topographic operations

Headquarters, Department of the Army

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

FM 3-34.230(Formerly FM 5-105)

TopographicOperations

Field ManualNo. 3-34.230

*FM 3-34.230

HeadquartersDepartment of the Army

Washington, DC, 3 August 2000

TOPOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS

Contents

Page

PREFACE................................................................................................................... v

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... vi

Chapter 1 THE ARMY'S OPERATIONAL CONCEPT FOR BATTLE COMMAND ..................1-1Overview ................................................................................................................. 1-1

Army XXI ......................................................................................................... 1-1Army After Next............................................................................................... 1-2Battlefield Operating Systems......................................................................... 1-2Future Operational Capabilities....................................................................... 1-3Modeling and Simulations/Mission Planning and Rehearsal Systems............ 1-3

Battlefield Visualization ........................................................................................... 1-3Terrain Visualization ............................................................................................... 1-5Army Operations ..................................................................................................... 1-6

Offense............................................................................................................ 1-6Defense........................................................................................................... 1-6Stability............................................................................................................ 1-6Support............................................................................................................ 1-7

Chapter 2 ORGANIZATIONS AND FORCE STRUCTURE .................................................... 2-1Unified Commands ................................................................................................. 2-1Joint Task Force ..................................................................................................... 2-1Army Forces ........................................................................................................... 2-1National Imagery and Mapping Agency .................................................................. 2-2Defense Logistics Agency ...................................................................................... 2-2Corps of Engineers ................................................................................................. 2-2Topographic-Engineering Center ............................................................................ 2-3

TEC’s Commercial Imagery Library ................................................................ 2-3Key Capabilities .............................................................................................. 2-4

US Army Space and Missile Command ...................................................................2-4Army Service Level ..................................................................................................2-4

TRADOC Program Integration Office—Terrain Data ...................................... 2-4Maneuver-Support Battle Laboratory .............................................................. 2-5Program Executive Office—Command, Control andCommunications Systems............................................................................... 2-5Project Director, Combat Terrain Information System .................................... 2-5US Army Engineer School .............................................................................. 2-6

i

Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 5-105, 30 September 1993.

Page

FM 3-34.230

Defense Mapping School ............................................................................... 2-6Quartermaster ................................................................................................ 2-6Communications Systems .............................................................................. 2-6Intelligence Units ............................................................................................ 2-6Engineers ....................................................................................................... 2-7

Chapter 3 TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT .................................................................................. 3-1Topographic Support Personnel ............................................................................ 3-1Topographic Operations and Functions ................................................................. 3-2

METT-TC factors ............................................................................................ 3-3Command and Control ................................................................................... 3-3Intelligence ..................................................................................................... 3-3Maneuver, Mobility, and Survivability ............................................................. 3-4Fire Support .................................................................................................... 3-5Air Defense..................................................................................................... 3-5Logistics.......................................................................................................... 3-5

Strategic Topographic Support .............................................................................. 3-6Theater Topographic Support ................................................................................ 3-6

Database Management .................................................................................. 3-6Terrain Analysis.............................................................................................. 3-7Digital Cartography......................................................................................... 3-7Low-Volume Product Reproduction................................................................ 3-7Topographic Survey ....................................................................................... 3-7Reproduction .................................................................................................. 3-7Special-Products Storage, Distribution, and Dissemination ........................... 3-8

Corps Topographic Support ................................................................................... 3-8Division Topographic Support .............................................................................. 3-10

Database Management ................................................................................ 3-11Topographic Database Development (Predeployment) ............................... 3-13Terrain Analysis............................................................................................ 3-14Topographic Survey ..................................................................................... 3-15Topographic Production ............................................................................... 3-15

Chapter 4 BATTLEFIELD DIGITIZATION .............................................................................. 4-1Overview ................................................................................................................ 4-1Global Command and Control System ................................................................... 4-1Army Battle Command System .............................................................................. 4-2

Global Command and Control System-Army ................................................. 4-3Maneuver Control System .............................................................................. 4-3All-Source Analysis System............................................................................ 4-3Combat-Service-Support Control System ...................................................... 4-4Forward-Area Air-Defense System for Command and Control ...................... 4-4Advanced Field-Artillery Tactical Data System............................................... 4-4Force XXI Battle Command—Brigade and Below .......................................... 4-4Army Airspace Command and Control ........................................................... 4-5Digital Topographic Support System .............................................................. 4-5Integrated Meteorological System .................................................................. 4-5Integrated Systems Control ............................................................................ 4-6Tactical Internet .............................................................................................. 4-6

Combat Terrain Information Systems .................................................................... 4-6Topographic Survey ............................................................................................... 4-7

ii

Page

FM 3-34.230

Global Positioning System—Survey ............................................................... 4-8Automated Integrated Survey Instrument ....................................................... 4-9

Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART ........................................................................... A-1

Appendix B STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD TOPOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS .................... B-1Overview ................................................................................................................ B-1Standard Topographic Products and Services ....................................................... B-1Nonstandard Topographic Products ...................................................................... B-2

Mobility............................................................................................................ B-3Terrain Elevation............................................................................................. B-4Special-Purpose Product Builder.................................................................... B-4Intervisibility .................................................................................................... B-5Tactical Dam Analysis .................................................................................... B-6Integrated Meteorological System .................................................................. B-6Environmental and Climatology ...................................................................... B-7

Terrain-Evaluation Tools ........................................................................................ B-7Digital Data Viewer ......................................................................................... B-8Line of Site...................................................................................................... B-8Terrain Category............................................................................................. B-8Perspective View ............................................................................................ B-8Oblique View................................................................................................... B-8Flythrough....................................................................................................... B-9Panorama ....................................................................................................... B-9GPS Waypoints and Tracks............................................................................ B-9Distance Measurements ................................................................................. B-9Coordinate Conversion ................................................................................... B-9Elevation Merge.............................................................................................. B-9Elevation or Slope Merge with Maps or Imagery .......................................... B-10Summary ...................................................................................................... B-10

Appendix C FUTURE OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES ............................................................ C-1Information-Management Environment ................................................................... C-1

Information-Requirements Management ........................................................ C-1Information-Collection Management............................................................... C-2Information-Production Management ............................................................. C-2Information-Delivery Management.................................................................. C-2Work-Group Management .............................................................................. C-3Cross-Cueing Management............................................................................ C-3WIN/DISN Communications Management ..................................................... C-3

IGI C&P Environment .............................................................................................. C-3Airborne C&P.................................................................................................. C-4Airborne Mission Management and Planning ................................................. C-4Theater Downlinked-Imagery Processing....................................................... C-4Commercial C&P ............................................................................................ C-4Service-Provider Resource Management....................................................... C-5Geodetic and Topographic Survey ................................................................. C-5Assisted/Automated Target Recognition, Assisted/Automated

Feature Extraction, and Automated Change Detection............................. C-5IGI Exploitation Environment................................................................................... C-5

ATR, AFE, and ACD....................................................................................... C-6

iii

Page

FM 3-34.230

Data Preparation .............................................................................................C-6Data Analysis...................................................................................................C-7Information Generation....................................................................................C-7Exploitation Support ........................................................................................C-7

A&D Environment.....................................................................................................C-7Storage Services .............................................................................................C-7Discovery Services ..........................................................................................C-8Dissemination and Retrieval Services .............................................................C-8Access Services ..............................................................................................C-8Media-Generation Services .............................................................................C-8

Communications-Infrastructure Environment ...........................................................C-8

Appendix D DATABASE MANAGEMENT .................................................................................D-1Digital Terrain Data .................................................................................................D-1Foundation Data ......................................................................................................D-1MSDS (Data Generation) ........................................................................................D-2Enriched Data .........................................................................................................D-3

Appendix E ANNEXES .............................................................................................................. E-1

Appendix F LEGACY SYSTEMS .............................................................................................. F-1Cartographic-Revision Subsystem ......................................................................... F-1Image-Based Products Subsystem ........................................................................ F-1Storage and Distribution Subsystem ...................................................................... F-2Reproduction Subsystem ....................................................................................... F-2C2 Subsystem ........................................................................................................ F-2Military Geographic Information Subsystem .......................................................... F-3

Downsized Direct-Support System ................................................................ F-3Digital Topographic Support System—Low-Rate Initial Production................ F-3

Survey Subsystem ................................................................................................. F-3

GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ Glossary-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... Bibliography-1

INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... Index-1

iv

Preface

This field manual (FM) describes doctrine for topographic operations in support of the UnitedStates (US) Army’s strategic, operational, and tactical missions.

The Army’s strategic challenge is to prepare for the rise of a major military competitor who is bothcompetent and capable. All topographic operations must rise to the challenges of providingtopographic information to a battle commander so that the battle space can be visualized in time,space, and distance. This requires absolute fidelity and definition of the battle space for decisionmaking and mission execution.

Appendix A contains an English-to-metric measurement conversion chart.

The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations onDepartment of the Army (DA) Form 2028 directly to Commandant, US Army Engineer School(USAES), ATTN: ATSE-DOT-DD, Directorate of Training, 320 Engineer Loop, Suite 336, FortLeonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusivelyto men.

v

Introduction

Geospatial information and services (GI&S) incorporate the processes that collect,manage, extract, store, disseminate, and exploit geographic information andimagery. This process is an evolutionary change that reflects the expansion ofprevious topographic operations within the Army. The GI&S play a significantrole in military operations. Geospatial information (GI) provides the foundationupon which all other battle-space information is referenced to form the commonoperating picture. The GI&S aid the commander in visualizing the battle space toplan and execute military operations effectively, to navigate, and to target theadversary accurately. The GI&S support plays an important role in the full rangeof military operations; commanders cannot afford to conduct military operationswithout up-to-date GI.

The GI&S within the future force structure combine the resources of national andcommercial capabilities and host nations with the Army topographic-engineeringcommunity. This union allows the topographer to provide the battlefieldcommander a clear understanding of the current state (with relation to the enemyand the environment) and the ability to envision a desired end state (whichrepresents mission accomplishment). The topographer molds the geographicinformation into map products, tactical decision aids (TDAs), user-definedtopographic-analysis products or data sets, and precise geodetic-positioningproducts. These products can then be digitally transmitted or graphically plotted/printed to enhance battlefield visualization.

The engineer’s GI&S technology is the cornerstone for information dominancethat is critical for a smaller, agile, and more lethal army.

vi

Chapter 1

The Army's Operational Conceptfor Battle Command

Historically, the Army has used the term command and control (C2) todescribe the system that commanders used to plan, direct, coordinate, andcontrol combat operations or other military activities. Because of confusioncreated by this terminology, the Army now emphasizes that command andcontrol are two distinct, but interdependent, concepts rather than one. Thecommander and his staff, as a team, use command with control toaccomplish the mission.

