TOXICOLOGY

DRUGS

DRUGS

• NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES

• USED TO PRODUCE PSYCHOLOGICAL

OR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Psychological dependence

Psychological Dependence

Drug is used to fulfill EMOTIONAL needs

- Cope with life

- To feel more comfortable in social settings

CRACK is the most

PSYCHOLOGICALLY

addictive

Physical Dependence

Physical Dependence

• Physical dependence means the body gets used to the drug, it needs more and more of it to accomplish the same effect.

• Finally, the drug is merely used to counteract the withdrawal symptoms that appear when no drugs are being taken. Perspiring, feeling cold, goose flesh/pimples (cold turkey), running nose, stomach cramps, aching muscles, diarrhea.

DRUGS

• NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN AND PROLONG LIFE

EXAMPLES:

• INSULIN

• AIDS DRUGS

DRUGS

•

• AS AN ESCAPE

DRUGSAS A WAY TO

END LIFE LEGAL EUTHANASIA: IN US -

OREGONNETHERLANDS,

BELGIUM SWITZERLAND

Narcotics

Substances that reduce

or relieve

pain

and induce

sleep

HeroinDerived from morphine

which is obtained from the opium poppy

Street Names: “dope” “smack”

“Cheese”

“China white”

“Black Tar”

How used:

• Mainlining: injecting into a vein or muscle

• Smoked (mixed with marijuana in a joint)

• Snorted as a powder

Short-term Effects

» SLOWS DOWN

Euphoria

Clouds Mental Function

Long-Term Effects

Most physically

Addictive drug

Chronic use

Heart

Infections

liver

disease

Heroin tolerance

CODEINE

• Prepared synthetically from MORPHINE

• 1/6 as strong

as morphine

Methadone

synthetic opiate

Used to treat heroin addiction

Propoxyphene (Darvon)

Pain Reliever

1 of top 10 drugs found

in bodies at autopsy

Oxycontin

– acetaminophen (tylenol)– and oxycodone

– used to treat severe pain

– tablets crushed & ingested– or dissolved in water and– injected

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF OXYCONTIN

• “RUSH” SIMILAR TO HEROIN

• RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION

• CONSTIPATION, NAUSEA, VOMITING

• CARDIAC ARREST

• SEVERE WITHDRAWAL (“FLU x 1000”- 2 WKS)

Depressants

Barbiturates

Relax and produce sleep

“Barbs” “Yellow Jackets”

“Blue Devils” “Reds”

Fast-acting barbiturates are

the most commonly abused :

Secobarbital,

Pentobarbital,

Amobarbital

1/3 of all Drug-related

deaths

Short-term Effects

• Relaxes

• Impairment of higher thinking

• Induces sleep

Long-term Effects of Barbiturates

Withdrawal:• Insomnia

• Muscle spasms

• Delirium

• Convulsions

• Can lead to death

Methaqualone

• Quaaludes “Ludes”

• Non-barbiturate depressant

• Powerful sedative & muscle relaxant

Tranquilizers

• Depressants that relax

• Proper dosage does not impair

Ketamine

– Veterinarian anesthesia

• “Special K” “Vitamin K” new ecstasy

Ketamine Mixed in drinks

As a powder–snorted

Hallucinogenatory

effects:

-Euphoria

-Delirium

-Amnesia

-High blood pressure

Higher doses can

stop breathing-DEATH

“K-HOLE”• NO PAIN• HALLUCINOGEN

• COMA

GHB

“Liquid X” “Liquid E”

“G”

GHB IS MADE OF:

A CNS DEPRESSANT

GHB: DATE-RAPE DRUG

• COLORLESS

• ODORLESS

• SLIGHT, BITTER TASTE

• DISSOLVES IN WATER

GHB: Short-term Effects

• Drowsiness

• Vomiting

• Delusions

• Depression

• Amnesia

• Coma

• Death

Increasingdosages

GHB: Long-term Effects

• Physically addictive

• unknown

“Roofies”

TastelessOdorlessDissolves in waterUsed crushedAlso

Legal in 60 countries

….not in U.S.

