toward a comparative japanese-austronesian i takao kawamoto

i ull. Nara Univ. : Muo. Vol. 26, No. 1 (cult. & soc), 1977

Toward a Comparative Japanese-Austronesian I

Takao Kawamoto

Department of Foreign Longuages, Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan

(Received April 25, 1977)

It is demonstrated here that Japanese is cognate with the Austronesian family of

languages. This demonstration is based mainly on a few hundreds of Old Japanese (OJ)

words paired with corresponding Proto-Austronesian (PA) or one of its branches, Proto-

Indonesian (PI), Proto-Oceanic (PO), Proto-Eastem-Oceanic (PE), and Proto-Polynesian (PP).

1. Phonology

1. 1. PHONEMES AND CORRESPONDENCES. OJ has eight vowels: a, e, e, i, I,

o, o, and u; e, e, and I are supposed to have been originally diphthongs: e <C*ia, e <^*ai,

and i<C_*bi or *ui; o in some cases is derived from *b, in other cases from *u; and e is

also often a development of *6. Thus the OJ eight vowels can be reduced to the follow-

ing four Proto-Japanese (PJ) syllabic phonemes : *a, *i, *b, and *u.

The OJ consonant system is as follows : four bilabials-f{=0), b, m, w ; seven dentals-

t, d, s (=ts), z (=dz), r, n, y; two velars--£, g. It is anomalous in that b, d, z, g, and

r do not stand in word-initial position. For this and some other reasons it is taken as a

working hypothesis that the PJ non-syllabic phonemes are *p, *m, *w; *t, *s, *r, *n, *y;*k.

The phonemes of PJ and PA and their correspondences are as follows ;

PJ i 6 a u p m zv s t t--r- s--r- y n k <j>-k- <j>

PAi e a u pb m w szZcC tT dDjIr R y nnN kgy q h

The PJ phonemes are generally preserved in OJ except *p, which shifted to OJf

(=0). PJ p, t, and k sometimes acquired a nasal accretion and became *mp, *nt, and *yk,

and then changed to b, d, and g respectively in OJ.

1. 2. EXCEPTIONS TO THE CORRESPONDENCES take place under the following

rules. For these exceptional rules the format A : B is used; in 1), 2), and 3) A represents

the PJ phoneme and B, the PA phoneme; and in all the others A and B represent re-

spectively the OJ and PJ phonemes. C, V, and N stand for any non-syllabic, any syllabic,

and any nasal respectively.

1) Often 6: V/C_CVCVC| (1.64 ; 2.8 ; 3.5 ; 8.13 ; 8.14 ; 14.6 ; 14.28 ; 14.29 ; 15.9...)

2) Usually {^}: t/CVC_\^}^ (3.1 ; 6.2 ; 9.5; 15.6; 15.32 ; 21.28; 23.1)

23

24 Takao Kawamoto

3) Often m

4) Usually 0

5) Often {lu\

6) Usually {°u\

7) Sometimes a

8) Usually 6

7/CVCV_# (7.ll ; 7.16 ; 10.4 ; 14.8 ; 15.15 ; 15.16 ; 30.ll ; 36.2)

N/#_VN(G)V (1.64 ; 3.5 ; 4.27 ; 4.28 ; 7.1 ; 8.6 ; 8.22 ; 10.8 ; ll.14...)

V/#C__N(C)V (1.36 ; 1.44 ; 4.27 ; 7.4 ; 7.6 ; 8.6 ; 8.22 ; 12.ll ; 12.25...)

6/C_Ca, CaC___(1.46 ; 2.8 ; 2.9 ; 4.1 ; 4.28 ; 5.1 ; 5.8 ; 8.2 ; 9.4...)

6/CaC_ (7.20 ; 8.6 ; 9.1 ; 25.9)

u/C_C6, C6C__ (1.15 ; 4.19 ; 4.21 ; 12.5 ; 15.9 ; 16.9 ; 28.27)

9) Sometimes -f°\ : o/CwC_, C_Cu (1.37 ; 8.14 ; 31.8)

10) Usually o: m/C_| (1.2 ; 1.36 ; 1.71 ; 1.76 ; 4.10 ; 5.13 ; 6.1 ; 10.ll ; 12.13...)

The numbers in parentheses refer to the examples in the list of words below (§2),

but they are not exhaustive.

1. 3. OJ PHONEMES AND SYLLABLES AND LIMITS OF THEIR COMBINATION.

The following combination of phonemes never occur in OJ : any dental+if; any dental+8 ;

w+i, w+e, and zv+u. No bilabials combine with b to form a monosyllabic morpheme.

OJ syllables are always open : V or CV. Neither VV nor CC occurs. Generally I and

e occur only word-finally, and 6 does not usually co-occur either with a or with u in a

morpheme. No two Cos may be consecutive within a morpheme.

1. 4. VOWEL AND CONSONANT ALTERNATION IN MORPHEMES. In addition

to the correspondences and the exceptional rules, it is necessary to consider that both in

OJ and in PA a morpheme may often have its variant form with the alternation of vowels

or consonants.1. 41. VOWEL ALTERNATION. OJ examples a~b : madaki premature, mbdbki

a plant similar but inferior to another; w~z : (kinb)fu (yester) day, fi day, sun; w~6:

kurum-i to wrap, kbrbmb robe.

PA examples a~u : karkar, kurkur kratzen ; a~e : kabal, kebel Unverwundbarsein ;

a~i : kaskas kratzen, kiskis schaben ; u~i : ubaq, ibaq anderssein ; u~e : su(m)pit, se(m)pit

engesein.1. 42. CONSONANT ALTERNATION. OJ examples f~w~m:fase be quick, wase

early-ripening, ModJ mase precocious ; £~y~« : itami, yami pain ; taka tall, naga long ;

s~y*~n; isa, iya, ina no! ; r~y~n: -raka, -yaka -like; ara, ana alas! ; f~b: afaki ex-

cavate, abaki expose (secret) ; k~g: faki wear (socks), fagi-put (feather) on (a stick to

make an arrow) ; £~s: tane, sane seed; t-r: mato, maro round.

PA examples p~b*~m: pajjpayi aus einander stehen, barjba-q ausgebreitet; baya

offenstehen, marqa Vulva ; t~d~n : tektek abhacken, dakdak mit Hammer schlagen ; tipis,

nipis dunnsein ; k~g~y : tcrqkap, tatjgap ergreifen ; pakan Futter, pa-yon Essen ; l~n :lamuk, namuk Miicke ; t~z : ta(m)bat festbinden, za(m)bat zugreifen.

Toward a Comparative Japanese-Austronesian I 25

2. Lexicon

2.0. A CLASSIFIED LIST OF OJ WORDS PAIRED WITH PA, PI, PO, PE, OR

PP MORPHEMES. The semantic classification of words done by Hattori (Hattori 1964)

has been borrowed here. The classification is done for the purpose of emphasizing the

fact that these few hundreds of cognate or possibly cognate words not only include basic

concepts but also they are distributed over all the 35 semantic categories.

The words under each category are arranged in alphabetical order. In square brackets

the numbers refer to the exceptional rules (§1.2), and the sign (~) is used to indicate that

a vowel or consonant alternation is to be considered. The arrow head (<0 and the double

arrow (^>) are read as ' develops from ' and 'Refer to' respectively.

Frequently Middle Japanese (MJ) and occasionally Modern Japanese (ModJ) words are

quoted, whenever necessary. MJ is conveniently defined here, though '•Eontrary to the tra-

dition, as the language of the Heian, the Kamakura, and the Muromachi periods (ca. 9th

c.~16th a), because by the beginning of these periods the eight vowel system had been

collapsed and that of five vowels established, which remains essentially unchanged till the

present day. ModJ is the language of the Yedo period and after it; one of the most dis-

tinct phonological features of ModJ is the loss of labiality from OJ and MJ f or its shift

to h before all the vowels except u.

2. 1. PARTS OF THE BODY; BODY FUNCTIONS.

1) abara-fone MJ <C*ampara-pdno ribs (=thin and spread+bone)-PA qampar Aus-

breiten.

2) agi (MJ ago) chin, jaw ; agit-ofi move one's jzws<^*naykut- [n~s, 4, 10] - PA zaijgut

Kinn.

3) ak-i to open - PA a-qap den Mund Offnen.

4) aruki<C*ardk-i (MJ ariki) walk around [2, 6] - PA haliq Umziehen.

5) asi-nafe cripple (=leg+cripple) <^*napa-i [n~s] - PO sambe Mifibildung des FuBes.

6) ciNko ModJ penis <C*tin-ko; -ko endearment [10] -PA ( )uti [n] Penis; PA -ku my.

4> tnaNko.

7) fa tooth - PI baRa-q Backenzahn.

8) faf-i creep, crawl - PApapak Flachsein.

9) fagi leg, shin <C*pa-qki - PI paqi Schenkel, Stengel, Bein.

10) fase, fasiri run, be quick, be the first [s~t] - PI pantas : active, quick.

ll) fe MJ fart <*£o [6~m] - PA puput Blasen : fart, wind instrument.

12) fl to sneeze, fart, winnow <^*puy-i <j*pur PA buRa Bespriihen.

13) fige beard, whiskers <?pi-ka-i (=cheek?+hair) - PI pipi Wange.

14) feme <^*pbno, kabane <^*kam-pana-i bone, frame [o~a, n~~r~\- PI para Gestell.

15) foso navel [8] -PA pusej id.

16) fukufuku-si, fuku-si lungs ; fust knot, joint <C*puku-si? - PA buku Verdickung,

Gelenk : swelling, stomach.

26 Takao Kawamoto

17) fusi knot, joint. 1>

18) huke ModJ dandruff <^*puka-i - PA burja : PP fuya dust, crumb.