OVERVIEW

1-1. Battle command is the commander's portion of C2. Battle command is theart of battle decision making, leading, and controlling operations. Itincludes—

• Controlling operations and motivating soldiers and their organizationsinto actions to accomplish missions.

• Visualizing the current and future states, then formulating a conceptof the operation to progress from one phase to the other.

• Assigning missions.• Prioritizing and allocating resources.• Selecting the critical time and place to act.• Knowing how and when to make adjustments during the fight.

1-2. Battle command requires the commander to have the mental agility,discipline, and experience necessary to make timely, relevant, and high-payoffdecisions; to optimize the force's capabilities; and to control the tempo ofmission execution.

ARMY XXI

1-3. Army XXI is the programmed force for the Army in the near-termdevelopment cycle. This cycle is undergoing upgrades to existing systems totake advantage of new technologies and opportunities immediately availablefor organizational improvement. United States Army Training and DoctrineCommand (TRADOC) Pamphlet (Pam) 525-5 guides this development andaddresses the familiar TRADOC requirements—doctrine, training, leaderdevelopment, organization, materiel, and soldiers (DTLOMS).

1-4. Since the early 1990s, topographic-engineer units have been receivingmore sophisticated equipment for performing GI&S for the Army. This

The Army's Operational Concept for Battle Command 1-1

FM 3-34.230

equipment has been an integral part of experimentation and evaluation toidentify the specific functional and operational requirements for Army XXI.

ARMY AFTER NEXT

1-5. The Army After Next (AAN) is about ideas. The AAN project has becomea laboratory—part technology oriented, part military-science oriented—inwhich the Army works with other government services and agencies,academic institutions, and civilian industry to build ideas about the future.The AAN differs from the efforts of other futures groups in that itsparticipants take extra care to subject ideas to both the considered experienceof military history and the analytical rigor of state-of-the-art gaming.

BATTLEFIELD OPERATING SYSTEMS

1-6. The tactical level of major war functions—the battlefield operatingsystems (BOSs)—are those occurring on the battlefield and performed by theforce to execute operations (battles and engagements) successfully and toaccomplish military objectives directed by the operational commander. Thefollowing are the BOSs and some examples of how they relate to topographicoperations (refer to Appendix B for examples of standard and nonstandardtopographic products as they apply to these systems):

• C2 (battlefield visualization).• Intelligence (mobility products and corridors and lines of

communication [LOC]).• Maneuver (bivouac sites, concealment, drop zones, and staging areas).• Fire support (cover, concealment, mobility, and survey control points

[SCPs]).• Air defense (air avenues of approach, flight-line masking, and target

acquisition).• Mobility/survivability (M/S) (on- and off-road mobility predictions).• Logistics (information on supply routes, railways, airfields, and storage

facilities).

1-7. Topographic units provide support to all BOSs on the battlefield;however, the major emphasis for GI&S support is provided to the intelligenceBOS for the intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and the M&SBOS for the engineer battlefield assessment (EBA).

1-8. The commander directs the intelligence effort by selecting andprioritizing intelligence requirements. These requirements support him inconducting and planning operations. The information he needs to visualizethe outcome of current operations is called the commander's criticalinformation requirements (CCIR), which includes information on bothfriendly and threat forces. The threat-information portion of the CCIR is thecommander's priority intelligence requirements (PIR). The CCIR and PIRdirect the operations of the topographic unit supporting the commander. Indesignating PIR, the commander establishes—

• What he wants.• Why he wants it.

1-2 The Army's Operational Concept for Battle Command

FM 3-34.230

• When he wants it.• How he wants it.

FUTURE OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES

1-9. Future operational capabilities (FOC) are statements of operationalcapabilities required by the Army to develop war-fighting concepts (refer tothe TRADOC Pam 525-series) approved by the TRADOC commander. TheFOC address specific war-fighting capabilities, not functions or operations.Topographic operations in support of Force XXI and the AAN will beinfluenced by the integrated FOC, the branch/functional FOC, and theTRADOC-proponent FOC as described in TRADOC Pam 525-66. Refer toAppendix C for more FOC information.

MODELING AND SIMULATIONS/MISSION PLANNING AND REHEARSAL SYSTEMS

1-10. Technology provides the tools to allow a commander to visualize andassess the sequence of actions from the current state to the desired end state.There must be an integrated system to assist him in optimizing missionplanning, to facilitate effective rehearsals, and to monitor understanding ofhis intent before and during mission execution. Training and combat systemsmust be similar and provide simulation-independent war-fighter descriptionsof real-world processes, entities, environments, implementations, andrelationships. Software must operate and support live-, virtual-, andconstructive-simulation environments to approximate real combat.Technologies, including simulations and artificial intelligence, allowcommanders to replicate the real world in an environment where risk isminimal.

1-11. Models and simulations, in conjunction with C2 systems, are used fortraining and preparing for combat. Battlefield trends may be assessed rapidlyand provide tools for exploring new courses of action (COAs) based on thecurrent situation. A commander uses these tools by applying common senseand experience rather than accepting the computer solution as the bestconclusion.

1-12. Military operations make use of modeling and simulation (M&S)applications for creating and analyzing operational plans and orders. Army C2

systems using M&S applications will facilitate mission rehearsal. Theseapplications must represent combat and the myriad of related supportfunctions with sufficient resolution, fidelity, and detail to ensure highconfidence in the results.

BATTLEFIELD VISUALIZATION

1-13. Battlefield visualization is the process whereby the commanderdevelops a clear understanding of the current state with relation to theenvironment, envisions a desired end state that represents missionaccomplishment, then subsequently visualizes the sequence of activity thatmoves his force from its current state to the end state.

1-14. Battlefield visualization is an essential leadership attribute of commandand is critical for accomplishing missions. It is learned and attained through


FM 3-34.230

training, practice, experience, wisdom, and available battle-commandtechnologies. Other resources, both human and technological, serve only toassist a commander in formulating a vision and taking action to implement it.To be successful in battle, a commander must apply experience and intuitionto sort through the myriad of information available on the battlefield.

1-15. Battlefield visualization requires the use of operational tools that arederived from science and technology. However, technology alone cannotprovide a commander with full battlefield visualization. Technology must beused together with a commander’s judgment, wisdom, experience, andintuitive sense to enhance battlefield visualization.

1-16. Battlefield visualization is the heart of battle command. A commandermust be able to clearly articulate his battlefield vision to his subordinates inhis intent statement. This ensures the optimum development of his concept ofoperations (see Figure 1-1).

Figure 1-1. Battlefield Visualization

1-17. Battlefield visualization is essential to establishing the battlefieldframework as described in FM 71-100. The commander must first gain anunderstanding of the battlefield. This includes the state of his unit, the stateof the enemy, and the impact of terrain and weather. He must then visualizethe desired end state and envision a sequence of actions (an intellectual wargame) that will cause his forces to arrive at the desired end state.

Engineerresponsibility

SWOintelresponsibility

S2\G2responsibility

S3\G3responsibility

Friendly situation

Enemy situation

Terrainandweather


FM 3-34.230

TERRAIN VISUALIZATION

1-18. Terrain visualization is the process through which a commander seesthe terrain and understands its impact on the operation in which he isinvolved. This includes the impact on both friendly and enemy elements. It isthe identification and understanding of terrain aspects that can be exploitedby the friendly commander to gain advantage over the enemy as well as thosemost likely to be used by the enemy. It is the subjective evaluation of theterrain’s physical attributes as well as the physical capabilities of vehicles,equipment, and personnel that must cross over and occupy the terrain.Terrain visualization is closer to military art than to military science.

1-19. Terrain visualization is a basic and fundamental leadership skill. Abattle commander must understand how terrain influences every aspect ofmilitary operations. Commanders require a detailed awareness of the entiresituation, including the environment, enemy, and friendly situations.

1-20. Terrain visualization is far from a new requirement. However, in theera of force projection, every means available must be used to provide battlecommanders with this fundamental knowledge of terrain while planning foroperations. Information technology and force digitization provide a means tothat end. Terrain visualization is a component of battlefield visualization. Itportrays and allows a detailed understanding of the background upon whichenemy and friendly forces and actions are displayed. Topography provides thepicture whereby the user can visualize the terrain. Terrain visualizationincludes the subordinate elements of data collection, database development,analysis, display, distribution, and database management. These elementsinclude both new and changed tasks due to the new way of looking at thebattlefield based on digital data. The elements are designed to provide thenecessary visualization for the commander and to control and manage acentral terrain database. The process of terrain visualization depends highlyon joint and combined digital terrain processing means and the uninterruptedelectronic transfer of large amounts of information.

1-21. A commander requires the ability to see the battlefield on which hisunits and the enemy will deploy, maneuver, and fight. The resolution ofinformation demanded increases as the echelon of command decreases. Lowerechelons may require slope, elevation, trafficability, vegetation, or natural-and man-made-feature information layers in much more detail. Commandershave traditionally visualized the battlefield’s four dimensions (width, depth,height, and time) using traditional two-dimensional paper maps. The currentand emerging terrain-visualization tools will enhance the commander’s viewof the battle space by providing oblique, perspective, and other views in fourdimensions.

1-22. Terrain visualization includes both natural and man-made features andthe impact of terrain on vehicle speed, maintenance, river-crossing operations,cross-country trafficability, and maneuverability. Terrain-visualizationproducts assist the commander during all phases of the operation. Digitizedterrain provides a common terrain background for all users and applications.Additionally, terrain visualization allows interactive planning and missionrehearsal. Terrain-visualization technology must reflect real-time updates asthe features change due to the effects of combat and nature.


FM 3-34.230

1-23. Terrain visualization is a significant part of the military decision-making process. In this process, a commander uses the topographic-analysiselement within his echelon to collect, analyze, evaluate, and interpret militarygeographic information on the terrain’s natural and man-made features incombination with other factors to provide predictive information and adviceabout the terrain’s effect on military operations. Simply stated, thecommander requires topographic analyses to increase his knowledge of thebattlefield.

ARMY OPERATIONS

1-24. Operations are designed and conducted to accomplish assignedmissions. Army forces conduct operations to compel, deter, reassure, andsupport. All operations are composed of four basic categories—offense,defense, stability, and support—around which commanders design theiroperations to achieve victory. The categories of operations apply to bothviolent and nonviolent environments. The strength in recognizing andemploying categories is that they allow a commander operational flexibility inaccomplishing a broad range of missions. In training, planning, and executing,this comprehensive view toward operations enables forces to change theirfocus based on the changing context within which operations are conducted.

OFFENSE

1-25. Offensive operations carry the fight to the enemy. They are decisiveoperations—the commander's ultimate means of imposing his will on theenemy. Offensive operations combine both force and terrain objectives. Thereare four general types of offensive operations—

• Movement to contact (MTC).• Attack.• Exploitation.• Pursuit.

