towards a new policy paradigm for a sustainable ageing · pdf filepolicy paradigm for a...

Sung-Jae Choi

Hanyang University

Republic of Korea

TOWARDS A NEW

POLICY PARADIGM FOR

A SUSTAINABLE AGEING SOCIETY

CONTENTS

1. Introduction1. Introduction

2. Negative Perception of Ageing Society 2. Negative Perception of Ageing Society

3. Assumptions on Negative Perception 3. Assumptions on Negative Perception

4. Traditional Policy Paradigm for Ageing Society 4. Traditional Policy Paradigm for Ageing Society

5. Theoretical Bases of New Policy Paradigm 5. Theoretical Bases of New Policy Paradigm

6. New Policy Paradigm for Ageing Society6. New Policy Paradigm for Ageing Society

7. Conclusion7. Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

33

●●●● Perception of ageing society depicted as negative.

●●●● The ageing society is becoming the one that people are afraid of and wish to avoid.

●●●● The negative perception of ageing society is based on some unreasonable, uncertain and unscientific assumptions.

●●●● Traditional policy paradigm for the ageing society is not effective.

●●●● A new policy paradigm called “An Age-Integrated Social System Perspective”as suggested.

NEGATIVE PERCEPTION OF AGEING SOCIETY

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●●●● Shortage of Workforce →→→→ Ageing of Workforce → Decrease in Productivity

●●●● Increase in Social Burden to Meet Income, Health Care and Social Service Needs of Older Persons

●●●● Increase in Social Burden →→→→ Increase in National Debts

●●●● Decrease in Savings →→→→ Decrease in Investments →→→→Lower Economic Development

●●●● Increase in Pension Expenditure →→→→Evoking Generational Conflicts

●●●● Decrease in Vitality and Dynamics of the Society

ASSUMPTIONS ON NEGATIVE PERCEPTION OF AGEING SOCIETY

55

●●●● Aversion of seeing a great number of older persons with poverty, diseases, loneliness, role losses, and etc.

●●●● Disregarding possible development ofhuman capacity throughout life course

●●●● Underestimation of economic development of the future society

●●●● Prevailing stereotypes and negative prejudices on ageing and older persons

●●●● General anxiety about the future society

●●●● Older persons made a scapegoat for consuming social resources

●●●● Disregarding possibility to reverse ageing process

TRADITIONAL POLICY PARADIGM FOR AGEING SOCIETY

66

●●●● Traditional policy paradigm for ageing society: social welfare policy paradigm

●●●● The phenomenon of ageing society is related to the whole social system of a society in its causes and consequences.

▪▪▪▪ Ageing society understood as a set of problems associated with individual ageing

▪▪▪▪ Problems solvable through social welfare system for older persons

▪▪▪▪ Too a narrow scope of approach▪▪▪▪ Not adequate to an ageing society that may have to be sustained and further developed in the future

●●●● A new policy paradigm to make the ageing society sustainable is needed.

THEORETICAL BASES OF NEW POLICY PARADIGM

77

Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Bases ofBases ofBases ofBases of

AgeAgeAgeAge----integrated integrated integrated integrated Social System Social System Social System Social System PerspectivePerspectivePerspectivePerspective

FunctionalismFunctionalismFunctionalismFunctionalismActive Active Active Active AgeingAgeingAgeingAgeing

Age Age Age Age StratificationStratificationStratificationStratification

TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory

Life Course Life Course Life Course Life Course TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory

New New New New AgeingAgeingAgeingAgeing

SuccessfulSuccessfulSuccessfulSuccessfulAgeingAgeingAgeingAgeing

UN PrinciplesUN PrinciplesUN PrinciplesUN Principlesfor Olderfor Olderfor Olderfor OlderPersons Persons Persons Persons

MIPAAMIPAAMIPAAMIPAA’’’’ssssPriority PolicyPriority PolicyPriority PolicyPriority Policy

Directions Directions Directions Directions SocialSocialSocialSocial

System System System System TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory


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●●●● AGE STRATIFICATION THEORY: Cohort in a certain age bracket need to have roles appropriate to their age strata (Riley, 1987) →→→→ Propose to develop social roles for the old age stratum in the society.