19) i breath, if-i (ModJ yuh-) to say - PI hiyup Blasen.

20) * sleep, ine, neb-uri <^*inbp- to sleep - PA hinep id.

21) iki breath, iku- living - PI hitjus Schneuzen.

22) im-8 [m~f] MJ yum-e [y~«]) dream - PI i{m)pi Traumen, nupi Traum.23) itadaki, inadaki <^*ita-itaki top of the head cf. naduki brains -PA hutak, hu(n)tek

Gehirn.

24) i-tam-i pain \t~s\ - PI zam-zambeizendes Gefiihl : Schmerz Fuhlen.

25) ka, ke <*ka-i hair-PA kawad Draht, Faser.

26) kabane bone, frame => fone.

27) kabu-ri ModJ head <_*kuba <*kbmpa [6] - PA kembayj sich Blahen.

28) kafo face, surface <C*kapu [10] <^*k-upa ; ufa upward, surface, afu upward [5, metathesis]

-PAqa{m)baw Oberflache.

29) kakato ModJ heel <_*kaki-ato (=foot?+hinder), cf. kake to gallop - PA kaki FuB.

30) kak-t to scratch <C*kak(ar)-, cf. ModJ karikari manner of scratching - PI karkar

Kratzen.

31) kam-i bite, cf. tu-kam-i grasp - PA kam-kamZufassen, ka{m)pit Zusmmenhalten.

32) kara-da MJ physique, frame, dead body - PA kalay Unterlage, Zwischenstiick, galatj

Unterlage.

33) kasi-ke become emaciated (MJ kazi-kuri scratch) - PA kaskas Kratzen.

34) kata shoulder - PI bali-kat Schulterblatt.

35) k-ik-i hear, taste - PI kii/et Merken.

36) kimo internal organs, liver [5, m~~f, 10] - PA kemputj Ueterleib : Harnblase, Fischmagen.

37) kobu bump, komu-ra (MJ kobu-ra) calf <C*kdmpu- [9] - PI ke(m)buy sich Blahen:

auf-geschwollen.

38) kobura MJ calf -f>.

39) kobusi MJ fist [9] <^*kom-pusi (=fist+knot) => fusi-PA gem-gent die Hand zur

Faust Ballen.

40) kbkbr'o heart, throb tr~^] - PA keteg Pulsschlag.

41) komura calf ^ kobu.

42) koro-bi MJ to tumble, to roll <j*kbrb- [o~m] - PA guluy Rollen.

43) kbsi waist, narrow part of the waist [s~£] - PI gentii] Diinnsein : Einschnuren.

44) kubi neck, kubi-re narrow part <^*kumpi [5] - PA ke(m)pit : Engsein.

45) kugu-se <C*kuku-, kutu-se, kutu-ma a hunchback - PI kutkut, kukut Schrumpfen.

46) kusa-me MJ sneeze [6] - PI kesaq laut Atmen.

47) kutu, kuti <^*kutu-i mouth - PA yusu, PE -qu(ts)u id.

48) ma, mS <^*ma-i eye-PA maCa id.

49) madoromi MJ <^*ma-tbro-mi to doze [6~u] - PA [md\tuDuR Schlafen.

50) managa-ri go into each other's arms, have sexual intercourse [n~5] - PA pasarq, masa-q


Paar : go together, accompany one another ; any substance branching out.

51) maN-ko ModJ vulva -PA bayja: maya id. => ciNko.

52) mata crotch, matag-e stand with one's legs apart, matag-ari sit astride, stride

<C*mat<nik- \t~s] 4> managari.

53) mayo, mayu(ke) eyebrow [tn~f, ,y~r] - PI pa(ri)Duy Aufsatz auf dem Kopf, weiBe

Stelle auf dem Kopf.

54) mi to see <C*m-ir-i - PA\m\ilaw Widerschein, sich Spiegeln.

55) ntimi ear, edge, border [m~f] - PA bibiR Rand.

56) naki to weep, to cry [n~s\, sakebi shout <C*saki-ampi - PA Cayjis Weinen.

57) nami wrinkles, waves, row \n~t, m~f~\ - PI la(m)pis Schicht : layer, fold, row.

58) namita tears <C*mamita <C*mi-mata <C*midu-mata (=water+eye) - PAwayeRmaCa

tears (=water+eye).59) neme MJ <C*niam-ai <C*niyam ; niram-i to gaze [«~i, y~r,?w~w] - PAti(n)daw id.

60) nomi-to throat (=drinking+place) [6~m] - PA inum\i\ Trinken.61) nozo-ki peep, look in, look out, drop in (on a person), nozo-mi command a view of,

face, be present, desire, hope <^*nosb [s~£] - PI tuntun, nuntun see, visit.

62) bki breath [o~a] - PA ayin Wind.

63) bmb face, surface [o~a] ^> kafo.

64) bybbi finger ; to reach <^*mbnybmp-i [1, 4, y~s] -PI \maij\ zemput mit Fingern Nehmen.

65) safari MJ menstruation, hindrance - PAcabad Hindern.

66) si, ti breath, wind -PA tiyup Blasen.

67) sifi (MJ sibi-re) be paralysed, lose one's function <C*si(m)pi- [s~t, i~u\ - PI lumpuq

Lahmsein.

68) siri buttocks, back (=the place of discharge) - PA cirit spritzend Entleeren.

69) sita tongue [s~t, t~r\-PI dilaq id.

70) ta, te <^*ta-i hand; tak-i use one's hands -PA tayan Hand; ta-q-tarti mit der Hand

Greifen.

71) tabu, tabo mimi-tabu ModJ earlobe <C*tampu [10] - PI rambu Fasern, Fransen.

72) tabusa hair in a bun <C*tampus-a [s~t] - PI rambut Haarigsein.

73) ta-da-muki arm (=hand+of+swelling) <^*muku [dissimilation] - PA (n)Da 3rd pers.

pi. possessive pronoun ; [w~/] ^> fukufukusi.

74) tat-i stand erect <C*tat(ak)- [t~s] -PI zagzag aufrecht Stehen. cf. ModJ syaki

manner of standing erect (old man).

75) ti, titi breast (of woman) <j"tu-i [t~s] -PA su-su id.

76) to vulva, opening [10] - PA rwwatj 5ffnung : Loch.

77) to-kuro MJ head, skull [1, 10] -PA ta- pref. of emphasis ; qulu Haupt.

78) tu, ti blood <*tuyi <*tuyu [*~5, y~r] -PA ZuRuq id.

79) tufak-i (MJ tufa, tu) saliva [/~w] - PI luwaq Ausspeien.

80) tubu-re lose one's functions <C*tumpu- (ModJ cumbo deaf) <C*tumpu) r> sifi.

81) tubu-si MJ thigh (ModJ cubu-ri, cumu-ri head) <C_*tumpu - PA tu(m)buq Wachsen.

28 Takao Kawamoto

82) tuku-baf-i MJ prostrate oneself - PA Du-qkul krummer Koperteil ; papak Flachsein ;

PP tukupapa to prostrate.83) tum-a, tum-e nail, finger-tip, turn-ami hold between fingers [/~5, ra~/] - PI zu{m)put

mit Fingern Nehmen.84) ura back, rear, buttock, urakak-i (of an arrow) pierce to the back <i*wurakak- [1, 6,

w~/] - PI balakarj Riicken, Hiifte.85) uso breath, whistle; uso-buki breathe aloud, whistle, recite a poem (-buki to blow)

[w~6, 10] - PA esfityaut Atmen.

86) yubi MJ finger [y~s] => tuma.

87) yume dream ^ img.

2. 2. LIFE AND DEATH ; HEALTH AND DISEASE.1) cuwasi ModJ dial, press the pus out <C*tupas-i - PA luwas Herauskommen, Heraus-

flieBen.

2) fare swelling, boil <C*para-i - PA baReq Geschwiir.

3) fasika MJ measles [s~t] - PI [pa] tikant Erstechen.

4) fate to die, to end; limit [t~s\ -PA paCey Sterben, zu Ende Sein.

5) id-e come forth, appear (of a new life) <C*int-, cf. idu-mi spring <C*intu-mitu (=come

forth+water) - PA qiDup Leben.

6) i-tafar-i disease ; to nurse the sick [t~s] - PA cabad Hindern : Lahmung, Schamgurt.

=> 1. safari.

7) kasa smallpox - PI [ka] cacar Blattern, Pocken.

8) kusa MJ eczema [1, 6] 1>.

9) kutas-i destroy a life or a function, kut-i lose one's life or function [6]-PI getas

Zerbrechen.

10) nay-e MJ become feeble, wither [n~t] - PI layu Verwelken : paralysed.

ll) sini to die <C*sinuy-i <C*sinur- [s~t, n~r\ - PI tiDuR. Schlafen.

12) susa-mi MJ become weak, be depressed - PI susaq Last, Sorge, Energielossein.13) tukar-e get tired [t~.s] - PI si&^bar Muhe.

14) ubusu- birth <^*mumpusu <^*mun-supu [metathesis, 4, 5, s~£] - PA \ma-q\ tu(m)buq

Gedeihen.

15) yam-i be sick, have a pain ; ya-yam-i have difficulties [,y~s] 4> 1. itami.

2.3. MAN.

1) itbk-e very young, infant [2] - PA ( )iTik Kleinsein : young.

2) me woman, female <C*mo[o~w] - PA empu GroBmutter.

3) bkina old man <C*dfo-kina \_n~t, metathesis] - PI laki Mann, Ehemann.

4) omina old woman <^*6f6~mina [ra~/] - PA binay Frau.