DEFENSE

1-26. Defensive operations are those undertaken to cause an enemy’s attackto fail. Although they are a stronger category, they cannot achieve a decisionalone. Defensive operations must ultimately be combined with or followed byan offensive action. Defensive operations orient on force and terrain. Inplanning these operations, commanders ordinarily combine three basic typesof defensive operations—

• Mobile defense.• Area defense.• Retrograde.

STABILITY

1-27. Stability operations apply military power to influence the politicalenvironment, facilitate diplomacy, and disrupt specified illegal activities.They include both developmental and coercive actions. Because of their


FM 3-34.230

nature, stability operations complement and are complemented by offensive,defensive, and support operations.

SUPPORT

1-28. Support operations provide essential supplies and services to assistdesignated groups. They are conducted mainly to relieve suffering and toassist civil authorities in responding to crises. Support operations may beindependent actions or they may complement offensive, defensive, andstability operations. The vast majority of offensive, defensive, and stabilityoperations will likely require complementary support operations before,during, and after execution.

1-29. The categories of operations apply to the full range of missions,including large-scale operations against sophisticated mechanized forces;operations to counter insurgencies and terrorism; operations to deteraggression against friendly governments; peace operations; and actions thatprovide support and assistance. When assigned a mission, a commanderanalyzes the factors of mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, andcivilian considerations (METT-TC) to determine how and to what degree hewill incorporate the categories into the overall concept of the operation.Commanders use the planning process to determine how best to orchestratethe four operational categories to achieve a desired end state.


Chapter 2

Organizations and Force Structure

The GI&S assets are task-organized (based on METT-TC) to supportArmy, joint, and combined operations at all levels and throughout thespectrum of conflict. These assets remain flexible to meet missionrequirements. Units may deploy in full to support the operation or theymay employ split-based operations. The GI&S support for split-basedoperations requires a robust communications system for transmitting dataand products between the deployed element and the split-based element.Split-based logistics include everything from one squad to a companyminus the support platoon. In most situations, a squad of terrain analystsand surveyors will deploy into a theater of operations (TO) with the initial-entry force. Additional topographic elements will follow based on the sizeof force buildup. The entry force will provide rapid-response mapping andTDA support for the task force (TF), while GI&S support will continuefrom the split-based element using national and commercial sources notreadily available to the forward-presence element.

UNIFIED COMMANDS

2-1. Unified and component commanders define military task requirementsto support contingency plans (CONPLANs), operation plans (OPLANs), andoperations orders (OPORDs) based on the commander's concept of theoperation. The corresponding echelon for topographic support and the theaterGI&S officer advise the Intelligence Directorate (J2) and other staff officers inpreparing the global geospatial information and services (GGI&S) annex foreach CONPLAN, OPLAN, or OPORD. The commander outlines the specificsupport requirements needed for the command.

JOINT TASK FORCE

2-2. Joint task force (JTF) topographic support assets identify GI&Srequirements to support OPORDs and coordinate support within their TF.They also collect, review, and validate topographic requirements fromcomponent commands. These topographic assets can come from a division,corps, or theater unit, depending on the JTF’s task organization.

ARMY FORCES

2-3. Topographic units are task-organized to provide GI&S support for Armyforces (ARFOR) in the JTF. This support includes directing, supervising, andcoordinating all topographic issues having an impact on the command.

Organizations and Force Structure 2-1

FM 3-34.230

NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY

2-4. The National Imagery and Mapping Agency’s (NIMA’s) role is to supportthe war fighter through priorities established by the commanders in chief(CINCs). This support comes in the form of imagery, imagery intelligence, andGI (including standard maps and data sets) in support of national securityobjectives. The agency's vision is to guarantee ready access to the world'simagery, imagery intelligence, and GI.

2-5. NIMA has technical and liaison representatives at the CINC level whowork with the staff and the GI&S officer to establish requirements andpriorities and to identify the best products and services that NIMA canprovide. These representatives prioritize, validate, and consolidaterequirements identified by major subordinate commands (MSCs).

2-6. NIMA has a global mission, as established by the NIMA Act of 1996. Ithas the unique responsibilities of managing and providing imagery and GI tonational policy makers and military forces. NIMA is also an established partof the US intelligence community in recognition of its unique responsibilitiesand global mission. The agency incorporates the now disestablished DefenseMapping Agency (DMA), the Central Imagery Office, and the DefenseDissemination Program Office in their entirety. It also incorporates themission and functions of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) NationalPhotographic Interpretation Center. Also included in NIMA are the imageryexploitation, dissemination, and processing elements of the DefenseIntelligence Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, and the DefenseAirborne Reconnaissance Office.

2-7. NIMA brings together in a single organization the imagery tasking,production, exploitation, and dissemination (TPED) responsibilities and themapping, charting, and geodetic functions of eight separate organizations ofthe defense and intelligence communities. NIMA continues to improvesupport to national and military customers through comprehensivemanagement of US imaging and geospatial capabilities.

DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY

2-8. The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) is a logistics combat-support agencywhose primary role is to provide supplies and services to US military forcesworldwide. The DLA's mission includes managing over four millionconsumable items and processing over 30 million annual distribution actions.The DLA manages the inventory of NIMA’s hard-copy media (including papermaps, charts, compact disks—read-only memory [CD-ROMs], laser disks,publications, and pamphlets). The DLA processes customer requisitions andinquiries. It is responsible for receipt processing, storing, issuing, packing,shipping, filling subscriptions, and processing customer-unique requirements.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

2-9. The Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) is the US ArmyCorps of Engineers' (USACE’s) distributed research and developmentcommand. It consists of eight unique laboratories—five in Vicksburg,Mississippi, and one each in Hanover, New Hampshire; Champaign, Illinois;

2-2 Organizations and Force Structure

FM 3-34.230

and Alexandria, Virginia. The ERDC’s headquarters is located in Vicksburg,Mississippi.

2-10. The ERDC provides world-renowned scientists and engineers using thelatest in specialized equipment to address problems facing the military andthe nation. Research support includes—

• Mapping and topographic analysis.• Infrastructure design, construction, operations, and maintenance.• Structural engineering.• Cold regions and ice engineering.• Coastal and hydraulic engineering.• Environmental quality.• Geotechnical engineering.• High-performance computing and information technology.

The following are laboratories within the ERDC:• The Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi.• The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover,

New Hampshire.• The Construction Engineering Research Laboratory in Champaign,

Illinois.• The Environmental Laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi.• The Geotechnical Laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi.• The Information Technology Laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi.• The Structures Laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi.• The Topographic-Engineering Center in Alexandria, Virginia.

TOPOGRAPHIC-ENGINEERING CENTER

2-11. The Topographic-Engineering Center (TEC) in Alexandria, Virginia,provides technical expertise and analytical products that support topographicengineering. The TEC is under the command of the ERDC’s commander, whois subordinate to the Commanding General, USACE. The TEC serves as theArmy's center of technical expertise on all digital topographic matters. Itsmission is to provide the war fighter with a superior knowledge of the battlespace and to support the nation's civil and environmental initiatives throughresearch, development, and expertise in the topographic and related sciences.The TEC has 5 major divisions with 16 branches of support.

2-12. The TEC provides a variety of topographic services to the Army alongwith topographic research, development, testing, evaluation, M&S, andacquisition. The TEC supplies software to support GI&S. It also providestechnical support for TEC-developed software, commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS)/nondevelopmental-item hardware, TDA software, survey andpositioning systems, digital databases, and digital imagery.

TEC’S COMMERCIAL IMAGERY LIBRARY

2-13. The TEC’s Geospatial Information Division (GID) was designated by theOffice of the Assistant Chief of Engineers in 1990 to monitor the Army's


FM 3-34.230

commercial/civil imagery (C2I) acquisition. This action was designed toprevent Army agencies or organizations from duplicating C2I data purchases.

KEY CAPABILITIES

2-14. Efficient management of the research, acquisition, and distribution ofimagery and products is increasingly important as Army units expand theiruse of this technology, especially with the fielding of the Digital TopographicSupport System (DTSS). The GID serves several functions in its role asmonitor (as defined in a memorandum of understanding [MOU] between theArmy and the US Geological Survey [USGS], dated November 26, 1990).These functions include—

• Acting as the Army's primary point of contact (POC) for C2I sources tosupport engineer- and terrain-analysis operations and applications.

• Acting as the monitor for all Army purchases of C2I.• Serving as a repository of purchases and scenes available to the

Department of Defense (DOD) that are crucial to Army missions.

US ARMY SPACE AND MISSILE COMMAND

2-15. The US Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC) optimizesaccess to space-based information sources and communication means insupport of Army operations. The SMDC uses commercial, foreign, and DODsatellite assets to augment standard topographic data sources and datadistribution. Such satellite assets generate responsive data input to theGeographic Information Systems (GISs) operated by Army topographic units.The SMDC serves as the Army’s leader for direct downlinking of topographicimagery data as well as the development of tactics, techniques, andprocedures (TTPs) on the preprocessing and transfer of remote-sensing data.At the tasking of the DA Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans(DCSOPS), the Army Space Command (ARSPACE) (located within theSMDC) provides rapid-response imagery. ARSPACE maintains the capabilityto deploy rapidly with emerging space-based spectral-imagery technology insupport of topographic task organizations.

ARMY SERVICE LEVEL

2-16. The Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (DCSINT) at Headquarters,DA (HQDA) is responsible for developing (in coordination with the DCSOPS)topographic plans and programs, identifying and validating Army mappingrequirements, and coordinating mapping issues with the Office of the JointChiefs of Staff, NIMA, and other DOD organizations. The chief of engineers isresponsible for executing the Army’s topographic program and providingGI&S advice and technical support to the DA staff (refer to Army Regulation[AR] 115-11 for more information).

TRADOC PROGRAM INTEGRATION OFFICE—TERRAIN DATA

2-17. The TRADOC Program Integration Office (TPIO) acts as the Army'scentralized manager for coordinating and synchronizing all Army digitalterrain data requirements for digital force development and training,


FM 3-34.230

experimentation, combat developments, and M&S. This mission incorporatesthe integration, interoperability, and commonality aspects of terrain data andproducts for the necessary development, testing, production, and fielding ofArmy systems requiring digital terrain data. The TPIO reports to theCommander, TRADOC through the Commander, US Army Maneuver SupportCenter (MANSCEN) and the Deputy Commanding General, Combined ArmsCenter.

2-18. The TPIO will integrate terrain data requirements for live, virtual, andconstructive M&S for the training, exercises, and military operations (TEMO);advanced concepts and requirements (ACR); and research, development, andacquisition (RDA) domains.

