Variety of climatic conditions

Geographical position

Date of realization

Destination use

Functional quality

Architectural quality

Integration with the site

Energy Saving and environmental quality

4.1

Natural ventilation

Conscious architecture Uuonscious sustainability 1.1

1. T

HE

PASS

IVE

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ERN

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Design with climate

THE PASSIVE COOLING FROM TRAD ITION TO INNOVATION: WIND TOWER

Passive coolign strategiesPassive and hybrid cooling systems

Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input

Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor

Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input

Passive cooling systems among Middle Est and Mediterranean

Elements from urban scale

Elements form building scale

Passive cooling systems in Italian’s traditional architecture

The origin of Wind towers

The wind towers in Iran: Badgir (wind catcher)

THE

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2. W

IND

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Climatic and architectural context

The history and origin

Constitutive elements

Materials

Cooling modality

Constructive systems

typological classi�cation of Badgir

3.TH

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4. S

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WIN

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The selection criteria

The analysis of speci�cations

TRADITIONINNOVATION

Kingspan Lighthouse - 2007

BedZed, Beddington Zero Energy Development - 2002

Solihull Campus - 2001

New Parliamentary Building (Portcullis House) - 2000

Jubilee Campus - 1999

IGuzzini headquarters - 1998

Building research Establishment (BRE) - 1996

Inland Revenue Center - 1994

Ionica Headquarters Building - 1994

Queens Building, De Montfort University - 1993

Armoury Tower - Unrealized

An experimental building in Catania - Unrealized

TOD

AY

1.2

1.3

1.2.1

Evaporative cooling

Radiative cooling

Ventilative cooling1.2.2.1

1.2.2.21.2.2 1.2.2.3

1.2.2.4

1.2.2.5Ground cooling

Zisa’s palace

Camera dello Scirocco

Sassi di Matera

Dammusi di Pantelleria

Trulli di Puglia

1.3.1

1.3.2

1.4

1.4.1

1.4.21.4.31.4.4

1.4.5

Direct ventilative cooling

Indirect evaporative cooling

Indirect ventilative, evaporative and ground cooling

2.2.6.1

2.2.6.2

2.2.6.3

2.1

2.2

Function modality

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.4

2.2.5

Denomination and locationDirection of captation of the windGeometryBuilding destination

2.2.7.1

2.2.7.2

2.2.7.3

2.2.7.5

2.2.7.4

Natural ventilation

Ventilative passive and hybrid coolingEvaporative cooling

Ground coolingRadiative cooling

3.1

3.3

3.2

3.3.1

3.3.2.1

3.3.23.3.2.23.3.2.33.3.2.4

4.1

4.2

A

B

C

I

F

G

H

D

E

J

K

L

2.2.6

2.2.7

Traditional and popular architecture Relation between climate and architecture connection between architecture and places1.1

Classi�cation of techniques of passove cooling

- Type of heat conductor (enviornmenta, sky, earth)

- Heat transfer (Convection, evaporation, conduction)

- Climate (dry, wet)

- Storage period (day, week, season)

- Material (water, rock, ecc.)

Building form and orientation Colour and albedo Control of solar radiation Thermal inertia Presence of vegetation

Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor

Archetypal systems of ventilation In�uence of the wind in popular architecture Principals of natural ventilation Natural ventilation techniques according to the movment of air

Courtyard house Patio house Flat roof Dome Double-shelled dome Dome with air vent

Costozza’s villas in Vicenza 1.4.6

Thermal control

Solar control

Natural ventilation

Natural ventilation and night cooling

Ventilative cooling with wind tower

Evaporative cooling

Ground cooling

Night cooling

Ground ventilative cooling

Symbolic meaning of water Presence of fountain and Salsabil

In�uence of the climate in city planning Urban texture

Lybia

Chimney

Peru Afghanistan Pakistan Egypt Iraq Persian Gulf Iran

Technology evolution of 20th centrySustainable architectureSustainable and Bio architectureBioclimatic architectureLife Cycle Assessment

De�nition of Climate and CliamatologyClimatic conditionsCliamtic zonesThermal comfort Micro climate

Di�erence between active and passive systemsDe�nation of passive and Hybrid cooling systemsStrategies of passive and hybrid cooling systems

Building form, morphology and orientationThe colour of buildingsControl of solar radiationControl of thermal inertiaThermal insulation

Bene�ts of passive and hybrid coolingVentilative body coolingVentilative environmental coolingVentilative structure coolingNatural and hybrid ventilation