5) byo-si old <^mbnyb~ [1, 4, y~i\ - PA \mayj\tuqa id.

6) ura young; end of a vine -PA uda Jungsein : (of yam) lower end while still soft and


juicy.

7) wo man, male [w~/]-PA pu Herr z$> me.8) womina woman[w~/, 1, m~f]-PO babine (PA binay) id.

9) wbtb-ko, wotd-me marriageable man (woman) <^*wutb [w~/, £~s, 6~a] - PI buza-q

Unverheiratetsein, Mannbarsein.

2. 4. KINSHIP.

1) ago my beloved child, daughter, nephew &c. <Cj*a-rjkb [6] - PA a(ij)ken das Meinige,

Neffe, Nichte.

2) ama ModJ dial, grandfather - PA ama Vater.

3) amo dial, mother <^*amu [a~o, 10]- PA empu GroBmutter. => 3. me.

4) ani elder brother, young man <C*nani [n~s, 4] - PA Rani Mannlichsein.

5) ata (MJ k-atak-i) enemy [£~r] - PA qa(n)daij einen Angriff Vorbereiten, Bewaffnung.

6) aya ModJ dial, father-PI ayaq id.

7) fa, fafa mother- PA bayi id.

8) fi-, fi-ko great grand-(parent, child) [t~w] - PA pu Ahn, Enkel : ^> ciNko.

9) fi-ko man of noble descent, fi-me womanof noble descent [z~w] - PA pu Herr.

10) imo sister [wi~/, 10]- PI «&w Mutter.

ll) ira- born of a royal line- PE ida masculine pi. article; and his followers.

12) iro- born of the same mother- PE ido feminine sg. article.

13) kaka MJ mother, wife - PA kaka alteres Geschwister.

14) ko boy, child; little <C*go <^*ago.

15) mama-step- <C*mamaru[w~/], cf. faru-tbri bereaved bird - PI balu Verwitwet, Stief.

16) muka-fi-me the first wife - PP muqa front, the first.

17) muko son-in-law [w~/"] - PE pwt}(a)ona? child-in-low.

18) musu-ko MJ son (=begotten+boy), musu-medaughter <^*ubusu- ^> 2. ubusu.

19) of6 grand- [8]- PA epu Ahn.

20) bmb mother => amo.

21) bto younger [8] <C*utb [t~r, 6~d\ - PA uda Jungsein.

22) ti, titi father <*tu-i - PA tuqa Eltern.

23) tbfb- ancestral, distant [o~w] - PA tumpu Vorfahr.

24) tozi mistress, housewife <C*to-nusi (=house+master) ^> 5. nusi, 12. to.

25) tuma spouse [6] - PI teman zusammenleben, begleiten.

26) udi family, clan <C*unti [t~r] - PA quDip family.27) ugara relatives <^*mun]kara <^*~raka [metathesis, 4, 5] - PI \ma-q\ daga Verwandtsein.

28) umago grandchild <C*mumako [4, 6] <C*makbmu [metathesis,?»~/] - PA makempu id.

2. 5. COMMUNITY.

1) arozi, aruzi master, host, entertainment <^*arb-ansi [6]- PA qa(n)dep+qa(n)Di

meeting lords, in the presence of chiefs.

30 Takao Kawamoto

2) azi Okinawa dial, daimio f|\

3) fari MJ pitch a camp - PI parij Befestigungs-Anlage.

4) fatari to tax, to levy-PA [pd\taRuq Hinsetzen; PA pa- pref. of goal.

5) fiziri emperor, saint <^*pin-siri [5, s~i] - PA [pay]DiRi Stehen, Pfeiler : founder ;

PA pay- pref. of agent.6) kabane title given to powerful tribes - PI kaban Genosse, Genossenschaft.

7) kara foreign country [metathesis] - PI dagoy Fremdling.

8) kura-wi rank [6]- PI gelar Titel.

9) matur-afi to obey, to serve - PI [md\tuRut Mitgehen, Folgen.

10) mi-yakS local granary, mi- honorific, yake <C*yaka-i house Ly~2] - PI {dD)a-qaw Hiitte,

Haus : Feldhiitte.

ll) nusi master, lord, priest [«~i] - PA tunZuq, PO tusug, tusig: the act of bewitching

someone by pointing at him, foretell ; prophet, minister, premier.

12) sakay-e to prosper, sak-i happiness, fortune - PA sakay: go up, from the sea to theland, elevate in rank ; destiny of a fortunate kind.

13) sato village, unit of 50 houses (=50 couples?) [10] - PA Ratus Hunderter.

14) siri to govern, to occupy ^> fiziri.

15) sugu-ri head of a village <C*suku-ari (=-azi) - PAsuku Sippenverband.

16) tami the common people - PI ramay Belebtsein, Volkreichsein.

17) tukasa chief officer ; mound [s~i] - PI tukat Besteigen, Leiter.

18) tuk~i to stand (in a position) - PA tuquD fest Stehen : stand in proper position.

19) tuki levy, tribute <?tuku-i - PE tuku tax, levy, offering.

20) usi master <C*nunsi [n~t, 4] ^> nusi.

21) wosa interpreter [w~/] - PE (m)pusa to speak.

2. 6. LANGUAGE ; COMMUNICATION.

1) ado MJ to chime in (with another) [10]- PI hanTuk mit dem Kopf Nicken.

2) fisok-a, misbk-a secret, quiet, in a whisper [2] - PA bisik Fliistern.

3) if-i (ModJ yuh- <i*yup-) speak aloud - PI hiyup Blasen.

4) k-atar-i give a graphic account - PAqantaD Sichtbarsein.

5) ma-wos-i to say ^> 5. wosa.

6) mu-tukar-i be fretful [1, 2~s] - PI [ma] sukar Muhe, Schwierigsein.

7) namar-i MJ speak with an accent \n~s, m~f\ cf. ModJ damari stop speaking, domori

stammer - PAcabad Lahmung, cf. PI ha(m)bat Sprachlamung.

8) nbri declare ; law \n~t, o~m] - PI tuditj Hinweisen, PP tu(lr)e? law, order.

9) sakebi to shout i> 1. naki.

10) tukuf-i (MJ tugum-i) keep one's mouth shut [/~w] - PA tu(y)kup Bedecken.

2. 7. LOCOMOTION ; TRANSPORTATION.

1) aga-ri to ascend <^narqka [n~5, 4] - PA sarqkay id.


2) ayu-mi to walk, to move one's legs- PA ayun Schaukeln.

3) fana-re go away, part - PApanaw Gehen, Fortgehen.

4) funa, fune <^*pbna-i [5, w~r] - PAparaqu Schiff ^> 1. feme.

5) ikada raft [a~6] - PA iket[an\ bundle.

6) ini to leave -C^inuy-i <^*inur- [5, n~r\ - PI u{ri)dur nach hinten Gehen : withdraw,

retire.7) kadi rudder <^*kamti [i~r] - PI kamuDi Steuerruder.

8) ka-fara keel, numeral coefficient for ships - PA para Gestell, Geriist => funa.

9) kai <^*kayi <^*kayu oar, paddle - PI kayuq id.

10) k-uri- back, again - PA [yj\huliq Zuriickkehren.

ll) kurum-a wheel, wagon [3] - PI gulut] Rollen.

12) mak-ari move by order - PA \manj\haliq Ort Andern.

13) modor-i MJ go back <^*mbtdr- [o~u, i~r] - PI [m]u(n)dur nach hinten Gehen.

14) sar-i go away, separate - PI sarak Getrenntsein.

15) sinog-i MJ take shelter, protect oneself against [w~r] - PI li(n)Duij Schutz.

16) susum-i go against [3] - PI suysuy id.

17) tbdbm-ari, tbm-ari stand still ->-PI DemDem sich still Verhalten.

18) tbfb-ri go through - PA tebek Durchbohren.

19) tuk-i to arrive-PA teka id.

20) watas-i carry across ; ferry [w~/, 7] - PI bates Grenze.

21) wort- back, again [w~/] - PA puliq Wiederherstellen.

22) ybri follow, depend [y~s, 6~m] -PA suRsuR, PE suRi? id. ^> 34. yu.

23) yuk-i, ik-i go against ^> susunti.

2. 8. ACTS TOWARDS PERSONS.

1) afi meet - PA ha{m)pit Zusammenhalten.

2) atof-e invite, propose (marriage), give an order [<~r, 6] - PA qa{n)dep : confront, face.

3) atur-afe make a request, give an order - PA hatur Regeln, Ordnung.

4) aya-si ModJ soothe, fondle - PI ayam Spielen, Spielzeug.

5) far-i MJ hit with the hand-PA palu Schlagen.

6) idaki, udaki, mudakaf-i to embrace <C*mun-takap- [4, 5, 7] - PA [mi)] Dakep id.

7) i-saf-i MJ to scold, OJ i-sam-8 to restrict ritually [s~t, f~ni] - PE tampu ritual

restriction.8) i-tafar-i treat kindly, take good care of [2~s] - PA cabad : abwehren.

9) kako-ti MJ pick a quarrel with, complain to - PI gaygu Unlust, Qualen.

10) kbfi to beg, kbfi to be in love <^*kbf-uri- PA ke(m)pit: seek, long after.

ll) koras-i, kbrus-i to scold, to punish; to harden- PI keras Hartsein: put pressure on

(a person), treat harshly.

12) makas-e trust someone with [w~,/, s~£] - PI parqkat : appoint (to an office).

13) mbtbm-e seek after [1, w~/] - PI \md\tempuq Uberfallen, to face, to risk.

32 Takao Kawamoto

14) musub-i to contract, to promise <^*mdsump- [1, 9] - PI \md\sumpaq Verwiinschung.