MANEUVER-SUPPORT BATTLE LABORATORY

2-19. The Maneuver-Support Battle Laboratory’s (MSBL’s) mission is to bethe Army’s primary maneuver-support war-fighting experimentation resource.The MSBL integrates experimentation actions across the DTLOMS spectrumand provides enhanced capabilities to soldiers through analyses, insights, andrecommendations to the architects of the future army. The MSBL ensures thattopography (as a part of maneuver support) is included in all future war-fighting concepts. The lab conducts analyses of experiments to provide inputacross the DTLOMS spectrum. The MSBL’s enduring battlefield function isperforming operations to protect the force from the effects of enemy action andproviding the force with the freedom of movement during military operations.The enduring battlefield functions of maneuver, fires, battle command, andsustainment all require continuous support from maneuver-support forcesthat are composed primarily of military police (MP), chemical, and engineersoldiers.

PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE—COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS

2-20. The Program Executive Office for Command, Control, andCommunications Systems (PEOC3S) is the material-developer manager forArmy Battlefield Command Systems (ABCSs). This office provides overallarchitecture-based engineering and integration management and oversightfor developing command, control, and communications (C3) systemsthroughout each ABCS’s life cycle. The DTSS is included within the ABCS toprovide geographic information and support services.

PROJECT DIRECTOR, COMBAT TERRAIN INFORMATION SYSTEM

2-21. The Combat Terrain Information System (CTIS) is an Army programmanaged by the PEOC3S and colocated at the TEC. The CTIS project directoris responsible for project management and the material development andacquisition program for a CTIS. He develops and acquires assigned tacticaltopographic-support systems that include the following:

• The DTSS-Heavy (DTSS-H).• The DTSS-Light (DTSS-L).• The DTSS-Deployable (DTSS-D).• The DTSS-Base (DTSS-B).


FM 3-34.230

2-22. These systems will enable topographic units to analyze and developreports and to manage the geographic information database to provide terrainvisualization to commanders. The DTSS will also facilitate dissemination ofdigital and hard-copy topographic products to all battlefield functional areas.

US ARMY ENGINEER SCHOOL

2-23. The USAES located under the MANSCEN is the Army's school for allengineers and is the TRADOC proponent for topography. The engineercomponent of the MANSCEN is responsible for developing topographicconcepts, materiel requirements, combat developments, trainingrequirements, and doctrine for the design of the topographic force structureand all matters related to Army topographers and topographic units.

DEFENSE MAPPING SCHOOL

2-24. The Defense Mapping School (DMS) conducts Army topographicinstitutional training at all levels with direction from the USAES. Entry-leveltraining is focused on developing basic cartographic and terrain-analysisskills. Midlevel training is focused on managing GI&S data, developingadvanced topographic-analysis skills, and generating products. Theleadership training is focused on integrating GI&S throughout the militaryplanning and decision-making process. The DMS also provides mobiletraining teams for sustainment training to the units. It is one of four schoolsin NIMA’s training arm; it falls under the National Imagery and MappingCollege (NIMC) located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

QUARTERMASTER

2-25. Quartermaster Corps proponent units have the responsibility at alllevels for distributing (storage, requisition, processing, and issuance)unclassified standard geospatial products to units that maintain a standardDOD activity address code (DODAAC). Classified products are distributedthrough logistics units; however, units must have a DODAAC capable ofreceiving classified documents.

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

2-26. The signal community is responsible for providing state-of-the-artcommunication systems for rapidly moving data and products to themaneuver commander. These systems will ensure that the commontopographic operating environment (CTOE) is available for every ABCSplatform down to the lowest level. The C2 systems relying on digital geospatialdata must receive that data according to procedures established by signalelements.

INTELLIGENCE UNITS

2-27. Intelligence units at all levels are responsible for integratingtopographic information into the IPB process and for assisting commanders inthe decision-making process. The Assistant Chief of Staff, G2 (Intelligence)(G2) and Intelligence Officer (US Army) (S2) provide a conduit for topographicrequirements and priorities for their commanders. The division and corps G2s


FM 3-34.230

and engineers consolidate and prioritize requirements for the division andcorps terrain units. Intelligence units also assist in collecting imagery andinformation to augment the topographic database.

ENGINEERS

2-28. From the Office of Chief of Engineers at HQDA down through thedivision engineer, the engineer officer has special staff responsibility as thefunctional proponent for topography and for executing the topographicmission. The terrain-analysis technician (215D) at all echelons is the terrain-analysis and GI&S expert. All engineer officers have topographic expertise interrain visualization and assist in collection requirements for terrain data tofill data voids in GI&S databases. Engineer officers are responsible forplanning and estimating for mobility, countermobility, survivability, andgeneral-engineering missions.

2-29. The echelons-above-corps (EAC) topographic-engineer battalion is theArmy Service Component Command (ASCC) topographic asset. The battalioncommander is the theater topographic engineer. The battalion has aheadquarters and headquarters company (HHC), an EAC topographic-engineer company, and a separate numbered planning and control (P&C)detachment. The EAC company contains terrain-analysis, map- and data-reproduction, data-generation, survey, and database capabilities. The terrainplatoon maintains a database for the theater area of operation (AO). Thecompany develops, maintains, disseminates, and deploys the theater’stopographic database. This database provides GI&S for EAC commanders. Itsupports corps-and-below topographic requirements. The P&C detachmentlocates with the theater headquarters to prioritize topographic requirements.These EAC assets can conduct topographic operations from home-station,split-based logistics, or deployed environments.

Topographic-Engineer Battalion

2-30. The commander of the topographic-engineer battalion at EAC hasoversight of all topographic units in the theater. Figures 2-1 and 2-2, pages 2-8and 2-9, show active topographic companies at the EAC and corps levels. Thetopographic-engineer battalion commander is responsible for—

• Providing the P&C element to the appropriate theater component staff.• Providing general support (GS) to unified and specified commands.• Providing GS to subordinate topographic units for requirements

beyond their capability.• Furnishing topographic support to all Army units at EAC.• Managing the in-theater, topographic-production program (including

topographic databases).• Generating data.• Collecting and managing data.• Providing supply-point storage and distribution of special topographic

products at EAC and corps levels.• Assisting assigned units with topographic technical supplies.• Providing direct support (DS) and GS maintenance of topographic

equipment located at all assigned units.


FM

3-34.230

2-8O

rganizationsand

Force

Structure

Y

TERRAINPLATOON

L

5 81T2020 81T1025 TOTAL

1 215D1 81T402 TOTAL

TERRAIN 5 SQDS

1 215D1 81T402 total

Terrainplatoon

ds) Terrain (5 squads)

0000

5 81T2020 81T1025 total

MAINTENANCE& SUPPORT

PRODUCTIONPLATOON

OPERATIONS

SUPPORTPLATOON

GRAPHICSUPPORT

PHOTOMAPPING SURVE2 SQDS

PRINT1 81T301 81L301 82D30/201 81T202 81T106 TOTAL

1 81L301 81L207 81L109 TOTAL

1 81T303 81T207 81T102 81L1013 TOTAL

1 81L302 81L207 81L1010 TOTAL

1 82D402 82D304 82D2010 82D1017 TOTA

4 92A14 TOTAL

1 03/21B1 81Z2 TOTAL

1 02/21B1 81L402 TOTAL

CO HQS1 02/21B1 81T401 92G401 92Y301 54B201 75B201 92G202 92G101 92Y1010 TOTAL

1 63B41 52C21 63B21 63S21 51T11 52D11 52C12 63B11 63S11 77F111 TOTAL

1 02/21B1 81T401 92G401 92Y301 54B201 75B201 92G202 92G101 92Y10

10 total

Supportplatoon

4 92A14 total

Operations Maintenanceand support

1 81T301 81L301 82D30/201 81T202 81T106 total

1 63B41 52C21 63B21 63S21 51T11 52D11 52C12 63B11 63S11 77F1

11 total

1 03/21B1 81Z2 total

Co HQ

1 02/21B1 81L402 total

Productionplatoon

1 81L301 81L207 81L109 total

Graphicsupport

PhotomappingSurvey(2 squa

Print

1 81T303 81T207 81T102 81L10

13 total

1 81L302 81L207 81L10

10 total

1 82D42 82D34 82D2

10 82D117 total

Figure 2-1. EAC Topographic Company

FM

3-34.230

Organizations

andF

orceS

tructure2-9

TERRAINPLATOON

5 81T2020 81T1025 TOTAL

15D1T40OTAL

TERRAIN 5 SQDS

5DT40al

Terrainplatoon

Terrain (4 squads)4 81T20

16 81T1020 total

1 215D1 81T402 total

5DT40al

MAINTENANCE& SUPPORT

PRODUCTIONPLATOON

OPERATIONS

SUPPORTPLATOON

GRAPHICSUPPORT

PHOTOMAPPING SURVEY2 SQDS

PRINT1 81T301 81L301 82D30/201 81T202 81T106 TOTAL

1 81L301 81L207 81L109 TOTAL

1 81T303 81T207 81T102 81L1013 TOTAL

1 81L302 81L207 81L1010 TOTAL

1 82D402 82D304 82D2010 82D1017 TOTAL

92A1TOTAL

1 03/21B1 81Z2 TOTAL

1 02/21B1 81L402 TOTAL

1 21 82 T

CO HQS02/21B81T4092G4092Y3054B2075B2092G20

2 92G1092Y10

0 TOTAL

1 63B41 52C21 63B21 63S21 51T11 52D11 52C12 63B11 63S11 77F111 TOTAL

1 02/21B1 81T401 92G401 92Y301 54B201 75B201 92G202 92G101 92Y10

10 total

Supportplatoon

4 92A104 total

1 81T301 81L301 82D301 81T202 81T106 total

1 63B41 52C21 63B21 63S21 51T11 52D12 52C12 63B12 63S12 92A11 77F115 total

1 03/21B1 81Z2 total

Co HQ

1 02/21B1 81L402 total

Productionplatoon

1 211 812 tot

Spec proddist sec

Graphicsupport

Photomapping Print Survey(2 squads)

Operations Maintenanceand support

1 81T303 81T204 81T105 81L10

13 total

1 81L302 81L207 81L10

10 total

1 82D402 82D304 82D20

10 82D1017 total

1 81L301 81L207 81L109 total

1 211 812 tot

Figure 2-2. Corps Topographic Company

FM 3-34.230

Topographic-Engineer Company

2-31. The corps topographic-engineer company is a DS asset that focuses onthe corps’s contingency areas. It is responsible for all terrain analysis andGI&S support to the corps. The terrain platoon maintains a database for thecorps’s area of interest (AOI). The corps company places emphasis on quick-response topographic decision aids and maintains collection and managementof the corps database. It conducts topographic operations from a home base orwhile it is split based or fully deployed. The corps topographic-engineercompany works for the corps engineer and provides terrain-analysis andGI&S support to the corps staff and all MSCs. The corps G2 and AssistantChief of Staff, G3, (Operations and Plans) (G3) are consistently the criticalsupported staff elements.