Rohypnol: Short-term Effects

Sedative

Hypnotic effect

Muscle relaxant

Amnesia

At higher dosages:

respiratory depression

With alcohol: no memory COMA

HUFFING: INHALANT ABUSE• RAG IS SOAKED IN

INHALANT AND PLACED IN MOUTH. THE INHALANT VAPORIZES AND GOES TO THE LUNGS,THEN TO THE BRAIN

• COMMON HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS

• ONLY TYPE OF DRUG ABUSE MORE COMMON IN YOUNGER CHILDREN THAN IN TEENS

GLUE-SNIFFING

USUALLY TOLUENE

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS:

Exhilaration, euphoria,slurred

Speech, impaired judgement,

Double vision

LONG-TERM EFFECTS:

Liver, heart, brain damage

DEATH

LEGALSTIMULANTS

SPEEDS UPCNS

AMPHETAMINES

• SYNTHETIC STIMULANTS

• “UPPERS”

• “SPEED”

WORLD WAR IISOLDIERS

USED AMPHETAMINESTO STAY AWAKE

THE NAZIS USED AMPHETAMINES

SO TROOPS WOULDNOT NEED SLEEP

METHAMPHETAMINES

“ICE” “CRANK”“METH” “SPEED”

METHAMPHETAMINES• Powerful stimulant

• Taken orally, injected, snorted, or smoked

• Use is on rise because it is mixed with Ecstacy

Meth: Short-term Effects

Increased energyDecrease in appetite

EuphoriaIrritability

AggressionThen EXHAUSTION and DEPRESSIONDecrease in Heart and Breathing Rates

Violent, destructive

behavior

Acute psychosis

Hallucinations

Delusions “Meth Mites”

Your Brain on Meth..

• Healthy Brain Meth BrainSPECTscan – shows blood flow to brain Effects Similar to

Stroke or Alzheimers

Meth: Long-term Effects

• Can overdose on Meth

COCAINE/CRACK(“WHITE COLLAR”) (“BLUE COLLAR”)

“COKE”

“SNOW”

FROM COCA PLANT

COCAINE: Snorted

or dissolved in water

And then injected

CRACK: smoked

or snorted

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS Extreme euphoria

COCAINE:SHORT-TERM EFFECTS

• Increased Body Temperature

• Increased Heart Rate

• Increased Blood Pressure

• Imsomnia

• Loss of appetite

• CARDIAC ARREST/RESPIRATORY FAILURE

LONG-TERM EFFECTS

• PARANOIA

• AGGRESSION

• STRONGEST

PSYCHOLOGICALLY

-ADDICTIVE

DRUG

STIMULANTS: RITALIN• Abused by crushing

&snorting OR

• Injected like heroin

• euphoria

RITALIN: SHORT-TERM EFFECTSSIMILAR TO COCAINE

• Increased Body Temperature

• Increased Heart Rate

• Increased Blood Pressure

• Imsomnia

• Loss of appetite

• CARDIAC ARREST/RESPIRATORY FAILURE

LONG-TERM EFFECTS Irregular heartbeat & breathing

Anxiety Paranoia

Hallucinations

Delusions

HALLUCINOGENS

AFFECTS

MOODS

ATTITUDES

PERCEPTION

MARIJUANA

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

TetraHydroCannabinol - THC

Short-term Effects:

Distorted perception

Problems with memory and

learning

MARIJUANA:LONG-TERM EFFECTS

• HIGHER CONCENTRATION THAN TOBACCO OF CANCER-CAUSING COMPOUNDS

• STRONG PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCY

Changes in brains similar tothose of long-term heroin,cocaine, or alcohol users

Is Marijuana a GATEWAY DRUG?

•George Koob, M.D., of the Scripps Research Institute says that studies of long-term exposure to cannabinoids, the active ingredient in marijuana, suggest that addiction to one drug could make a person vulnerable to abuse and addiction to other drugs. Cannabis abuse, he says, appears to activate corticotropin-releasing factor, a brain chemical that increases during periods of stress. Consequently, Koob says, this could "lead to a subtle disruption of brain processes that are then 'primed' for further and easier disruption by other drugs of abuse."

• Critics of the idea note that even if people who use cocaine started with marijuana, it is not clear that the marijuana use caused or encouraged the cocaine use: The person may simply have encountered marijuana first, and/or is the sort of person more inclined than others to experiment with a variety of illegal drugs. Fewer than one percent of marijuana users go on to become cocaine addicts.