15) mutuma-si MJ be intimate [1, 6, 9] - PA \ma\teman Gewohntsein ^> 4. tuma.

16) nige run away from <C*nigay-i <^*ni-qkar- [n~t] - PI ti-qgal Ubrigbleiben, Verlassen.

17) nogar-e<^*nuykar-, ma-nukar-eto escape from the others, nokg <^*nokay-i <C*nukar-

put one aside from the rest - PI \marj\tuyigal einzigsein f|\

18) samat-agS hinder [m~/, t~r\ - PA cabad id.

19) sigami-cuki ModJ cling Xo^si-qkam- [m~f] - PI si(y)kap Greifen.

20) tbf-i to visit, tom-e to seek [w~/^| ^> mdtbme.

21) tur-e be followed by ^> 5. maturafi.

22) ubaf-i deprive <C*mumpap-[4, 5] - PI \matj\ paspas : take off, sever, strip.

23) uyama-fi to respect <^*muijyama- [4, 5, y~s, m~~f\ cf. -sama Mr., Mrs., Miss - PA\ma-q\sambaq Ehrerbietung.

24) xvaka-re, faka-re to separate [w~/] - PA parja Gabelung.

25) yurus-i to permit [y~t, s~i] - PA tulut Erlaubnis.

2. 9. GIVING AND RECEIVING.

1) agan-afi MJ to buy, to compensate [7] - PA a(y)ken sich Aneignen, das Meinige.

2) kasi to lend [s~i\ -PI ga(n)ti Ersatz.

3) kata MJ mortgage [f~r] - PI gaDay Pfand.

4) mora-fi MJ to receive, mor-i to distribute \m~f, 6] - PA beRay Geben.

5) sirb compensation, price [2] - PI siliq Verpflichtung : Entleihen, Vergiiten.

6) tama-fi to grant, to award [w~/] - PI ta(m)baR Anbieten.

7) ur-i to sell - PI urup Abwechseln, Helfen.

2. 10. CLOTHING.

1) fadaka MJ nakedness <^*pan-tak-a - PA[pay]lak-lak Entblofitsein.

2) faka-ma loincloth, waistcloth, fak-i to wear - PApakay Benutzen, sich Bekleiden.

3) k-i put on, wear, k-es-i (honorific) be dressed <^*k-iyas PI qiyas Verzieren.

4) kbrbm-6 robe, gown ; coating [6~w, 3] - PA kurmj : confined ; Malay baju kuruyj coat

without a front opening and pulled over the head like a jumper.

5) matuf-i (MJ matof-i) wrap oneself in - PA \md\tu-tup Zudecken.

6) mayof-i, mayuf-i (of hem) become threadbare [;y~f] -PI [md^repak, repuk Zer-

brockeln : an der Kante Beschadigt.

7) mura a roll (of cloth) [w~/] - PA bulay Zusammendrehen.

8) obi waistband <^*yjdmpi [4] - PA kempit Zusammenhalten.

9) sabi MJ crease <C*sumpi [s~t] - PI lampis : layer, fold.

10) som-e to dye-PA cemeD id.

ll) 5M5O hem [10] - PI suRsuR : edge, fringe, margin.

12) tabi MJ shoes, socks <C*tampi - PA lampin Hiille, Windel.

13) tasuki, suki sash, cord (with which to tuck up one's sleeves) <C*sutaki [metathesis, 6] -


PI setagi Band, Schnur.

2. ll. FOOD AND DRINK.

1) adi taste <^*amti <d*mamit-i [4, £~s] - PI mamis : schmecken, kosten.

2) cuyu ModJ soup, juice, sap <^*tuyu [t~s, y~r\ - PA ZuRuq Flussigkeit : Saft.

3) kaka (to drink) at a gulp-PA yaya: trinken ohne zu schlucken.

4) kara hot (of pepper &c.) - PI gara-q HeiBsein : PP kakala sharp, pungent to the taste.

5) ttS meal <C?kai-PA kai etwas essen.

6) kuf-i to eat (MJ kuf-afe hold between one's teeth) - PA kup-kup Greifen, Halten.

7) makan-afi MJ provide meals - PA makanFutter.

8) mama MJ (child) meal -PA mamaq: chew food which (after being chewed) is to be

fed to a baby.

9) midu water <.*mitu <*tumi [m~f] -PI tubiR id. 4> 15. fiti.

10) morom-i MJ unrefined sake or soy, fermented rice or beans \m~f] - PI perem Friichte

kiinstlich zur Reife Bringen : leave to ferment.

ll) nama raw, uncooked [«~£, w~/] - PI ta{m)baR ohne Beigeschmack : tasteless, un-

sweetened.

12) nam-e to lick - PA nam-namSchmecken.

13) nomi to drink [o~w] -PA inum\t\ id.

14) oro-si MJ grind (food, metal) <i*dnro- <^*nonro- [n~s, 4] - PE (n)solo rub, grind.

15) saka, sakS sake - PI saqaij scharf Schmecken : Starksein (Wein).

16) sisi meat \_s~i\ - PI Di-qDi-q gedorrtes Fleisch.

17) soboro, oboro ModJ ground fish <C*(s)6m-pdrd [6~w] - PA buD-buD Zerkleinern, Brei.

18) tuki pound (esp. rice) -PA TukTuk, PE tuki pound.

2. 12. HOUSE : FIRE.

1) fafi ashes <?papl <C*papui - PI baRa hapuy id.

2) fasira pillar, post - PA [pa~\DiRi[ari\ id.

3) fo-, ft fire <*pui-PA hapuy id.

4) foko-ri MJ dust <*poko PA bek-bek Mulm.

5) foso pivot of a door [8]-PI puseD Drehen.

6) fota MJ firewood <?pbta [6]- PA beTak: id.

7) fuk-i to thatch - PAbu-bu-q Dachfirst.

8) ife <l*ipo, dial, ifa house [i~u, f~m, o~a]-PA Rumaq: Mota imiva id.

9) kafar-a MJ roof-tile - PA kabal Unverwundbarsein : Gegenwehr, Dickfelligsein.

10) k'i fence, fort <^*kuyi <^*kuyu [y~r] - PA kuru-q Gehege : Burg.

ll) kida (MJ also kiza) <C*kinta, kinsa stair [5, t~s\ - PI qezan Leiter.

12) kiri make a fire by friction - PA gilii) Rollen, Reiben.

13) kuro MJ border between ricefields [10] ^> kl.

14) moy-e burn [m~f] ^> fo.

34 Takao Kawamoto

15) nifa place of hunting, fishing ; yard ; flat land ; calm <^*nufa [metathesis] - PA bantta :

flat land, soil, place, village, peace.

16) noro-si MJ signal fire [n~s, o~w] - PA suluq Fackel, Leuchten.

17) sik-i spread (straw, a carpet &c.) all over, up to the limit- PI sikep Engesein, Fer-

tigsein : Geniigendsein.

18) sik-imi partition [s~t~\ - PA di-q-di-q Wand.

19) suma-fi, sum-i dwell ^> ife.

20) takh burn (incense), yaki burn, scorch [t, y~s] - PI saqit Versengen, Stinken.

21) takiv boil, cook, heat - PA da-q-darq Erhitzen.

22) tatamii straw mat [m~f] - PI lampit Matte aus Rotan.

23) tatamii pile up, fold up - PI la(m)pis platte Schicht.

24) to door, [10] -PI pin-tu id.

25) tubo MJ courtyard <C*tumpo [5, 10] - PI le(m)bu Eingehegt.

26) ya, yake, yaka-ta house [^~i] => 5. miyake.

27) yaki burn d$> takh.

28) yu hot spring, bath, hot water [.y~£] - PI an-Duy Baden.

2. 13. WORK.

1) asa-ri to search for (food) <^*nansa [4] - PE (n)sa(n)sa to hunt.

2) kam-ake to meddle, kaka-duri MJ be entangled with each other-PA kam-kam:

sich einmischen.

3) kar-i reap, mow-PA kaRaC Nagen.

4) kok-i thrash (rice), strip off (grains) \p~u~\, (cf. ModJ kori-kori manner of scratching)

-PA kurkur kratzen. i> 1. kaki.5) kbr-i hew - PA keRet Abschneiden ^> kari.

6) mu-mak-i pasture [6] - PA \rn\einpatj Absperrung.

7) sifo act of dipping cloth into dye -PO (n)si-sipo go down into water.

8) ta paddy field - PA sabaq bewassertes Reisfeld.

9) tayu-si be tired i> 2. naye.

10) wan-a snare, we bait <^*wo [w~/. 6~d\ -PI um-pan, paen Koder.

2. 14. UTENSILS AND TOOLS.

1) fafa-ki broom - PI paspas id.

2) fako box [10] -PI bakul Korb.

3) fana-ti shoot (an arrow) - PA panaq SchieBen.

4) fata loom - PA bata-q Stamm, Stock, Gestell.

5) fira thin board, lath ; numeral coefficient for halberds, hoes, hatchets, &c. - PI bilaq

Spahn : numeral coefficient for needles, knives, daggers, chisels, teeth, &c.

6) fodari pitcher for sake <^*pontari [1] - PA [pajjltaRu Hinsetzen ; pay)- agent.

7) ita board-PA [*] tatal Spahn.


8) katum-a bamboo basket [3] - PA kaTwq Korb.

9) ka, ke vessel, container <C*kayi <i*kayu [y~r] - PI garutj GefaB.

10) kiri gimlet - PI girik Bohren.

ll) kusi, kusu spit - PI kuzur : Speer zum Fischfang.

12) kusi comb - PI gusuk Reiben.

13) magari MJ bowl <C*ma-kari => ka.