Nondigital Division Topographic-Analysis Detachment

2-32. The division topographic-analysis detachment (see Figure 2-3) isresponsible for all terrain-analysis and GI&S support to the division(collecting, analyzing, managing, integrating, and disseminating the division’sgeospatial database). The terrain-analysis detachment is attached to eachdivision. It works with the division staff for planning operations andintegrating terrain and GI&S products into the IPB process.

Figure 2-3. Nondigital Division Terrain Detachment

Digital Division Terrain Detachment

2-33. The digital division terrain detachment is responsible for all terrain-analysis and GI&S support to the division. The terrain-analysis detachment isattached to each division. It works for the division engineer and colocates withthe planning and operations staff. The terrain-analysis detachment workswith the engineer mobility cell for planning operations and integrating theterrain analysis and GI&S into the IPB and EBA processes. The detachmentis responsible for collecting, analyzing, managing, integrating, anddisseminating the division’s GI&S database. The detachment is task-organized into squads to support the division main (DMAIN), the tacticalcommand post (TAC), and the maneuver brigade command posts (CPs) whenthe division is deployed (see Figure 2-4). These squads will colocate with the

DMAIN1 E61 E54 EM

1 CWO1 E7 Personnel

1 CWO1 E71 E61 E54 EM


FM 3-34.230

division headquarters in garrison to consolidate efforts to support thedivision’s planning process. When deployed, the squads will provide terrain-analysis and GI&S support to the commander at their echelon through theorganic engineer brigades or battalions. They will also maintain the secondarytopographic-data storage device. Tailored terrain-analysis products anddatabase management provide brigade and battalion commanders with theCTOE and the effects of terrain and weather on their soldiers, weapons, andtactics.

Figure 2-4. Digital Division Terrain Detachment

EAD

1 CWO1 E-7

1 E-61 E-54 EM

DMAINTerrain Analysis

DMAINData Mgmt

1 E-71 E-54 EM

TAC 1Team1 E-61 E-52 EM

1 CWO2 E-72 E-67 E-522 EM34 Total

PERSONNEL

Bde Teams1 E-53 EM

• Data Management• Data Distribution• File Server

• Terrain Analysis• Terrain Product

Distribution(Digital/hard copy)

• Terrain Analysis• Data Management• File Server


NOTE: DTSS upgrade required to meet terrain file server requirement.Does not provide for media production, feature extraction, or volume hard copy

DMAINDatamgmt1 E71 E54 EM

1 CWO1 E-7

TAC 1Team1 E61 E52 EM

DMAINTerrain analysis1 E61 E54 EM

Bde team1 E53 EM

Personnel1 CWO2 E72 E67 E522 EM34 total

• Data management• Data distribution• File server

• Terrain anaysis• Terrain product• Distribution• (digital/hard copy)

• Terrain anaysis• Data management• File server

NOTE: DTSS upgrade required to meet terrain file server requirement. It does not provide formedia production, feature extraction or volume hard copy.


EAD

1 CWO1 E-7

1 E-61 E-54 EM

DMAINTerrain Analysis

DMAINData Mgmt

1 E-71 E-54 EM

TAC 1Team1 E-61 E-52 EM

1 CWO2 E-72 E-67 E-522 EM34 Total

PERSONNEL

Bde Teams1 E-53 EM

• Data Management• Data Distribution• File Server

• Terrain Analysis• Terrain Product

Distribution(Digital/hard copy)



NOTE: DTSS upgrade required to meet terrain file server requirement.Does not provide for media production, feature extraction, or volume hard copy

DMAINDatamgmt1 E71 E54 EM

1 CWO1 E7

TAC 1Team1 E61 E52 EM

DMAINTerrain analysis1 E61 E54 EM

Bde team1 E53 EM

Personnel1 CWO2 E72 E67 E5

22 EM34 total

• Data management• Data distribution• File server

• Terrain anaysis• Terrain product• Distribution

(digital/hard copy)


NOTE: A DTSS upgrade is required to meet the terrain file-server requirement. It does not pro-vide for media production, feature extraction, or volume hard copy.



Chapter 3

Topographic Support

Computer technology has changed the Army’s mapping, data-collection,and battlefield-planning processes. As computer power and accessibilityhave grown during the 1970s and 1980s, new methods of map making andterrain analysis have been developed. Military commanders have longrealized the interdependence of the earth’s land features and their successon the battlefield. Those military leaders who stand out in historyvisualized the terrain and its effects on the battle’s outcome. Today’stopographic engineer (along with his GI&S tools) is able to represent theterrain and its effects more accurately and faster to help the commandervisualize the terrain. The commander’s knowledge of the terrain will allowhim to obtain a superior advantage in shaping the battle space; it is a keyportion of information dominance leading to successful operations.

TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT PERSONNEL

3-1. The engineer officer at theater, corps, division, and brigade is the terrain-visualization expert. He is responsible for assisting the commander invisualizing the terrain and its impact on friendly and enemy operations. Theprocess includes identifying and understanding those terrain aspects that thecommander can exploit to gain advantage over the enemy as well as those thatthe enemy will most likely exploit. Terrain visualization is a subjectiveevaluation of the terrain’s physical attributes as well as the physicalcapabilities of the vehicles, equipment, and people that must cross or occupythe terrain. This situational awareness (friendly and enemy elements, terrain,and weather) allows the commander to visualize the battle space.

3-2. The engineer terrain-analysis technician (215D) is the terrain-analysisand GI&S expert within the Army’s force structure. His primary function is tohelp the commander and his staff in understanding the battle space byassimilating and integrating large volumes of geographic information andtransforming it into visualization, information, and knowledge.

3-3. The topographic analyst (81T) supervises and/or performs cartographicand terrain-analysis duties. He collects and processes military geographicinformation from sensed imagery, digital data, intelligence data, existingtopographic products, and other collateral data sources; edits cartographicand terrain-analysis products; and advises command and staff officers ontopographic operations and special map-product planning.

3-4. The topographic surveyor (82D) conducts precise geodetic surveys toprovide control data for a wide range of uses, including precise navigation andartillery fires. The topographic surveyor also supervises topographic orgeodetic computations.

Topographic Support 3-1

FM 3-34.230

3-5. The lithographer (81L) is the large-volume printing expert. He operatesand performs operator maintenance on offset duplicators and presses, copycameras, platemakers, and various types of bindery and film-processingequipment. He also supervises and performs all printing and binding, cameraoperations, layout, and platemaking activities.

3-6. The topographic-engineering supervisor (81Z) supervises topographicsurveying, cartography, and lithographic activities and assists in topographicplanning and control activities. The topographic-engineering supervisordetermines requirements and provides technical supervision of topographicmapping and other military geographic intelligence programs, includinggeodetic and topographic surveying. He assists in command supervision andcoordination of map reproduction and topographic nonstandard-productdistribution. He provides staff supervision and principal noncommissionedofficer (NCO) direction to units engaged in performing topographic-engineering missions.

TOPOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

3-7. Topographic operations include terrain analysis, geodetic survey,production and reproduction, database management, and exploitation. Whileeach function provides information about the battle space’s physicalcharacteristics, the focus of topographic operations is on terrain analysis andthe presentation of its results to the commander. Rapid analyses of terrainfactors and environmental effects are essential for deploying advancedweapon systems effectively, visualizing the battle space, targeting, planningair and ground missions, and countering enemy weapons and intelligence-collection capabilities. Terrain database management is evolving as anothercritical GI&S mission. Database management incorporates the collection,production, and dissemination of GI.

3-8. Terrain analysis is the study of the terrain’s properties and how theychange over time, with use, and under varying weather conditions. Terrainanalysis starts with the collection, verification, processing, revision and, insome cases, actual construction of source data. It requires the analysis ofclimatology (current and forecasted weather conditions), soil conditions, andenemy or friendly vehicle performance metrics. In short, it turns raw data intousable information. Terrain analysis is a technical process and requires theexpertise of terrain-analysis technicians (215D) and topographic analysts(81T).

3-9. Terrain evaluation is a subset of terrain analysis that is most amendableto automation due to its focus on raster imagery and gridded elevation data.Terrain evaluation is available to any user of the ABCS at battalion andabove. It does not include such in-depth studies as cross-country mobility,which requires the analysis of climatology/current weather conditions, soilconditions, and enemy or friendly vehicle performance metrics. However,terrain evaluation does include the tangible aspects of slope, relief, distance,accessibility, visibility, and cover—the picture a commander could hope to seefrom a strategically located hill overlooking the battlefield (beforedigitization).

3-2 Topographic Support

FM 3-34.230

METT-TC FACTORS

3-10. METT-TC factors must be considered in topographic operations toprovide the commander with the correct topographic products and analysis.Since these factors vary in any given situation, the term METT-TC dependentis a common way of denoting that the proper approach to a problem dependson these factors and their interrelationship in that specific situation. Theapplication of METT-TC occurs within each BOS across the entire operationalspectrum. The GI&S support detailed in this manual is focused on EAC, thecorps, and division through brigade.

COMMAND AND CONTROL

3-11. In the modern battlefield, the magnitude of available information(including geographic information) challenges leaders at all levels.Ultimately, they must assimilate thousands of bits of information to visualizethe battlefield, assess the situation, and direct military action to achievevictory. Topographic analysts are an essential link for the commander tovisualize the battlefield. Topographic analysts provide the commander’s staffwith timely GI&S for planning, coordinating, and establishing controlmeasures consistent with the commander’s intent. The Army does not fightalone; it integrates its efforts within the theater commander’s unifiedoperations along with other services, other national agencies, and allied andcoalition forces. This necessitates a common operational picture whosefoundation is based on geographic information. The management andexploitation of the terrain database is a topographic-engineer function.

INTELLIGENCE

3-12. Intelligence uses the IPB process to analyze the weather, terrain, andthreat in a specific geographic area for all types of operations. The IPBintegrates threat doctrine with weather and terrain as they relate to themission within a specific battlefield environment. This is done to determineand evaluate threat capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COAs. Thisanalytical process builds an extensive database for each potential area inwhich a unit may be required to operate. The IPB determines the impact ofthe threat, weather, and terrain on operations. The terrain-analysis portion ofthe IPB process is critical for determining how the enemy will project itsforces within the AO and, ultimately, the AOI.

3-13. The IPB supports staff estimates and decision making. Applying theIPB process helps the commander selectively apply and maximize his combatpower at critical points in time and space on the battlefield by—

• Determining the threat's likely COA.• Describing the environment (and its effects) that friendly units are

operating within.

