9 0. 8 455 . 5 00G H z 1 . 1 1 9 1 8 . 6 9 9 0. 8 9 76 . 000G H z 1 . 2 1 0 1 7 . 3 6 9 0. 9 41f req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 0. 1 7 3 3 2 . 5 8 3 0. 6 2 51 . O O O G H z 0. 3 40 2 9 . 5 44 0. 7 2 61 . 5 00G H z 0. 49 3 2 7 . 7 2 5 0. 8 3 92 . 000G H z 0. 6 6 5 2 6 . 41 3 0. 9 422 . 5 00G H z 0. 8 1 2 2 5 . 3 1 4 0. 9 6 93 . 000G H z 0. 9 42 2 4. 3 3 7 1 . 0033 . 5 00G H z 1 . 05 5 2 2 . 1 2 1 1 . 01 74. 000G H z 1 . 1 5 5 2 0. 42 1 1 . 0094. 5 00G H z 1 . 2 3 5 1 9 . 2 1 7 1 . 01 85 . 000G H z 1 . 3 5 3 1 7 . 9 5 3 1 . 03 35 . 5 00G H z 1 . 3 7 6 1 7 . 1 3 5 1 . 1 1 16 . 000G H z 1 . 407 1 6 . 3 3 9 1 . 2 46f req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 0. 1 8 1 3 2 . 5 8 3 2 . 7 7 71 . O O O G H z 0. 2 8 4 2 9 . 5 44 2 . 7 7 51 . 5 00G H z 0. 404 2 7 . 7 2 5 2 . 7 5 22 . 000G H z 0. 5 6 6 2 6 . 41 3 2 . 6 8 82 . 5 00G H z 0. 7 08 2 5 . 3 1 4 2 . 7 003 . 000G H z 0. 8 3 0 2 4. 3 3 7 2 . 7 5 43 . 5 00G H z 0. 9 43 2 3 . 5 5 9 2 . 8 474. 000G H z 1 . 03 2 2 1 . 7 1 7 2 . 9 7 44. 5 00G H z 1 . 1 09 2 0. 1 2 6 3 . 05 15 . 000G H z 1 . 2 42 1 8 . 5 43 3 . 1 1 85 . 5 00G H z 1 . 2 46 1 7 . 8 05 2 . 9 8 46 . 000G H z 1 . 2 3 8 1 7 . 1 9 6 2 . 7 2 4f req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 0. 3 7 9 3 2 . 5 6 1 0. 42 01 . O O O G H z 0. 7 1 8 2 9 . 46 8 0. 5 1 11 . 5 00G H z 0. 9 8 3 2 7 . 5 6 0 0. 6 042 . 000G H z 1 . 1 8 8 2 3 . 5 1 4 0. 6 8 02 . 5 00G H z 1 . 2 8 3 2 1 . 7 1 0 0. 7 2 83 . 000G H z 1 . 3 02 2 0. 5 2 0 0. 7 5 23 . 5 00G H z 1 . 2 6 1 1 9 . 8 44 0. 7 7 64. 000G H z 1 . 1 8 4 1 9 . 46 0 0. 7 9 94. 5 00G H z 1 . 1 1 1 1 9 . 2 8 2 0. 8 2 15 . 000G H z 1 . 1 3 0 1 8 . 3 7 2 0. 8 455 . 5 00G H z 1 . 1 2 3 1 7 . 6 7 8 0. 8 9 66 . 000G H z 1 . 1 8 1 1 6 . 5 2 7 0. 9 3 9T a b l e 7 . Wi t h 1 8 m m ( 5 0. 0) t ra n s m i s s i o n l i n e,s eri es 1 8 . 0 res i s t o r, vi a s a n d 3 3 . 0 res i s t o r a b o veco l l ect o r cho k ef req S t a b F a ct l Ma x G a i n l N F m i n5 00. 0MH z 2 . 08 4 2 6 . 6 3 8 0. 43 71 . O O O G H z 1 . 2 48 2 6 . 47 0 0. 5 2 31 . 5 00G H z 1 . 2 3 9 2 4. 6 1 3 0. 6 1 12 . 000G H z 1 . 3 9 8 2 2 . 3 8 3 0. 6 8 62 . 5 00G H z 1 . 5 1 8 2 0. 6 5 5 0. 7 3 43 . 000G H z 1 . 5 7 4 1 9 . 3 6 1 0. 7 6 13 . 5 00G H z 1 . 5 5 7 1 8 . 5 2 1 0. 7 8 84. 000G H z 1 . 49 2 1 7 . 9 09 0. 8 1 64. 5 00G H z 1 . 45 2 1 7 . 3 1 8 0. 8 435 . 000G H z 1 . 5 9 1 1 6 . 049 0. 8 7 95 . 5 00G H z 1 . 8 1 0 1 4. 6 04 0. 9 5 46 . 000G H z 2 . 2 5 9 1 2 . 7 8 5 1 . 03 3F i n a l l y wi t h t he a d d i t i o n o f a 3 3 Q res i s t o r i n t heb i a s l i n e, s t a b i l i t y o vert he en t i re ra n g e i s a chi eved .4. C o n cl u s i o nA t ho ro u g h s t u d y o f va ri o u s m et ho d s o f s t a b i l i z i n ga m i cro wa ve t ra n s i s t o r ha s b een p res en t ed . T he d es i g nex a m p l e i l l u s t ra t es a s t ep b y s t ep p ro ces s o f t ra n s i s t o rs t a b i l i z a t i o n . Ef f ect s o n n o i s e f i g u re a n d g a i n ha ve a l s ob een d i s cu s s ed .5 . A ck n o wl ed g em en t sWewi s h t o ex p res s o u r m o s t s i n cere g ra t i t u d e a n da p p reci a t i o n t o o u r a d vi s o r, D r. R a n a In a m El a hi f o rhi s i n va l u a b l e s u p p o rt a n d g u i d a n ce d u ri n g o u rwo rk .We a l s o wi s h t o a ck n o wl ed g e Mr. Mu ha m m a dA hm a d ' s hel p .6 . R ef eren ces[1 ] C o t t er W. S a y re, C o m p l et e Wi rel es s D es i g n .McG ra w- H i l l .[2 ] G . G o n z a l ez , Mi cro wa ve T ra n s i s t o rA m p l i f i ers , A n a l y s i s a n d D es i g n . Pren t i ceH a l l , U p p er S a d d l e R i ver, N J, 1 9 9 7 .[3 ] R o y H ej ha l l , "R F S m a l l S i g n a l D es i g nU s i n g T wo Po rt Pa ra m et ers , " F rees ca l eS em i co n d u ct o r, In c, 1 9 9 3 , R ev 0.D o cu m en t : A N 2 1 5 A .