14) masafi sword - PI [maCa] pisaw knife.

15) masakari hatchet [metathesis] - PO [matd] giRa id.

16) ml winnow <C*muy-i <C*mur-[»*~/] ^> 1. ft

17) sara dish [s~~t\- PI talam id.

18) taga MJ hoop <^*tayjka - PI rayjkay Zusammenbinden.

19) taru MJ cask 4> fodari.

20) tufa-mono weapon (=cutting+tool) [6] - PI teba-q, tebas Abhauen.

21) tuk-i support - PA tuka-q, tucked Stiitze.

22) tuku-ye, tukl desk, stand, holder - PI tuyku Dreifufi.

23) tuna rope [«~r] - PI tun(D)a Schleppen.

24) turugi sword \t~s\ - PI suligi Speer.

25) tutu-i, tuti hammer (cf. tuk-i thrust, butt) - PA TukTuk id.

26) tuwe walking stick, staff [i~s] - PA suwan Grabstock : Pflanzen.

27) usu motar - PAhujus Reiben.

28) wonb axe <C*w6nio [w~/, 1, n~r, o~m] - PI bali(y)u Schichtbeil.

29) ivosa MJ reed (of a loom) <^*%vossa <^*worisa [w~_f, 1, 5~r] - PI balija Weblade.

30) ye handle, grip <i*yia <C*yiya [y~t] - PA tiyatj Pfahl, Stange.

2. 15. ACTS PERTAINING TO THINGS.

1) abak-e peel off <^*mampak- [4] - PA \maTJ\bak-bak Entrinden.

2) aba-fi MJ protect <C_*ampa- PI a(m)bat Hindern.

3) ayo-ki shake - PA ayun Schaukeln.

4) farak-i to open, far-i to clear (the land) ; faras-i make clear - PI paray Hackmesser ;

paras Glattmachen.

5) firak-i open wide - PI bidayj Breitsein.

6) firi-fi, firo-ft pick up [2] - PA piliq Auswahlen.

7) fiti to dip, to be wet <^*pituy-i <C*pitur- [metathesis] 4> ll. midu.

8) forobi crumble, go to ruin <C*p6rompdy-i <C*p6rop6r- \o~u, reduplication] - PA buRuk

Verdorbensein : old, worn out, decayed, rotten.

9) fotobi MJ become sodden <^*p6-tdmpdy-i <^*-tomp6r- [1, 8] - PI [pd\lebuR Verfliis-

sigen.

10) furu-si old, useless ^> forobi.

ll) kakaf-'d MJ hold in one's arm - PAka(m)pit, ga(m)pit Zusammenhalten.

12) komi to cram, to pack, to fill, to be crowded \m~~f\ - PA ke(m)pit Klemmen.

36 Takao Kawamoto

13) kosok-uri MJ (ModJ kusug-uri) to tickle [6~w] - PI gusuk Reiben.

14) kuda-ki break into pieces <C*kunta- [5] - PI gentas Zerbrechen.

15) kukum-i wrap, cover, contain, enclose [3] -- PA kuykuy Festhalten, Umzingelt.

16) kurum-i ModJ tuck in, roll up [3] - PI gulu-q Rollen.

17) kuy-e crumble [,y~£] => kudaki.

18) mafari MJ turn round - PI \md\bali-q Winden.

19) muk-i MJ strip, peel [m~~f] - PA buka Offnen : aufdecken.

20) musi-ri MJ pluck [m~f, s~i] - PApuTik Abpfliicken.

21) nagam-il MJ take a view of [»~*, tw~/] <C*nakam PI taygap Ergreifen : recognize

(sight, sound).

22) nuk-i remove and leave a hole, unsheathe (a sword), tower above the rest, get a lead

\n~i\ z} 8. nogare.

23) nur-e be wet [«~s] - PA Zuruq Fliissigkeit.

24) nur-i paint [w~f] - PA tulis Streifen : sketch, paint.

25) nusum-i go stealthily [«~5, w~/] - PA subsub Abrutschen : unterkriechen, enter

stealthily.

26) os-i to press- PA hezen to squeeze.

27) safa-ri MJ to touch - PA za(m)bat Zugreifen : to touch.

28) sara-si expose to the sun [s~t] - PA tara ans Licht Kommen.

29) sas-i stab, cf. sasa bamboo grass - PI saksak Stechen : grobes Flechtwerk von Bambu.

30) sigaf-i MJ to bind, to bundle <^*sitjkap- - PI si{y)kap Greifen.

31) sima-hi ModJ put away, finish \m~f~\ - PI si{m)p{ae)n Fertigmachen ; Aufbewahren.

32) sita-mi MJ to drip, to press (juice) out, cf. sito urine ; manner of dripping ]s~t, 2] -

PI ritik Tiipfel : speck (of water), falling in small drops.

33) taban-e MJ to bundle <^*tampan- [n~t] - PI tambat Festbinden.

34) tamZi accumulate, dam up <C*tama-yi [m~f] - PA tambak Erdaufschiittung : Damm.

35) tamS-i force to bend [m~/] - PA tambai) Seite, Querseite.

36) tataf-i fill with water, MJ tabutabu filled to the brim - PI tabu Schopfgefad : Wasser

Schopfen.

37) tori take, pick - PE toli pick, gather.

38) totono-fi straighten - PP tonu right, straight.

39) tubu-si MJ crush, mash <^*tumpu- [5] - PI repuk Zerbrockeln.

40) tug-i continue, connect <iHuijk PA tu(y)keq Verbindungsstiick.

41) tuk-i dip, be under water-PA tukup, PP tuku dye, sink.

42) tuku-si exhaust, tuki <^*tuku-yi be exhausted - PP tuku cease, finish, subside.

43) turn-ami MJ hold between one's fingers => 1. tuma.44) tutum-i to wrap, tuto package [w~/] - PA tutup Zudecken.

45) tutu-ri MJ, todi <C*tont6-yi put together, bind [m~o] - PI tustus Binden.

46) uka-ti drill, dig - PI qukay Ausgraben.

47) yurug-i MJ <J*yuruk-, yur-i shake [y~i] - PA DugDug : Schutteln.


2. 16. EXISTENCE ; CHANGE ; SIMILARITY.

1) art be, appear, take place (ari-ari MJ clear, vivid, visible) <C*nanri \n~s, 4], nari

appear; appearance, resemblance, sari (time, season) come, set in - PA Rarit) zum

Vorschein Kommen: clear, visible, resemblance.

2) ata other - PA qa(R)(CtT)a outsiders, alien people.

3) ata-ka like, similar, k-ata appearance, image - PA qantaD : reflected image, resem-

blance.

4) ke, koto different, unusual - PE ke(n)se id.

5) k-btb resemblance [6~<z] z> ataka.6) narab-i be parallel [w~£] - PA tarap Reihe ; cf. Malay tara matching, equal.

7) nari\ appear [«~s] => ari.

8) narii become [«~s] - PI zadi Werden.

9) nbkbr-i be left alone <C*nukbr- [8, b~d\ ^> 8. nige, nogare, 15. nuki.

10) nbr-i be like [n~t, o~«] -PI tuRut : copy, imitate.

ll) tomb follower, friend [o~a] ^> 4. tuma.

12) wor-i sit, be [w~/] - belum Leben.

2. 17. ABILITY ; ACTS.

1) afe endure, withstand <C*apay-i <C*apar- \r~t\ - PI abat Hindern.

2) sinog-i trample down, press down, despise <C*sinuk-?-PI ti(n)Diq Obenliegen :

prahlen.3) tafe endure, defend <C*tapay-i <C*tapar PA cabad Hindern : Schlage abwehren ^>

afe.

4) takum-i skill ; undertake [t~s, 6, m~/] - PI cakep Imstandesein : to undertake.

2. 18. KNOWLEDGE ; MENTAL ACTIVITIES.

1) afat-asi make light of, contempt [/~w, t~s\ - PI awas Minderwertigsein : Vermindert.

2) fok-e MJ grow senile [o~k] - PI ma-buk seelisch Anormalsein.

3) foris-i, fori desire [o~w] å -PI bulus Absicht.

4) ibur-i be sulky, complain <C*mumpur- [4, 5] - PA \maTJ\bu{Rr)u Eifersucht, MiBgunst.

5) i-fuka-ri be curious about, want to know - PAbuka Offnen : bekant machen.

6) kuyas-i regretful, kuy-i regret, kuye crumble Qy~£] - PI gentas : Bruchigsein ; bro-

kenhearted, irritated.

7) mase ModJ precocious ^> 1. fase.

8) mana-bi learn - PE ma?ia(n)sa id.

9) matof-i be confused, be at a loss - PI \md\repak Zerbrockeln.

10) matom-e MJ unify - PI \md\temu Begegnen : unite.

ll) ybmi count, read [y~t, b~u] - PA qitui), PE intum[i]? id.

2. 19. BELIEFS AND RITES.

38 Takao Kawamoto

1) faka grave [/~w/| - PA ru-wat) id.

2) foki <C*poki celebrate - PApeiji, PP forji consecrate.

3) i-, itu- holy <C*yi(tu) [y~s, i~u] => yu.

4) imi swear never to touch <C*yim-i [z'~w] ^> 35. yume.

5) isame to restrict ritually => 8. isafi.

6) iza-naki the Creator [n~i] -PA laki Mann. ^> 3. bkina.

7) iza-nami the Creatress <^*-mina [w~/] - PA binay woman z$> 3. omina.

8) kamu, kami <C*k-amu-i god, wolf, thunder (=objects of fear and respect) - PA qamuk

Wutanfall (=object of fear and respect).