The IPB is a continuous process consisting of the following four steps:

• Define the battlefield environment. The G2/S2 identifies the battlefieldcharacteristics that will influence friendly and threat operations. Healso establishes the AOI’s limits and identifies gaps in currentintelligence holdings. To focus the remainder of the IPB process, he


FM 3-34.230

identifies the battlefield characteristics that require in-depthevaluation of their effects on friendly and threat operations (such asterrain, weather, logistical infrastructure, and demographics). Thesecharacteristics are analyzed in more detail within the command's AOand battle space.

• Describe the battlefield's effects. The G2/S2 identifies the limitationsand opportunities the environment offers for potential operations offriendly and threat forces. This evaluation focuses on the generalcapabilities of each force until COAs are developed later in the IPBprocess. This step always includes an examination of terrain andweather, but it may also include discussions of the characteristics ofgeography and infrastructure and their effects on friendly and threatoperations. Products developed in this step might include—■ A population-status overlay.■ Overlays that depict the military aspects and effects of terrain.■ A weather-analysis matrix.■ Integrated products such as modified combined-obstacle overlays

(MCOOs).• Evaluate the threat. The G2/S2 and his staff analyze the command's

intelligence holdings to determine how the threat normally organizesfor comba t a nd how i t conduct s operat i ons under simi l arcircumstances.

• Determine the threat’s COA. The G2/S2 integrates the results of theprevious steps into a meaningful conclusion. He determines thethreat’s likely objectives and available COAs given what it normallyprefers to do and the effects of the specific environment in which it iscurrently operating.

MANEUVER, MOBILITY, AND SURVIVABILITY

3-14. GI&S support to maneuver, mobility, and survivability are closelyrelated. Engineers use the EBA as their mission planning and decision-making process. In the IPB phase, the engineer begins with the intelligenceassessment of the enemy’s objectives, capabilities, and probable COAs. Hethen analyzes the terrain using the five military aspects of terrain provided bythe terrain-analysis unit—observation and fields of fire, cover andconcealment, obstacles, key terrain, and avenues of approach (OCOKA). HisOCOKA analysis is based not only on characteristics of the ground, but also onthe enemy and the commander’s intent. The engineer assessment producesadvice on battle positions and engagement-area siting as well as initialinformation necessary to develop the obstacle plan and shape the battle space.

3-15. The EBA assesses the following engineer functions:• Mobility.• Countermobility.• Survivability.• Sustainment engineering.• Topographic engineering.


FM 3-34.230

3-16. During mission planning, terrain analysts support the EBA and thecommander to visualize the battle space by thoroughly portraying the militaryadvantages and disadvantages. The GI&S provide the detailed informationnecessary to understand the battle space with respect to maneuver, mobilityand survivability.

FIRE SUPPORT

3-17. Fire-support (FS) assets in support of maneuver forces include field-artillery (FA) systems, mortars, tactical air units, naval gunfire, Armyaviation units, and offensive electronic warfare. Essential topographic supportprovided to FS assets includes SCPs or TDAs.

3-18. FA survey planning and coordination begin at the corps’s artillerysurvey planning and coordination element (SPCE) with an interface betweenthe topographic engineers and the SPCE at division artillery (DIVARTY) andFA brigades. Army aviation assets are provided topographic support in theform of flight-line-masking, shaded-relief, and vertical-obstruction TDAs.These TDAs support mission planning and rehearsal.

AIR DEFENSE

3-19. Air-defense artillery (ADA) assets protect maneuver forces from enemyair attack. Support provided to ADA assets includes SCPs and TDAs suchas—

• Flight-line masking.• Air avenues of approach.• Elevation tint.• Flight-line target locator.• Obstructed-signal loss.• Surface-wind direction.• Visibility.

ADA survey planning and coordination begins at the corps’s artillery SPCE,with an interface between the topographic engineers.

LOGISTICS

3-20. Logistics is the provision of personnel, logistics, and other supportrequired for maintaining and prolonging operations or combat until missionaccomplishment. The art of logistics is integrating strategic, operational, andtactical support while simultaneously moving units, personnel, equipment,and supplies in timely execution of the commander's intent and his concept ofoperations.

3-21. Logistics elements are provided with essential topographic informationsuch as—

• LOC TDAs.• Possible resupply points.• Assembly-area TDAs.• Cover-and-concealment TDAs.


FM 3-34.230

• Facilities (seaports, airfields, warehouses, fuel-storage, utilities,medical, financial institutions, and postal systems).

STRATEGIC TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT

3-22. Strategic support (as required by national authority) includes GI&Ssupport from NIMA and other national assets. The type and level of support isdetermined by the mission. It may include standard or nonstandard productsprovided through the DLA and information provided by NIMA, the TEC, theDefense Intelligence Agency (DIA), host nations, and many other sources.This support is discussed in Chapter 2.

THEATER TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT

3-23. Army theater topographic units provide commanders at designatedechelons with timely, accurate knowledge of the battle space through terrainvisualization. These units support the Army's force-projection mission byrapidly producing special topographic products and maintaining andmanipulating topographic databases. Theater topographic units performterrain analyses, geodetic surveys, and special map reproduction. They alsomanage the theater-level topographic database.

3-24. The EAC support includes a battalion HHC, a topographic-engineercompany providing GS to the theater, and a P&C team located with the Armycomponent command or the JTF. The battalions maintain a strong supportrelationship with all topographic assets located within their theater and areresponsible for assisting in the resupply of their assigned topographic unitswhile deployed.

3-25. The battalion commander is the theater’s topographic officer. Herecommends the task organization and employment of all topographic assetsin the theater. He maintains visibility of all topographic personnel,equipment, logistics, and operations within his theater. He uses his P&Cteams to assist with coordinating requirements and recommending prioritiesfor GI&S. The EAC topographic battalion ensures that the full spectrum offunctional support is provided within the theater. This support includes—

• Database management.• Terrain analysis.• Digital cartography.• Low-volume product reproduction.• Topographic survey.• Reproduction.• Special-products storage, distribution, and dissemination.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

3-26. Maintaining a topographic database is a critical function of alltopographic operations (refer to Appendix D). Database development andmanagement is a high-priority mission for all topographic units within thetheater. GI databases include old data, new data, accurate data, qualifieddata, and multiformatted hard-copy and digital data. The analyst and the


FM 3-34.230

commander must understand the limitations, accuracy, and intended uses ofthe GI database. Database management includes the acquisition,manipulation, formatting, storage, and distribution of all hard-copy anddigital data and products.

TERRAIN ANALYSIS

3-27. The terrain platoon supports the decision-making process at the theaterlevel by providing the commander with essential decision aids and GI&S.Terrain-analysis platoons at the theater level are primarily focused onproviding terrain analysis across the entire theater operational spectrum.This support is initially one level above corps. This enables the planners toidentify key areas to enhance and focus the terrain platoon’s in-depth analysisand collection efforts. Terrain analysis is the primary mission of topographicoperations during the planning phase. The analysis uses a series of featurelayers collected at the appropriate resolution and detail to describe the battlespace. The analysts modify and update the database using data available fromall sources (national and locally collected). This allows the analyst to supply acurrent picture of the battle space. Appendix B provides a representative listof topographic products that support an analysis of the military aspects ofterrain.

DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY

3-28. Digital cartography is the process of displaying terrain features andelevation data using standard symbology understood by military forces. Ituses computer hardware and software to automate the process.

LOW-VOLUME PRODUCT REPRODUCTION

3-29. Low-volume product reproduction is the hard-copy production of mapsand GI products using the terrain platoon’s organic printing capabilities. Thevolume is usually less than 200 copies per product. These products arenormally distributed over the counter to the requestor.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

3-30. Topographic survey is the process of determining the relative positionsof points on, above, or beneath the earth’s surface by using traditional orsatellite-based measurement systems. Theater topographic-survey platoonsmay be tasked with a number of different missions to support terrainplatoons, FA, Army aviation, ADA, intelligence, chemical, armor, combatservice support (CSS), signal, US Air Force (USAF), or NIMA. Topographic-survey support is discussed in depth in FM 5-532.

REPRODUCTION

3-31. Reproduction is the process of creating hard-copy maps and GI productsfrom original drawings, reproduction materials (repro mats), or images. Thetheater production platoon uses its organic graphic support, photomapping,and printing capabilities to produce high volumes of hard-copy mappingproducts. A topographic unit’s reproduction equipment includes, but is notlimited to—


FM 3-34.230

• Single-color lithographic presses.• A DTSS.• Xerographic-type (black-and-white) copiers and laser or bubble-jet

color copiers.• Color plotters.• Digital-film processors.

3-32. Lithographic presses are used for high volume (over 5,000 copies)monochrome and multicolor printing of standard-size map products (22 1/2 x29 1/2 inches). The time required for printing increases with each additionalcolor. Time constraints may make multicolor products impractical. NIMA isresponsible for printing and the DLA is responsible for distributing bulk mapproducts. Army quartermaster units are responsible for distribution at theoperational and tactical levels as a routine supply activity. Theater-leveltopographic units are responsible for providing digital and hard-copynonstandard products to theater customers. Dissemination of nonstandardproducts to theater customers will be accomplished in the most expeditiousmanner (electronically, through normal supply channels, intelligencechannels, or customer pick up). Production assets provide—

• Map substitutes (including image- and vector-based maps).• Expedient revisions or updates to topographic data.• Studies of terrain-analysis overlays and graphics.• Special-purpose products (see Appendix B).• Geodetic survey and precise positions.• Digital data (transform, develop, or duplicate).• Map overprints.

SPECIAL-PRODUCTS STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION, AND DISSEMINATION

3-33. The theater production element may produce large-volume specialproducts for command-wide distribution. These products will be distributedthrough the supply system with a national stock number (NSN). Low-volume(less than 200) and medium-volume (200 to 1,000) products will be distributedby the most expeditious means (not to exclude the Army’s supply system).

CORPS TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT

3-34. The senior corps engineer is responsible for all engineer matters,including topographic engineering. The senior topographic commanderassigned to the corps is the corps topographic officer. He is responsible for—

• Coordinating corps GI&S requirements for terrain analysis, databasemanagement, production, and survey.

• Tasking and prioritizing the corps topographic company’s work effortin DS of the corps.

• Facilitating the corps topographic company’s DS to the G3/G2.• Managing, collecting, maintaining, and distributing the corps’s digital

topographic database.• Coordinating with the corps G3/G2 for collecting terrain information,

as required.


FM 3-34.230

• Preparing the topographic annex or appendix to corps plans andorders.

• Assisting the G2 in defining requirements for topographic products tosupport the corps.

• Providing production (printing) and survey assistance for the rapidreplication of topographic products.