MEDICINAL USE OF MARIJUANA

TREATINGGLAUCOMA

TREATING NAUSEAFROM CHEMOTHERAPY

LSD “ACID”

-Produced from ergot –

a fungus

-First synthesized in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hoffman

LSD: Short-term Effects

• Hallucinations

• Alters mood

• Distorts reality

• Increases Heart Rate

LSD: Long-Term Effects

FLASHBACKS

PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS

(LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY)

PCP: PHENCYLIDINE

• INTRAVENOUS ANASTETIC• “ANGEL DUST” “KILLER WEED”

• SNORTED, SMOKED, OR INGESTED• Often used as an additive to marijuana,

LSD, or methamphetamine

PCP: Short-Term Effects

• Increased breathing rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate

• High doses: vomiting, nausea

• Aggressive behavior• violence• inability to feel pain

PCP: Long-term Effects

• Memory loss

• Speech difficulties

• Depression

• Mixing PCP with alcohol or other depressants can lead to coma or death

ECSTASY

• MDMA

• A synthetic drug

• Tablet form

• “Adam” “Bean” “E” “XTC”

Ecstacy: Short-Term Effects• Increase in REM

• EXCESSIVE energy

• Euphoria

• Serotonin high

• Pschological effects: confusion, depression, anxiety, paranoia

• Physical Effects: nausea, blurred vision, HIGH BODY TEMPERATURES (104-1150F), DEHYDRATION, INCREASED HEART RATE, HYDRATION

FIRST EFFECTS

ECSTASY: Long-Term Effects

• Permanent damage to neurons that release serotonin

• Memory impairment• Kidney damage• Permanent brain

damage• May develop

addiction to HEROIN because it is often laced into Ecstacy

ANABOLIC STEROIDSSYNTHETIC–RELATED TO TEST0STERONE

INGESTED OR TOPICAL

TESTOSTERONE:SHORT-TERM

EFFECTS

• ACCELERATED MUSCLE GROWTH

• SECONDARY MALE CHARACTERISTICS

• MASCULIZING EFFECTS ON FEMALES

• DIMINISHED SEX DRIVE IN MALES

• UNPROVOKED ANGER AND DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR

ANABOLIC STEROIDS:LONG-TERM EFFECTS

• LIVER DISEASES

• LIVER CANCER

• FEMINIZATION

OF MALES

XENADRINE RFA-1:A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

• COMPOSED OF CAFFEINE AND EPHEDRA

• TABLETS ARE INGESTED

• SHORT-TERM EFFECTS: Increases blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia,

increases METABOLISM

LONG-TERM EFFECTS

DRUG CONTROL LAWS

THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT

OF 1970:

DRUGS CLASSIFIED BY:

1. POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE

2. PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

3. MEDICAL VALUE

SCHEDULE 1 DRUGS:

• High potential for abuse

• High potential for physiological and/or psychological dependence

• No medical value

SCHEDULE 1 DRUGS:

HEROIN, MARIJUANA, LSD, METHQUOLENE

SCHEDULE 2 DRUGS:• High potential for abuse

• Potential for physiological and/or psychological dependence

• ACCEPTED medical value

• SCHEDULE 2 DRUGS:

AMPETAMINES,COCAINE,METHODONE, PCP, and most BARBITURATES (amobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital)

and DRONABINOL(A SYNTHETIC EQUIVALENT OF THC – TREATING GLAUCOMA AND EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY)

SCHEDULE 3 DRUGS:• LESS potential for abuse

• LOW TO MODERATE potential for physiological

• HIGH psychological dependence

• Medical use in US

SCHEDULE 3 DRUGS:

ALL BARBITURATES(EXCEPT PHENOBARBITOL) NOT COVERED IN SCHEDULE 2 , CODEINE, AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS

SCHEDULE 4 DRUGS:

• LOW potential for abuse

• LIMITED potential for physiological and or psychological dependence

• Medical use in US

SCHEDULE 4 DRUGS:

PHENOBARBITOL, DARVON, VALIUM

SCHEDULE 5 DRUGS:

• LOW potential for abuse

• LOW potential for physiological and or psychological dependence

• Medical use in US

SCHEDULE 5 DRUGS:

NON-NARCOTIC MEDICINES