9) kanaf-i be fulfilled [<z~o] - PA genep Vollzahligsein : fulfil.10) k-asi-fi, priest, k-asi-ri chant an incantation - PA \k\azi Zauberspruch.

ll) maturi make an offering to god ^> 5. maturafi.

12) mazi-nafi incantation <i*m-asi- => kasifi.

13) dm spirit of a dead person [1]-PA anitu id.

14) tama spirit of a dead person -PA tawu maCey id.

15) yonto, yomi <C*ydmb-i the undeworld [y~t] - PI ma-lemNacht, De-DemDunkelsein.

16) yu{tu)-, yuyusi holy [^~.s], sususi pure, paradisal - PI suci Reinsein : holy.

2. 20. ENTERTAINMENT.

1) fuye pipe, flute [y~i\ ^> 1. fe.

2) kafi-na a form of dancing; upper arm - PA kapay hin und her Bewegen.

3) keNkeN ModJ (children's game) stand with one's legs wide apart <C*kdnkon [6~a\ -

PI kaijkai) id.

4) mafi dancing - PI \m\a{m)bay hin und her bewegen.

5) uta song, cf. utak-i bark, howl -PI kesaq laut Atmen, PA qaseyj id.

2. 21. ANIMALS.

1) amu (MJ abu) horsefly - PA flamuk Miicke.

2) ari, ModJ dial, ani, one ant - PA anay Termite.

3) ataku Okinawa dial, frog- PI keTak : id.

4) bora ModJ grey mullet [1] - PI balanak id.

5) fafe fly <?papayi [y~~r] - PI [ba]baRizv : id.

6) fast beak <C*pasu-t [s~t] - PI pa(n)tuk id.

7) fifiru moth (ModJ dial, hihiru moth, butterfly) - PE (m)pe(m)pe[l-] butterfly.

8) foro MJ feather <C*fdr6 [6~u] - PA bulu id.

9) fuka MJ large variety of shark - PA buqaya Krokodil.

10) igami snarl and grin <^*mu-q-kami [4, 5] z$ 1. kami.

ll) inu, ModJ dial, iveno dog [«~s, 5]- PA hasu id.

12) two fish <^*ixvo [6~a]- PA iwak id.

13) ka\ mosquito - PI agas Gewimmel, kleine Fliegen.


14) kci2, sika <j*kasi deer - PI kancil id.

15) kafa skin =^> 12. kafara.

16) kara MJ shell-PA karaq id.

17) keNkeN MJ cry of a pheasant (koNkoN ModJ cry of a fox) <i*kdnkon [6~a] - PI kayikayj

Bellen.

18) £? fang-PI gigi Zahn.

19) kbforbgi <^*kb-pbrbk-i cricket [o~a] (ModJ hatahata <i*patapata, batta, hattag-i

<C*(m)patatak- grasshopper) [£~r] - PI balarq, balalarq Heuschreck.

20) masi monkey <^*maasi <C*maxvas-i - PI mcuwasid.

21) neko cat [w~w] - PI {h)iyuti Katzenstimme : Java, m-eyoyj, y-eyo-q.

22) nezumi rat <^*ninsumi 4> 15. nusumi.

23) nifo greve (diver bird) [w~5] <C*nipo - PO sz'^>oto sink.

24) Mt«, sizi-mi tiny shellfish [«~s] -PA sisik, PE si« id.

25) bfo-kami wolf (=big+kami 4> 19- kamu.

26) 5<zsz ModJ small maggot - PI caci-rj Eingeweidewurm.

27) tako octopus [10] <*taku <*kuta <C*kutta <*kurita - PA [g]uRita id.

28) tokage ModJ lizard <C*t6kaki [2] - PA cecak, tekik id.

29) tubasa wing <i*tumpas-a [s~~i\, tbb-i <^*tomp- fly, jump [o~w] - PI lumpat Springen.

30) tuga-fi pair, brace <C*tui}ka- [6] - PI {dD)et]an Gefahrte, Paar.

31) turu-bi to mate - PI tuRut Mitgehen.

32) unagi eel <?nunaki [n~t, 4] - PA tuNa[qi] id.

33) uzi maggot <C*unsi [s~r] - PA uDay Wurm.

34) wo tail [w~/, 10]-PA puykur id.

2. 22. PLANTS.

1) ada MJ <^*anta fruitless (flower) - PA ha(n)taq Unreifsein.

2) fa (ModJ happa) leaf <i*pa(pa) - PI papaq pflanzliches Material.

3) fakobera MJ chickweed (used for tooth powder) [1] - PI [paj/jqampelas Name eines

Baumes, dessen Blatter zum Polieren gebraucht werden.

4) fasika MJ awn [s~t\ ^> 2. fasika.

5) fazikami a Japanese pepper <*pan-sikam-i \s~i\ - PI \patj\tikam Erstechen f|\

6) firu plant similar to a green onion -PI biru Blausein.

7) fisago, fisa gourd <C^pisat]ko - PI pisay Banane.

8) fo ear of corn [10]-PI buliR id.

9) fuki, fufuki MJ butterbur - PAbuybuy Hohlsein, Rohr.

10) itu- liveliness, vitality ^> 2. ide.

ll) kara withered, dry - PI kaRay Trockensein.

12) ko, ki <^*kbyi <C*koyu tree [6~d] -PA kayu id.

13) kome, kuma rice <C*k6mai - PI hem{ae)y id.

14) kufa mulberry - PI kubay Gemiise : Name eines eBbaren Krautes.

40 Takao Kawamoto

15) miru green sea weed \m~~f\ ^> firu.

16) mo<C*tnu -me<^*mo[o~w] water weed - PA lu-mut id.

17) modoki MJ <jndntok-i a plant similar but inferior to another [o~a] - PA ma(n)taq

Unreifsein.

18) mbtb root, base [m~f] - PA betetj Unterleib : Boden.

19) mu, mi <C*mu-i fruit [w~/] - PA buaq Baumfrucht.

20) nas-i pear - PI na-nas Ananas.

21) nbgi awn, fishbone <C*noki [w~s] - PA seyet Stachel.

22) bni- large variety \b~~a\ ^> 4. ani.

23) sak-i to bloom i> 5. sakaye.

24) sane, tone seed-PA tanem in die Erde Legen.

25) sasa bamboo grass ^> 15. sasi.

26) sawo, wo hemp [w~/, 10] - PA Rabut LosreiBen : AbreiBen (Bast vom Rotan).

27) saya pod, boll ; sheath [;y~r] - PO sola Hiille.

28) sizi luxuriant, thick [5] <C?sinsin - PA cencen Dichtsein.

29) toge ModJ thorn, prickle <i*toy)kb 4> nogi.

30) tuge boxtree <C*tuga-i [6] - PA leya Sesam, Gelbwurz, Safran (=any yellow plant).

31) tukuduku-si, tuku-si MJ field horsetail [£~s, m~o] - PI zegzeg : aufrecht Stehen.

32) tusu-dama plant whose seeds are used for a rosary [t~s] -PA susuk : das Keimloch

einer KokosnuB durchbohren.33) unto taro, edible bulb <i*imu (ModJ into) \m~f\ - PA ubi Erdfrucht, Yams.

34) ura (fruit) grown near the top end of the vine 4> 3. ura.

35) urusi japan <i*wurusi \w~f, s~t] - PApulut, PE mpulu\ti\ gum, sap.

36) uive <C*nunwa-yi, suwe <^*suwa-yi to plant [n~5, 4] - PA suwan id.

37) wara straw [w~/] - PI palapaq pflanzliches Material.

38) wasa, wase an early-ripening variety [w~/j s~£] ^ 1. fase.

39) wat-a cotton [w~f, t~s\ - PA pas-pas Federn Rupfen, ka-pas Baumwolle.

40) y-ani [y~~t] - PI \f\qanir Fett.

2. 23. MINERALS.

1) isi stone, isa-go sand [2] - PI keRsik grober Sand.

2) kana, kane iron, metal, kana-ki hard wood [w~s], cf. kata hard |jt~s] -PA ma-has

Hartsein : Stein.

3) kira-ra MJ mica - PA gilai) Glitzern.

4) kugane gold <i*kun-kana-i - PI kunitj Gelbsein.

5) siro-kane silver ^> 30. sira.

2. 24. LAND FEATURES.

1) fara field, plain - PA padarq id.

2) fist, fizi <^*pinsi sand bank [5] - PA pa{tj)sisiR Seesand.


3) idu-mi spring, well ^> 2. ide, ll. tnidu.

4) mama, ModJ dial, haba <C*fafa cliff, cleft [m~/] PI pcnqpay aus einander Stehe'n :

Kluft, Abgrund.

5) naga-re stream <C*inaka- <^*minaka \m~f, 4] - PI binarqa Flu/3.

6) nami wave, ripple ^> 1. nami, 10. sabi.

7) saka slope ^> 5. sakaye.

8) se\ shallows <C*so, asa shallow [o~a] - PA (h)asat Seichtsein.

9) se2 ModJ rapids <C*siya [s~t] -PI riyam id.

10) sima island, isolated place [w~/] - PA si{m)paT) Seitenweg : Jenseits.

ll) suka ModJ sand bank [1,6] PO zagaRu id.

12) take mountain <C*takai [t~s] - PA sakay Besteigen.13) tu tidal wave - PA luwas Herauskommen : Gezeiten-Flut.

14) tukasa, tuka mound ^> 5. tukasa.

15) umi sea <d*numi [w~£, 4,?w~/"] - PI tubiR Wassertief.

16) uta-kata MJ a bubble on water <i*wuta-k-ata [w~/] - PA bujaq Schaum; qantaD

appearance.17) zvata ocean [t~s] - PE wasa id.