3-35. Topographic support at the corps level consists of a company-sizedelement in a DS role. This element’s capabilities include the same fullspectrum of topographic support as the battalion with the exception of theDTSS-B and its production capabilities. The company is task-organized by thecorps engineer and receives missions through the assistant corps engineer(ACE). The corps topographic-company commander serves as the corpstopographic officer, assisted by the corps GI&S officer assigned to the corpsengineer staff section. A company’s terrain-analysis platoon provides DS andGS to the corps by performing terrain analyses and furnishing rapid-responseand special-purpose GI&S to the corps staff. This facilitates current andfuture operations, plans, and corps-level maintenance of the CTOE. Thecorps’s printing assets are centrally located to optimize production support.Corps surveyors normally operate throughout the corps’s AO.

3-36. The company may task-organize in support of a division or TF for alimited time or in support of a particular tactical operation. Requirementsthat exceed the capability of corps topographic assets are referred to the EACtopographic battalion. If the distance from the battalion or the tacticalsituation dictates, the corps may receive an attached portion of an EACtopographic company.

3-37. The corps topographic company ensures that the full spectrum offunctional support is provided within the corps’s area. This support includes—

• Database management. Maintaining the corps’s database includesdevelopment and management for all topographic units within thecorps. The database functions of the corps topographers mirror those ofthe theater. The capability to produce GI&S data at the corps level ismuch more robust than at the division level. As with theatertopographic operations, corps topographic units provide GI&S to thecorps’s force-protection and force-projection missions by rapidlydeveloping, maintaining, and manipulating GI databases and byproducing special topographic products. Refer to Appendix D for adetailed description of database management.

• Terrain analysis. The terrain platoon at the corps level supports thedecision-making process. It provides TDAs for the corps commanderand staff to use in mission analysis, COA development, and thepreparation of annexes or appendixes to orders. This tasking usuallycomes through the ACE staff. Terrain-analysis platoons at theoperational level are primarily focused on planning and supportingmultidivisional or TF operations. This support is a refinement of thetheater or EAC analysis and collection efforts. Incorporating the EACanalysis with the corps analysis enables the planners to identify initialrequirements for GI data and products needed through the corps forthe operation. Appendix B provides a representative list of terrain


FM 3-34.230

products that support an analysis of the military aspects of terrain,which is not all-inclusive.

• Decision aids. Decision aids are a basic part of the corps IPB and EBAanalyses. They are rapidly created for quick integration with otherintelligence products. This facilitates the corps intelligence andengineer operations planning for analyzing the AO. The terrainanalyst analyzes the battlefield terrain and the effects of weather andthe environment to predict terrain impacts on military operations. Anintelligence order-of-battle analyst correlates the work accomplishedby the terrain analyst with aspects of terrain and enemy combat-systems capabilities to analyze the military aspects of terrain(OCOKA). Together, these two analysts provide the tacticalcommander with more valuable information than either could provideseparately. Analysts at the corps level may also augment a divisionterrain team with products, data, equipment, and soldiers.

3-38. The following corps functions and capabilities are the same as those inthe theater:

• Digital cartography.• Low-volume product reproduction.• Topographic survey.• Reproduction.• Special-product distribution and dissemination.

DIVISION TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT

3-39. The senior division engineer is responsible to the division commanderfor all engineer matters, including topographic engineering. He is responsiblefor tasking and prioritizing the division terrain detachment’s topographicwork effort in DS of the division. The division engineer and the assistantbrigade engineer are the focal point for assessing the terrain’s impact oncurrent and future operations based on the terrain detachment’s GI&Sproducts. The senior topographic commander assigned to the division is thedivision topographic officer (terrain detachment commander). The divisiontopographic officer is responsible for—

• Coordinating and managing division GI&S requirements for terrain-analysis database management and production.

• Managing, collecting, maintaining, and distributing the detachment’sdigital topographic database.

• Coordinating with the division G3/G2 for collecting terrain information(as required).

• Preparing the topographic annex or appendix to division plans andorders and coordinating with the G2 in defining requirements andrequesting topographic products to support the division.

• Recommending to the division engineer task organization to supportmaneuver brigades and the division tactical operations cell or otherdivision elements (as required).

3-40. Topographic terrain detachments are structured to support heavy orlight infantry forces. The detachments’ main functions are performing terrain


FM 3-34.230

analyses, developing GI products, managing topographic databases, anddisseminating GI products.

3-41. In the heavy digital division, the detachment commander will task-organize the detachment into elements that support division and brigade CPsand their commanders. The data-management and terrain-analysis elementat the DMAIN and the topographic terrain elements at brigade providesupport in the areas of—

• Database enhancement.• Database management and maintenance.• Database integration.• Topographic production.• Terrain analysis.• GI&S products.

3-42. The data-management element, the terrain-analysis element, andbrigade terrain elements are equipped with the DTSS. This systemincorporates advanced GIS computing, data management, printing andplotting, and scanning technologies into a single system that is tacticallymobile. It provides a means of producing a variety of GI products with terrain-analysis algorithms. The DTSS can produce multiple low-volume (less than200 copies), full-color, hard-copy products of the battlefield’s terrain as well aselectronic displays.

3-43. The division terrain-analysis detachment provides the followingsupport:

• Database management.• Topographic database development (predeployment).• Terrain analysis.• Topographic survey.• Topographic production.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

3-44. Topographic units must be prepared to create databases rapidly tosupport current and contingency operations. With strides made in ABCSinteroperability and connectivity, topographic units can digitally acquire andshare standard GI data for these operations. However, the primaryresponsibility for collecting and processing the CTOE database rests with thetheater and corps topographic companies.

3-45. Topographic units will prepare for tactical-operations support byacquiring GI and loading it into the primary and secondary servers containingthe master databases well before the supported unit deploys to its AO orcontingency area. Close coordination and working interfaces should beestablished with the intelligence staff to ensure access and acquisition ofimagery data through national imagery and other intelligence data sourcesearly in the crisis.

3-46. The terrain-analysis detachment commander and the brigade terrainsquad NCO must establish a close working relationship with the divisionengineer and the assistant brigade engineer to develop and practice TTP


FM 3-34.230

related to the production and dissemination of GI&S. This interoperabilitywith tactical engineer elements will ensure that terrain products andanalytical data are rapidly disseminated to the supported end users.

3-47. Database development and maintenance is an ongoing process. Thisimportant function of the engineer terrain-analysis detachment is detailed tothe data-management element. The data-management element of thedivision’s terrain detachment acquires terrain data, digital maps, and othertopographic information from all sources, both above and below division. Theinitial division topographic database may be acquired and built using datafrom the corps topographic company and other national or Army agency datasources during predeployment operations. However, once deployed, it is theresponsibility of the terrain detachment’s data-management element tomanage the secondary map file server and to maintain the division’s digitalterrain data and products. This includes the digital maps used by thedivision’s ABCS. Through the management and dissemination of thisinformation, the database-management element enables the ABCS operatorsto evaluate the terrain using the embedded mapping tool kit.

3-48. The division’s terrain-analysis detachment continuously acquires asmuch terrain data as possible over the division’s prospective AO and allcontingency missions to support operations within the AO. NIMA isresponsible for producing digital databases, foundation data (FD), andmission-specific data sets (MSDSs). The division’s terrain detachment usesthese databases to support the needs of the staff and maneuver commanders.In any area of the world where coverage is not available and the commander’sOPLAN considers the area operationally significant, the topographic terraindetachment must gather digital and hard-copy data relevant to that locationfor storage in the terrain database.

3-49. The terrain-analysis element will identify terrain-data requirementsand develop the terrain database using the operational requirements cited bythe division and subordinate commander as prioritized by the divisionengineer. The terrain-analysis database also contains other information asdeemed appropriate by the terrain-detachment commander. NIMA and theTEC provide information appropriate for this database.

3-50. Geographic information is exchanged between division, corps, andtheater topographic units. This data may then be transferred to the variousDTSS workstations at the DMAIN, the division tactical-analysis cell (DTAC),and brigade CPs via signal assets. The detachment commander has theoverall responsibility for establishing the TTP and standing operatingprocedures (SOPs) that address the means by which the database ispopulated. For example, as new terrain data is obtained and topographicproducts are created, the data should be checked, validated, and catalogedusing uniform naming conventions to facilitate the use of the database. Thisprovides the division’s ABCS users with easy access to the GI databaseresiding on the DTSS and Maneuver Control System (MCS) servers.

3-51. The division engineer or the assistant division engineer (ADE), incoordination with the G2/G3, oversees the data-management element locatedat the DMAIN’s mobility cell during garrison operations and followingdeployment. The noncommissioned officer in charge (NCOIC) of the data-


FM 3-34.230

management element manages the terrain-data file server. He oversees anddirects the topographic analysts in the population, update, and archival ofterrain databases. He assists in TTP and SOP development and enforcespolicy related to filing, formatting, storing, retrieving, and archiving thedigital terrain data acquired for all topographic elements of the command. Hecoordinates with the division engineer to set production and disseminationpriorities for topographical folders or products based on division staff andmaneuver brigade requirements. The topographic NCO at the brigade’stactical operations center (TOC) follows the established TTP and SOP formanaging and updating his GI database. He coordinates with the database-management NCOIC and the brigade engineer.

TOPOGRAPHIC DATABASE DEVELOPMENT (PREDEPLOYMENT)

3-52. The majority of topographic-database development begins during anoperation’s predeployment phase. During this phase, the topographicengineer’s primary mission is gaining maximum knowledge of the potentialAO and AOI. If additional information is needed, corps and theater supportmay be required to satisfy database deficiencies. This database provides thebasic reference for the production of special-purpose GI to support the tacticalcommander’s planning requirements. See Appendix B for databasecomposition.

3-53. Following deployment, enrichment data will be collected using allavailable information. The objective is to collect and produce topographicproducts rapidly to support the continuing IPB and EBA processes. Thedivision engineer works closely with the G2 and G3 during this phase toensure that sensors and reconnaissance assets are provided to enrich terraindata and information relative to mobility and countermobility operations.

3-54. Enriched data is that which is generated to update NIMA, theater,EAC, corps, and division topographic databases. Enriched data is driven fromthe top down or bottom up. Top-down GI feeds are primarily changes receivedfrom multiple sources that will change or modify GI. Bottom-up GI feeds areprimarily those that contribute to the modification of GI and are provided viatactical organizations (such as engineer reconnaissance elements, air andground scouts, division cavalry, brigade reconnaissance troops, and aerialsensors) using systems such as—

• Ground reconnaissance.• The unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV).• The Long-Range Acquisition System (LRAS).• Other engineer sources (such as corps engineer survey teams).• Imagery intelligence (IMINT) or human intelligence (HUMINT)

sources.• The Comanche.• The Longbow Apache.