Site features MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

BUILDING DATA

Type

Orientation

Number of occupants

Dimensional dataNumer of storeys

Floor area

CONSTRUCTION

Structure type

External walls

Internal walls

RoofInternal �oor

Ground �oor

Location

Latitude

Altitude

Architect/s

PatternsClient

Structure engineerEnvironment and planning

Quantity SurveyorPartnerConstruction Management

Destination use

GENERAL DATA

COOLING STRATEGIES

Ventilation strategies

Solar control

Thermal insolation

Thermal inertiaVentilative evaporative cooling

Ventilation systemAir input system

Air output systemAir output system

Control system

Internal solar shading system

External solar shading systemControl system

Windows

WallsFloors

Roof

3.2

3.1

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2.2.1

1.2.2.3

1.3.1

1.3.2

- Stack e�ect- Ventilation through vertical

- Single-sided ventilation- Ventilation combined wind and stack e�ect

- Ventilation through Horizontal of air

2.2.7.4

2.2.7.3

2.2.7.1

2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3

2.2.6.1

2.2.3

2.1

Thermal inertia

Catgut and chain ShelfCovragePartitions and

channels Decoration

Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the presence of wind, during the night

Badgir's connection to the main rooms through horizontal and wet channels

Badgir's link through a vertical channel with underground water pipes

Functional wind tower only Wind towers with both functional and symbolic validity

Square plan Rectangualr plan Octagonal plan Circular plan Multi - directional

One - directional Two - directional Three-directional Fuor - directional Multi - directional Circular

Esagonal plan

Stalk

CLIMAT DATA

Climate Type

Temperature

Wind speed

Relative humidity

Precipitation

Degree days for coolingDegree days for heating

Collocation of porous pottery jars inside Badgir

Of two or more �oors Badkesh (wind scape)

Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the presence of wind, during the day

Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the absence of wind, during the night

Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the absence of wind, during the day

The main current trend that requires an air conditional system in a building is in great contradiction with the most elementary rules of energy saving and protecting the planet from further environmental pollution.A conscious architecture is the result of a conscious architectural design, where it is required an interdisciplinary jointed approach, in a systemic vision that is able to understand various aspects of a building, considering both the formal and structural as well as the qualitative and technical devices. The solutions o�ered form traditional architecture can o�er, even today, concrete answers to some of the energetic and construction challenges, without the need of large energy consumption, but of a better exploita-tion of natural resources. Through the use of rules and examples of the past, it is possible to pro-duce a new sustainable and bio-climatic architecture that is mainly

based on the synthesis of ancient rules and modern technologies. In this new trend, it is possible to insert wind towers, known in persian as ‘Badgir’ that literally means “one who captures the wind”.The sustainability elements in the traditional and vernacular buildings are more or less deliberately designed, however, we consider that they have been designed unconsciously. The principle of sustainabi-lity, and the phrases such as sustainable architecture, green architecture belong to the contemporary world and certainly not to the past. Wind tower is a typical element of Middle East archi-tecture. It is a system of multidirectional collection and extraction of winds, that plays a dual role: it cap-tures air from the outside and lowers the internal temperature (over 20° from 40÷45 °C usually present in the Eastern territories) by exploiting the mass of the structure, which has a high thermal inertia, and transforming the system into a thermal �ywheel.

In the past man gained considerable knowledge in respecting nature and the environment in the way they built, using only renewable energy sources and materials adapted to local climate and the various latitudes, demonstrating the ability to create extra-ordinary examples of understanding of nature, through a direct relationship with the surrounding environment. The industrialization culture based on individual wel-fare, non observance of the environmental ecosystem and of excessive consumption of non renewable energy sources have produced a building model based on energy dissipation.Nowadays, changes in climatic conditions increase the responsibility of architects and engineers in designing new sustainable cities and buildings even though it becomes more and more di�cult to ensure the standards of comfort required by our society.

The aim of the research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on wind towers.The work presented is a result of a study focused on traditional passive cooling strategies. More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to di�erent aspects: from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems and construction processes, from “live welfare” to energy e�ciency. In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions towards energy e�ciency.All the analysis will create a basic knowledge on these ancient passive cooling system that can be often joined in a modern building plan in a contemporary and more e�cient view.

Title of thesis: The passive cooling from tradition to innovation: wind Tower Topic and aim of the research The work presented is a scheme that shows a synthesis of a PhD Research concluded in March 2011. The aim of the research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on wind towers. The study was focused on traditional passive cooling strategies which had been used in Middle East and Mediterranean areas. More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to different aspects: from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems and construction processes, from “live welfare” to energy efficiency. In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions towards energy efficiency. Methodological approach and fields of investigation 1) Cognitive and cultural area - Diffusion of the issues on the conventional air conditioners and their environmental impact. - Create a base knowledge of important and ancient "passive systems" that exploit the available resources of the area. - Knowledge of strategies and techniques of passive cooling, which are used in traditional Middle Eastern and Mediterranean, as well as in contemporary buildings. - Knowledge and elaboration of an important technology of the traditional Middle Eastern architecture, especially Iranian, in relation to the state of the art of literature in that field, referencing texts in the farsi language as well. - Derive from study cases of contemporary architecture which are employing the wind towers’ technology, principles and useful criteria for passive cooling. - Compare passive cooling traditional technologies and systems, used in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. 2) Technological and architectural area - Typological analysis - Analysis of construction and material. - Analysis and performance evaluation. 3) Energetic area - Energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. - Energy and economic saving - Individual well-being without sacrificing the aesthetic values and in respect of resources and environmental balance.