18) wo peak, summit [w~/, 10] -PI puncak id.19) yarnai mountain, heap, grave [y~t, m~f] - PI tarnbak Erdaufschiittung.

20) yanw.2 uninhabited land [y~t, m~~f] - PI ramba Wildnis.

2.25. SKY AND WATER.

1) amai, ante <C*ama-i heaven [m~f] - PA qa{m)baw Hochsein, Obensein.2) ama-i, ante <^*nama-i [n~s, m~f\, same <^sama-i rain \m~f\ (ModJ saba-saba clean)

-PAbasaq, sabaq NaBsein : Wasserigseiri, waschen, reinsein.

3) ayu wind from the sea Ly~w] -PA (qh)aftud auf dem Wasser Treiben.

4) fayati gale [y~r] - PA baRat Nordwest Monsun.

5) fi sun, day [i-u] - PA hapuy Feuer: day.

6) fosi star <^*posu-i [1, s~i] - PA bituqen id.

7) fur-i fall (of rain) ^> 14. mi.

8) kasum-i haze <^*kamus-i \m~f, s~i\ - PA ka{m)but Nebel.

9) kaza, kaze wind, origin of life <C*kansa-i [7] - PA qasey, kesaq laut Atmen : Leben.

10) kiza-si symptom <C*kinsa- [s~t] - PA kiTa Sehen : Vorahnung haben, vorhersagen.

ll) kofor-i ice ; freeze, kowdro-kdwdro manner of stirring up and congealing [w~f, r~t]

-PI kebet Zusammenballeri.

12) kuda-ri <C*k-unta- fall from the sky [t~s~\ - PA quZaN Regen.

13) kumo cloud [5, m~f, 10] ^> kasumi.

14) kure sunset, shade (MJ kuram-i get dark) [6, m~f] - PI gelap Finsternis.15) samu be cold (weather) - PI zam-zambeizendes Gefiihl.

16) siduk-a quiet <i*sintuk- [s~t, 5] ; nbdb, MJ nodoka peaceful <i*ndtok PA te(n)duq

42 Takao Kawamoto

Windstille.

17) siduk-u drop of water <C*sintuk- [s~~t, 5] - PA tu(n)Duq Traufeln.

18) sidum-i to set (sun) <^*sintum <C*tumtum [t~s, 5,?w~/] - PA subsub ; untergehen(Mund).

19) sbfo drizzle, sbfb-ti be wet - PE {n)sepu splash, sprinkle ; fall lightly (of rain).

20) sora sky, mid air, naka-sora, sora-di halfway <^*sbra [6] - PA sela Zwischenraum.

21) sukas-i MJ leave a space [s~t] - PA lukas Offenstehen.

22) ti, si wind, sbyb <C*siyb [s~t, 6~w] sound of the wind-PA tiyup Blasen.

23) tuku, tuki <C*tuku-i moon, tuk-i kindle - PA tutu-q, PP tuyju Anziinden, Brennen.

24) tuyux drop of water, dew [y~r] 4> siduku.

25) tuyti2 MJ rainy season [t~s, y~~r\ ^> ll. cuyu.

26) wak-i gush out, be excited [w~/] - PA bayun Aufrichten, Aufwecken.

2.26. SPACE.

1) fa> fasi edge, brim - PA [bd]sisiq id.

2) fiki, fiku low, short - PA biykuk Krummbeinigsein.

3) gururi ModJ circumference - PI kuliliti id.

4) kaf-i to cross, to prop up - PA kapit Zusammenhalten.

5) kara MJ empty ; cf. ModJ gara-gara manner or sound of collapse - PI gaD-gaD Zer-

fallen : kahl Dastehen.

6) tnuka front -PO muqa id.

7) nabar-i to hide <C*napar- [w~s] - PA cabad Hindern : Schamgurt.

8) nisi west [«~5] - PO (rijsisipo id.

9) oro-si to lower (anchor, boat) [6~w] - PI quluR langsam Fallen lassen, Fieren.

10) otii <Cpto-yi to drop, to be inferior ^> 4. btb.

ll) otii MJ end, result - PA qenti Aufhoren, Beenden.

12) simo the lower part <C*simb \m~f\ - PE (n)sipo downwards.

13) sita underneath, younger [metathesis] - PA a(n)ji, PO tazi jiingeres Geschwister.

14) soft go along [s~t] - PI tepi Rand, tepis am Rand entlang Gehen.

15) sunti corner [m~f] - PI su(m)pit Engesein.

16) tak-a high, tall [t~s] - PI han-zai] Langsein.

17) to the open air, the outside [10] -PI luwar AuBensein.

18) tbfb-si distant 4> 4. tofo.

19) tuma tip ^> 1. tuma.

20) ufa, ufe <^*upa-i upper side, surface, top [5] => 25. ama\.

21) ura\ end, tip ^ 22. ura.

22) wr«2 back, rear ^> 1. ura.

23) zvbti, zvotb- distant <^*zvbtu [o~a] - PE watu? id.

24) yuri back [y~s] - PE suRi? id. (PA suRsuR : Nachfolgen).


2.27. TIME.

1) aki autumn, harvest <^*may]ki - PI ba^kit : dig up, harvest.

2) asa morning, azay-aka, azar-aka bright, clear <C*ansar [s~t] - PA qantaD : dawn ;

bright, clear.

3) faru spring, the first season of the year, faru-kusa young grass, fay-e grow, sprout

[y~r] - PA baRu Neusein.

4) fata-te, fate end, limit 4> 2. fate.

5) fs come round, return (season) <C*par-i - PAbalik Umkehren.

6) fi day => 25.fi.1) hurt-, -buri ModJ <^*{m)puri with an interval, again - PA puliq Wiederherstellen.

8) ka, ke <C*ka-i day, kakayak-i to shine Lv~r] - PI [gaigaray HeiBsein : sehr hell sein

(Mond), PP ka-ka red-hot, shine.

9) kefu today <*ki-apu => 25. fi.

10) kesa this morning <^*ki-asa f|\ 4> asa.ll) kinofu yeserday <^*ki-no-apu [o~a~] - PP nanafi id. ; na past, afi day <C*hapuy.

12) kizo, kbzo last night <^*kinso, konso [1] <C*kino-s6; kind fh so [o~w] ^ J*0-

13) &6zo last year <C*kdns6 <C*k6n6-sd<C*kinb-tbsd [1] =J> kinofu, tose.

14) masa-ka at present, now (before one's eyes) ^> 1. ma.

15) muka-si formerly, once upon a time -PP [qi] muqa id.

16) mu-tuk'i January <C*muka-tuku-i (=first+month) - PP muqa first.

17) nat-u summer [£-.s] - PA pa-nas Warmsein.18) tabi number of times <C*tampi ^> 24. nami.

19) tak-e pass by, elapse ; tbki time, season [o~a, j~m] - PA taqun Jahr, Jahreszeit.

20) tose <C*tdso, tost <C*toso~i year, crop (of the year) [£~s, o~w] - PI susun Aufstpeln.

21) tuki month => 25. tuku.

22) urufu leap (year) 4> 9- «r?-

23) wbtb-tu-fi day before yesterday - PE nonola zvatu id. (yesterday+distant) ^> 26. wota'.

24) yo night [;y~.s, 10], ModJ dial, tobo-tobo dusk [6~m] - PA {n)subsub : sunset.

25) ybfi evening [;y~.s, o~a] -PA Rabi id.

26) yufu dusk [y~s] => ;yo.

2. 28. NUMBER ; QUANTITY.

1) asa-si shallow ^> 24. sei.2) faba width - PI barjba-q Weitsein.

3) faka-ri to measure, faka degree - PI pa-qkat : degree, step.

4) fata-ti twenty (=2x10) [t~s, i~u\ 4> itu -PA pasa-q Paar.

5) fito one [i~u, o~<z] => futa.

6) fo hundred (=10x10) [10] -PA puluq Zehner, => fatati.

1) fora-fora wide => PA belaj Ausbreiten.

8) futa two <^*pu-ita [£~s] - PA isa eins.

44 Takao Kawamoto

9) * fifty (=5x10) <*yi [y~i]-PA limafiinf, z> fo.

10) i-tu five <^*yi-fatu (five+pieces) ^> - PA batu stone, numeral coefficient ; cf. Malay

satu one <^*isa-batu (=one+piece).

ll) kata one of a pair \t~*s\ => PI gas Entzweisein.

12) ko- little 4> 4. £o.

13) kokono nine - PI genep Vollzahligsein ; cf. Sunda. ganap six.

14) mi three <C_*tni-yi [«~w] ^ twk.

15) mit-i be filled [w~/] - PI pit-pit Klemmen.

16) momohundred [w~/^] ^> fo.

17) mor-i fill, heap up [w~/] - PI pel-pel id.

18) ma, mu-yu six <C*mu-tdyu \y~~r\ - PA telu three.

19) ofo large, many, grand- => 4. ofo.

20) sa£a unit of length, capacity - PI zartjka MaB.

21) 5<z5<z small, tiny - PA cacaq in Stiicken.

22) seba, sema narrow <^*somp-a - PI sempit id.

23) -so ten [10] - PI su-sun Aufstapeln : pile, row, series, arrangement.

24) suku-nasi few, scarce - PI suykuk sich Kriimmen.

25) ti thousand-PA ribu id.26) tifis-a small - PI *z/»s Diinnsein.

27) fcwo ten [*~s, 1, w~/, 8] -PA sapuluq ten.

28) foyo rich, abundant [;y~r] - PA teReb Menge, Vollsein, Myriade.

29) tuka width of four fingers [t~5, 6] - PI ze(ij)kal Spanne.

30) yomi to count => 18. ybmi.