●●●● FUNCTIONALIISM(Parsons, 1956): Four functional imperatives (AGIL: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integ-ration and Latency) of a social system need to be performed to survive and develop →→→→ For survival a society as social system need to perform the functional imperatives for older persons. The function of integrating older persons into the society is particularly important.


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●●●● LIFE COURSE THEORY: The diversity of roles and role changes across the life course (Bengtson, Burgess, & Parrott, 1997; George, 1996) →→→→Propose a life-long and highly dynamic process of development

throughout the life course.

●●●● NEW AGEING: The three factors (generational claims, diversity and longevity) alter our view of older persons and society’s response to them, and shed light on new and different attitudes towards them (Torres-Gil, 1992).


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●●●● SUCCESSFUL AGEING : Propose new gerontology of reversibility of ageing, and three factors contributing to successful ageing (avoiding disease, maintaining high cognitive and physical function, and engagement with life (Rowe & Kahn, 1998)

●●●● ACTIVE AGEING: Propose maintaining social relationships with others and productive activities including volunteer as well as remunerative activities (Walker, 2002)


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●●●● UN’S PRINCIPLES FOR OLDER PERSONS: Independence, Participation, Care, Self-fulfillment and, Dignity (UN, 1991)

●●●● MIPAA’s (Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing) THREE PRIORITY POLICY DIRECTIONS: Participation, Advancing Health and Well-being, and Enabling and Supportive Environment(UN, 2002)

●●●● SOCIAL SYSTEM THEORY: Propose interrelationships and reciprocity of cause and effect between social systems for survival of the whole system (Carter, 1992)

NEW POLICY PARADIGM FOR AGEING SOCIETY: AGE-INTEGRATED

SOCIAL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE

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AGE-INTEGRATEDSOCIAL SYSTEM

PERSPRCTIVE

Ensuring OlderEnsuring OlderEnsuring OlderEnsuring OlderPersonsPersonsPersonsPersons’’’’ SocialSocialSocialSocial

ParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipationEnsuring OlderEnsuring OlderEnsuring OlderEnsuring OlderPersonsPersonsPersonsPersons’’’’ Social Social Social Social

Security Security Security Security Providing Providing Providing Providing

Opportunities to Opportunities to Opportunities to Opportunities to Utilize Knowledge Utilize Knowledge Utilize Knowledge Utilize Knowledge

and Skills and Skills and Skills and Skills

Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible Redefinition ofRedefinition ofRedefinition ofRedefinition of

Life CourseLife CourseLife CourseLife Course

LifeLifeLifeLife----long long long long Development ofDevelopment ofDevelopment ofDevelopment ofHuman Capacity Human Capacity Human Capacity Human Capacity

Provision of Provision of Provision of Provision of Education on Education on Education on Education on Ageing and Ageing and Ageing and Ageing and PreparationPreparationPreparationPreparationfor Old Age for Old Age for Old Age for Old Age

Establishment of Establishment of Establishment of Establishment of Ageing Ageing Ageing Ageing ––––FriendlyFriendlyFriendlyFriendly

Environment Environment Environment Environment



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●●●● ENSURING OLDER PERSONS’ SOICAL PARTICIPATION through employment, volunteering and other civic activities

●●●● ENSURING SOCIAL SECURITY OF OLDER PERSONS’ income, health care,housing and social services

●●●● PROVIDING OPPORTUNITIES TO UTILIZE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS of older persons

●●●● FLEXIBLE REDEFINITION OF LIFE COURSE demarcated with age (particularly in terms of middle and old age)



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●●●● LIFE-LONG DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY through education and training

●●●● PROVISION OF EDUCATION ON AGEING PROCESS AND PREPARATION FOR OLD AGE throughout life course

●●●● ESTABLISHMENT OF AGEING-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT

CONCLUSION

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●●●● The new policy perspective on ageing society is particularly concerned about making the society sustainable through integrating older persons into a societyproviding appropriate roles according to their capacity.

●●●● The new policy perspective has not been empirically tested, but could be partially supported by the experience of failures in policies in advanced countries.

●●●● It is meaningful in that this new policy perspective could be a theoretical underpinning in developing and implementing policies responding to the ageing society.

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