The International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

Trafficking in Persons in Europe: Present situation and way forward

by Pascal Reyntjens International Organization for Migration(IOM)

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Objective of the presentation

• To provide a general overview of THB

• the state of play in Europe on THB

• IOM’s response as a key actor and

important source of information

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International legal framework governing response against THB

• Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children (supplements the UN Convention against transnational organized crime) (2000)Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005)

• EU Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims

• Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the residence permit issued to third-country nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities

• Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings

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International legal framework governing response against THB

In addition (non-treaty provisions): • Brussels Declaration on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in

Human Beings (2002) • October declaration on Preventing and Fighting THB (2009) • Action Oriented Paper on Strengthening EU external dimension on

Action against THB: towards global EU action against THB (2009)

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State of play in Europe

Profile of VoTs (age, gender,

socio-economic background)

Forms of Exploitation (sexual, labour other forms)

Countries of destination, transit and

origin

1. Overview

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

(2) Research and Data

(3) Prevention

(4) Institutional Capacity Building

(5) Protection and Direct Assistance

2. Research and Data

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Two Purposes: Case Management Research

How is data collected? Screening Interview Form – assesses eligibility Assistance Interview Form – tracks assistance delivery Data protection is paramount!

IOM Global Database

IOM’s Global Database Contains primary data on approx. 15,000 trafficked persons. First case registered 1999.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

19992000

20012002

20032004

20052006

20072008

335 295

285 1,131

610 5,270

304 2,181

568 1,524

52 72

Below 14

14 to 17

18 to 24

25 to 30

Over 30

N/A

Male Female

Age Range Female Male TotalBelow 14 295 335 630 14 to 17 1,131 285 1,416 18 to 24 5,270 610 5,880 25 to 30 2,181 304 2,485 Over 30 1,524 568 2,092 N/A 72 52 124 Total 10,473 2,154 12,627

Age Range and Sex

Note(s): Majority are female, between 18 and 24 years old. Inherent bias? Steady increase in proportion of male victims.

Recruitment

Note(s): 59% were recruited by someone they knew. Less than 1% were recruited by physical force.

60%

0%8%5%

27%

Personal ContactForcibly RecruitedPublic AdvertisementSold by FamilyN/A

Gender of Recruiter(s) Number PercentageBoth 636 5.04%Female 3,866 30.62%Male 4,786 37.90%Unknown 3,339 26.44% Total 12,627 100.00%

Relationship to Recruiter(s)

Male38%

Female31%

Both5%

Don't Know26%

Note(s): Most trafficked persons were recruited by a single individual. Recruiters were almost as likely to be female as male. A significant minority were unable or unwilling to identify their recruiter.

Type of Exploitation

23%2%

1%0%

74%Sexual Exploitation

Labour Exploitation

Labour and SexualExploitationLow Level Criminal

Labour & Low LevelCriminal

Note(s): Sexual exploitation still by far the most common. Inherent bias? Steady increase in proportion of victims trafficked for labour exploitation.

3. Prevention

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Prevention

Art. 9: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons

‘Alleviate factors that make persons vulnerable…like poverty, underdevelopment and lack of equal opportunity.

‘Discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation…that leads to trafficking’.

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Prevention ‘measures’ How to ‘alleviate

vulnerability’ and ‘discourage demand’?

1. ‘Research… 2. Information and mass

media campaigns… 3. Social and economic

initiatives… 4. Educational, social,

and cultural measures’

Where does art. 9 encourage intervention – at the point of origin or the point of destination?

Which of the four activities have been more commonly employed as a prevention tool?

And the Result?

Awareness raising…in Countries of Origin

…of irregular migrants and vulnerable groups

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Provocation…

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Attempts to empower the whistleblower

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Preventing demand? Targets destination countries in

pilot phase Combines mini-events, video,

and viral dissemination Aims to suppress consumer

demand for goods/services that result from trafficked labour

Encourages behaviour change – at minimum to ask ‘what’s behind the things we buy’.

Go to: www.buyresponsibly.org Join Facebook group: ‘Buy

Responsibly’

4. Building Capacity

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Institutional Capacity Building

Legislation and Policy Development

National Referral Systems

Curricula Development and Training

Infrastructural Upgrades

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

5. Protection and Direct Assistance

1. OVERVIEW

2. RESEARCH

3. PREVENTION

4. BUILDING CAPACITY

5. PROTECTION

Protection and Assistance Eg. GAF Global referral, assessment

& rapid assistance mechanism for trafficked persons

What does it include? Safe accommodation Medical/psychosocial Legal assistance AVRR Skills development Education and training Etc.

Assisted approx. 1000 trafficked persons since its creation in Aug. 2000.

All GAF-assisted case data are entered into the Global Counter-Trafficking Database.

1. Research and Data

3. Institutional Capacity Building

2. Prevention

4. Protection and Assistance

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Way forward

EU integrated anti-trafficking strategy • Increased data-collection, research and evaluation • Demand reduction of products and services that are results of THB. • Victims package (compensation, residence, risk-assessments, sustainability). • Increase in prosecutions and convictions. • Monitoring present (sexual and labour) and emerging trends (benefit fraud, organ removal). • EU internal trafficking and the corresponding need to establish good mechanisms for return and reintegration within the EU. • Bridging countries of origin, transit and destination (cross-border cooperation) • Increasing identification of VoTs

Mr Pascal Reyntjens IOM Brussels

Tel: +32.2.2877410

Email: preyntjens@iom.int

www.iom.int

For more information:

For further reading: http://www.ungift.org/ (UNGIFT) http://ec.europa.eu/antitrafficking/index.action;jsessionid=SF1QTJ1p1Yjp6jpbx1sFzHNXdypN2zlV2hfWB5Qxh8hLNnpBszD0!1740518636 (EU anti-trafficking website) http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/default_en.asp (Council of Europe)