31) ybrb-du 10,000 <*-/« [^~i] =^> fo^o, itu.

2.29. FORM AND SHAPE.

1) abara, m-abara sparse, thin => 1- abarafone.

2) ana hole-PP ana id.

3) fukur-e to swell - PI bui^kul Knolle : Geschwulst.

4) futo big, thick, magnificent ; futor-i grow big, fat <C*putor- [~*putar] - PI besar

Grofisein, Dicksein : pomp, grandeur.

5) k-ata form, shape, copy, image, appearance ^> 16. koto.

6) mato, maro round [w~/] - PAbaTuk Kugel.

7) mizik-a short <C*minsik- [w~/, s~r] - PI pinDik id.

8) nag-a long <^*nak- [?z~s] ^> 26. taka.

9) naras-i flatten [n~i, s~£] - PI daRat Flache.

10) tafir-a flat [r~s]- PI Zapw: id.

ll) tata, tate <C*tata-i length, height r> 1. tati.

12) tubu grain ; small , minute <^*tumpu [5] - PI lebu Staub.

13) tufo, tufu a hollow - PA le(m)bey, luba-t) Grube ; lubuk tiefe Stelle in einem Gewasser.


2.30. COLORS; SOUNDS; SMELLS.

1) afa-afa-si light (of color, taste), faint (of light), pale :> 18. afatasi.

2) aka, ak'e <^*aka-i red, bright, akarak-a reddish, akar-i light, brightness, red, akH

<^*akay-i<C*akar- to dawn ^> 27. ka.

3) aw-o, saw-o, awi <^*awo-i blue, green ^> midbri.

4) kag-i to smell <C*k-ay]k PA qar/us : Schnupfen.

5) ki yellow <*£? <C*kuyi [y~n] => 23. kugane.

6) kuro black <^*kurb [~kura\ ^> 25. kure; cf. PI kelem Dunkelsein.

7) m-idb-ri green <C_*m-itb- [t~s, b~d\ - PI [wjg'izaw id.

8) btb sound, cry (of birds, animals) [t~s] - PA hesey laut Atmen : bellen.

9) sira, siro white - PI silak : Hellsein.

10) todoroki roar, thunder, resound <^*tdntdnrok- [d~w, 1-t] (ModJ dorodoro sound of a

drum) - PI \Tutj\TmjTu7) dumpf Klingen, Alarmgerat.

ll) tdybm-i resound [y~t, 3] 1>.

2. 31. VALUE ; QUALITY ; CHARACTER.

1) fasika-si MJ clever, shrewd - PI \ba\sikap id.

2) faya quick [.y~2] ^> 22. wasa.

3) kata-i hard ^> 23. kana.

4) kata2 difficult - PP å tjataqa id.

5) kufas-i beautiful [metathesis] - PI bagus id.

6) monuke MJ surpass; cast the skin <^*monukar-i [1] ^> 8. nige, nogare.

7) mbrb-si brittle [w~/, 6~w] - PA buD-buD id.

8) mutuka-si MJ difficult [1, 9, t~s] - PI \ma~\sukar id.

9) suru-do MJ sharp at the tip- PI Zuru Spitze.

10) tafak-e behave abnormally and shamefully (ModJ baka <C*mpak-a) - PI ta{m)pak :

Stumpf.

ll) takesi brave <Cj*taki-asi (=man?+like?) 4> 19. izanaki- PA {h)asiq Mitgefiihl.

12) ube, mube good, proper <C*mumpayt [5] - PA \marj\ba{ )ik id.

13) waro inferior, worthless - PE wale ordinary, worthless.

14) yasasi delicate <C*yasi-asi, yas-e thin [y~t] PA DasDas, PP {lr)asi? id.

2. 32. DEGREE; WAY AND MANNER.

1) fatbfdtb almost, nearly ; fbtb limit - PA pet-pet Dichtsein.

2) i-mada yet, madahi premature <C_*matak PA ma{n)taq Unreifsein.

3) ita exceedingly, itb to the highest degree, utata, itbdb <C*uta-uta, *itb-itb more, in-

creasingly :> 1. itadaki.

4) karagara, kardki MJ (escape) narrowly - PE karayji l near, close.

5) tagaf-i mutually, alternately <C*tarjkap PI raykap Vereinen, Paar.

46 Takao Kawamoto

2. 33. PRONOUNS, DEMONSTRATIVES, ETC.

1) a, a-re (MJ ako) 1st pers. sg.-PA aku, PE au id.

2) ana, na, na-re 2nd pers. sg. - PA ini, PE ena, ina that, those (near addressee).

3) ani how?-PA ( )anu( ) Jemand, Etwas (Ersatz einer Benennung) : was?, Sache.

4) i-ku how many? how much?-PA ( )kuha{ ) wie?

5) kimi 2nd pers. sg. honorific - PA kamu, kamiu kimiu 2nd pers. pi.

6) kimu-tati 2nd pers. pi. honorific, kimu=kimi [w~t] -f>, ^> tata'.

7) kimu-ti MJ 2nd pers. sg. honorific, kimu -f>, £/ -PA DiRi selbst.

8) koto thing, matter, fact, question ; word, voice, poem, rumor, saying, language <C*k-6t6

4> 30. oto, 20. uta.

9) mono something hard to name <^*m-onu [o~a, 8] => ani.

10) -mu-tii commonhonorific - PA mu2nd pers. pi., DiRi selbst.

ll) -muti-i affetional <C*mutu ^> 8. mutumasi.

12) na\ 1st pers. sg.-PE nau id.

13) nai 2nd pers. sg., na-muti id. honorific or affectional ^> ana, mutii, muti<i.

14) nani what?-PE na anu id. ^> ani.15) owo, ono-re oneself - PA ini, PE ewt, ani this, these (near speaker), => ana.

16) ono-ga-zisi everyone, severally ; dno ft1,.gvz connective i> 34. gvz, zz'st <^*nsisi - PI si

Determinans fur das Nomen proprium.

17) 6-rei 1st pers. sg. [o~m] -PA ak-u, PE a-u id.

18) 6-rei 2nd pers. sg. [o~w] -PA ka-u id.

19) -ra pi., and the rest, and his (her) followers; sg. affectional - PA ~{n)Da id.

20) ta, ta-re who? [t~s] -PA sayi id.

21) -ta-ti pi. honorific; to=ra [2~r], ti => kimuti, muti\.

22) wa, wa-re 1st pers. sg. -PP w-awid.

2. 34. PARTICLES AND OTHER SYNONYMOUS FORMS.

1) fata mata or, or else, either... or [f~m, t~s] -PA pasatj Paar.

2) ga possession of emotional relation - PE -rjka id.

3) kara cause, reason -PA kal id.

4) made <^*mate until, as far as [£~s] -PA maCey zu Ende Sein.

5) manim-a according to, at the mercy of [3] - PA ntanij] : so, therefore, altogether.

6) na\ possession of part vs» whole relation -PO -na id. ; 3rd pers. sg.

7) nai emphasis-PA na id.

8) naz negative - PI diak, niak id.

9) ni locative [n~t] -PI di id.

10) no possession of ordinary relation - PE no id.

ll) -ra pi., passive, -ya passive [r~3»] -PA {n)Da id.

12) si condition -PE si id.

13) sura even, although [6] - PI seDa-q id.

Toward a Comparative Japanese-Austronesian I

14) tame <?tama-i (for) the benefit [w~/] - PI ta(m)baR Gegengift, Heilmittel.

15) to and, with - PA {dD)eijan id.

16) yu, yuri according to, by [y~s\ - PA suRsuR, PE SUR(i) id.

17) zu negative <C*ni-su -PA ti, ni id.

47

2. 35. INTERJECTIONS, GREETINGS, ETC.1) abay-o, aba-aba ModJ good-by! (usu. with a wave of one's hand) -PI ha(m)bay:

hin und her Wehen, mit den Armen Schlenkern.

2) ano ModJ hesitation, when one cannot remember the right word - PA ( )anu{ ) id.

3) isa, ina, iya no ! [s~»~y] -PO qisa Ausruf der MiBbilligung.

4) i-tata ModJ cry of pain-PI dada id.

5) ma come here ! (call to a dog) -PA maRi herwarts: komm her!

6) yurrie (don't) by any means <C*yuma-i \_y~s, m~f] -PI sumpaq Verwiinschung: Schwur.

2. 36. ADDENDA.1) fuyu winter, the last season of the year, fuyu-kl withered tree {y~r\ => 15. furusi,

27. faru.

2) kam-i upper, higher, top [3] - PA ka-ka\yj\ alteres Geschwister => 26. sita.

3) ka-yu gruel (=food+gruel?) |jy~«] -PI flu{r)-nu(r) : zu Brei Werden => ll. ks.

4) k-iki obey-PI hikut Folgen ^> 1. kiki.

5) -me bird <C*mayi <C*mayu [y~ri\ - PA manuk id.

6) sifo tide, sea water, salt ; sibo-tni fade away, wither <^*simpo- ; simo lower, bottom

\m~f\ -PA sibsib, PO sisip\o\, PP sifo from the land down to the beach, into the

water; destiny of an unfortunate kind => 21. nifo, 26. nisi, 5. sakaye, 23. take.

7) tati sword [i~s], -na edged tool [n~t] - PA tazim Scharfsein.

8) usi ox, cow <C*wusi [w~/, s~i\ - PI banTiy Wildrind.Exceptional rule ll) Often {^}: 0/t_VCV (k: 1.28; 1.35; 4.5; 6.4; 7.10; 10.3; 16.5;

19.10; 22.13; 29.5; 30.4; 33.8; 36.4; m: 1.54; 7.13; 19.12; 20.4; 29.1; 30.7; 33.9.

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