3-55. Enrichment data retrieved from tactical units is normally provided viaverbal or digital reports or imagery to the supported maneuver unit’s TOC. Atthe brigade-level TOC, the brigade engineer or topographic analyst receivesthis information. Decisions regarding data validity lie with the ADE; qualityassurance lies with the G2. Once decisions are made about data validity or


FM 3-34.230

quality, the database manager will then update the master database (asrequired by the TTP or the SOP) and pass the updated data to the nexthighest level for inclusion to its master database.

3-56. The division terrain team at the DMAIN’s mobility cell consolidates theenrichment data forwarded by the division’s tactical elements. Theconsolidation process consists of organizing the data to present a CTOE ateach command level served. For example, a brigade report to the division thatshows individual minefields will be consolidated. Once consolidated withterrain data, the information presented on a combined-obstacle overlaypresents a complete picture related to mobility restrictions within thedivision’s AO or individual brigade sectors.

3-57. When operating with nondigitized units, the division’s terrain teamworks closely with the division engineer and the assistant brigade engineer todevelop unique TTP and operational SOPs that define the methods by whichinformation updates are disseminated. This coordination must occur to ensuredata integrity with all supported elements of the division.

3-58. The Database Management System (DBMS) is an automated toolprovided to the analyst. It is a complex set of software programs embeddedwithin the DTSS to assist the analyst in controlling the organization, storage,and retrieval of data suborganized by file and recorded in a database. It alsoprovides database security, thereby ensuring integrity. The DBMSautomatically correlates data from various sources, enabling the analyst tomanipulate the data to create and disseminate new or updated topographicalproducts. The DBMS also facilitates the exchange or addition of newcategories of data, such as digital maps or overlays, without major disruptionsto ongoing work.

TERRAIN ANALYSIS

3-59. Division terrain-analysis support provides the commander and staffelements at the division and below with essential information used in missionanalysis and COA development as well as in the preparation of annexes orappendixes to orders (see Appendix E).

3-60. The following paragraphs discuss the terrain analysis supporting theDMAIN, the TAC, and the maneuver brigades (when employed). TheDMAIN’s terrain-analysis element supports the division’s topographic needsbut focuses on meeting the analytical requirements of the division commanderand his staff—mainly the G2 and the G3.

3-61. The terrain-detachment element supporting the division TAC providestechnical advice and assistance to the assistant division commander-maneuver (ADC-M) and other staff officers from the TAC’s engineer mobilitycell. This cell establishes a working interface with the mobility cell tofacilitate terrain and battle-space visualization. Using the DTSS and the All-Source Analysis System (ASAS), this cell develops and disseminatesspecialized topographic products through the MCS for use by DTACrepresentatives and the maneuver brigades. This frees the engineer mobilityelement to concentrate on the C2 of engineer operations, the receipt andlogging of tactical reports, and the execution of administrative actions relatedto the maintenance of situational awareness and the CTOE.


FM 3-34.230

3-62. Terrain cells supporting the brigade provide topographic analysis forbrigade commanders. The brigade engineer in the brigade’s TOC rolls up all ofthe brigade’s topographic requirements. Using this guidance, the topographicanalyst reviews the GI database resident on the DTSS to facilitatedevelopment and production of mission folders and other specific topographicproducts to complement topographic analysis for the specific missionsperformed in support of deep, close, and rear operations.

3-63. Under the division commander’s guidance, information received fromthe division staff and maneuver brigades, echelons above division (EAD), andthe command-estimate process, the ADE identifies friendly- and enemy-terrain data acquired from the MCS and ASAS databases. The terrain-analysis process begins by reviewing all information resident in thetopographic database to determine information requirements and data voidsin support of specific requirements or tactical operations. The topographicanalyst uses the DTSS to acquire this information via client-serverrelationships over the DMAIN’s local-area network (LAN).

3-64. During the analytical process, the terrain analyst will begin compilingtopographic information and terrain products to be included in mission foldersto support tactical operations identified by the ADE and the assistant brigadeengineer. The terrain element officer in charge (OIC)/NCOIC at the DMAINand brigade TOCs will, as the situation dictates, provide the commanderswith a verbal descr ipt ion of the terrain supported by graphicalrepresentations. The graphical picture (digital overlay) illustrates specificterrain considerations and the recommendations provided by the division orbrigade engineer. In the event of digital failures or where units supportingtactical operations are not digitally equipped, it is recommended that thedivision engineer uses and disseminates paper products to offset the flow oftopographic data.

3-65. The topographic analyst has a robust digital cartographic capabilitywithin the DTSS software suite. This capability is used to display GI productsas required. During field operations, time constraints may limit the full use ofthe cartographic finishing process. Cartographic appearance may not be ascritical as the accurate hasty product. Where time permits (garrisonoperations), digital cartography will be applied according to the local SOP.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

3-66. The requirements for topographic surveys in the division are limitedbased on the current and future technologies of organic positioningequipment. The division’s topographic-survey requirements are collected bythe division engineer (DIVEN) staff and forwarded to the corps’s engineerstaff where the survey assets reside. Topographic-survey requirements can beacross the BOS from FA, ADA, aviation, intelligence, communications, orconstruction control points. The majority of topographic-survey requirementsat the division are for initial-positioning validation or establishment.

TOPOGRAPHIC PRODUCTION

3-67. Topographic production includes a graphic portrayal of information(usually in cartographic and imagery formats) and hasty graphics


FM 3-34.230

reproduction. The corps’s topographic-production assets will augment thedivision’s terrain detachment to support hard-copy production requirementsthat exceed the division’s low-volume production capability. As part of theproduction process, the division’s terrain detachment at the DMAINconsolidates production requirements and develops special terrain productsfor distribution to requestors using the DTSS. The DTSS enables thetopographic analyst to receive, format or reformat, store, retrieve, create,update, manipulate, and distribute digital topographic data to the TAC,maneuver brigades, and other users of the information within the division.

3-68. As requests for information are received, the division or brigadeengineer staff prioritizes the production effort. For example, a change inmission has caused a unit to maneuver through an area where movement isrestricted. A new requirement has been created whereby the topographicanalysts must now conduct a hasty topographic analysis and developassociated overlays to support this maneuver rather than continue work on apreviously designated project. As a result, the division engineer realigns workpriorities and reprioritizes projects. The terrain-detachment commandersubsequently assigns the various topographic analysts’ work priority incoordination with the appropriate engineer staff officer (the divisionengineer), the ADE, the plans officer, the battalion S2, and so forth.

3-69. As part of the production process, topographic analysts at all commandlevels prepare and develop mission folders that contain specific topographicinformation and terrain products relative to the command level or unitsupported. These products are used to gain a better appreciation of the terrainand its use by filling information voids or defining operational impacts. As thetactical situation develops, the topographic analysts work closely with thedivision engineer or the brigade engineer to provide the CTOE that identifiesall terrain features impacting maneuver at both the division and maneuverbrigade levels. Analysts can share this folder during the production process toensure that the information provided is complete in all respects and that thedata contained in the folder has been validated before dissemination.

3-70. Web-based technologies provide a way to rapidly catalog anddisseminate GI databases. For example, developing and maintaining a terrainhome page that may be accessed via the division’s LAN is one method thatmay be used for providing GI. This home page could consist of a series offolders that include relevant information related to topographic analysis andassociated overlays. It could also reference information pertaining to thelocation of available terrain products.

3-71. The division’s terrain detachment uses the master GI database todevelop specific terrain products, topographic information, and decision aids,which are distributed through the primary and secondary file serversestablished throughout the division. The embedded mapping tool kit of theDTSS and the ABCS contains a set of software that enables terrain evaluationusing a set of standardized criteria that focuses on topographic analysis andthe production of terrain products. The mapping tool kit facilitates thetopographic analysts’ and ABCS operator’s ability to evaluate the AO, developa limited set of TDAs, and provide an accurate digital display of terrain data.


FM 3-34.230

3-72. The concept of TDAs provides the means for mission-focusedtopographic support at the tactical level. These TDAs are used to organizeterrain information and products into data sets to answer terrain-relatedquestions, considerations, or impacts for a specific AO. With the assignment ofterrain-detachment elements at the DMAIN, the DTAC, and the maneuverbrigades, commanders are empowered in their ability to request and expecttimely and responsive topographic support. Battle drills developed andpracticed by the topographic analyst at the DMAIN, DTAC, and maneuverbrigade’s terrain-detachment elements facilitate the timely development ofmission folders needed to support tactical operations.


Chapter 4

Battlefield Digitization

Advances in technology continue to affect how we conduct warfare.Communications connectivity, line-of-sight (LOS) limitations, map andcompass navigation, hierarchical flow and bottlenecked information, andstatic CPs are all giving way to new technologies and procedures as wedigitize the battlefield. The military is modernizing its forces throughdigitization. Digitization is the near-real-time transfer of battlefieldinformation between diverse fighting elements. This transfer permits theshared awareness of the tactical situation. Digitization leveragesinformation-age technologies to enhance the art of command and tofacilitate the science of control. Continued insertion of digital (data)technology into sensors, intelligence fusion systems, communicationssystems, and smart munitions will increase our ability to manage, process,distribute, and display C2 information rapidly and globally.

OVERVIEW

4-1. Microprocessing and space-based technologies have combined to permitalmost real-time distribution of battlefield information. Broadbandtransmission systems, modular communications components, and automateddecision-support systems enable high-speed data distribution to all levels ofthe C2 structure. Facsimile, video, global-positioning information, and graphicoverlays for digital mapping are examples that support commanders even atlower echelon units (the war-fighting entity).

4-2. This chapter describes the digital systems used by the DOD and theArmy. The linkage of these systems is critical for maintaining situationalawareness and common-picture displays and for providing information to thebattle commander. The key components are GI, digital-map backgrounds,TDAs, and topographic-analysis products. Although these components arevertical or stovepipe development programs, it is mandatory that we integratethem horizontally.

GLOBAL COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM

4-3. The Global Command and Control System (GCCS) is a predominantsource for generating, receiving, sharing, and using information securely. Itprovides reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) information and access toglobal intelligence sources as well as data on the precise location of friendlyforces. The GCCS and GCCS-Tactical (GCCS-T) provide a means for crisisplanning, intelligence analysis and support, tactical planning and execution,and collaborative planning.

Battlefield Digitization 4-1

FM 3-34.230

4-4. War fighters can plan, execute, and manage military operations with theGCCS. The system helps joint-force commanders synchronize the actions ofair, land, sea, space, and special-operations forces. It has the flexibility to beused in a range of operations—from actual combat to humanitarianassistance. The Joint Operational Planning and Execution System (JOPES) isresponsible for maintaining and updating the nation’s worldwide militaryplans. This system has been transferred into the digital environment.

ARMY BATTLE COMMAND SYSTEM

4-5. The ABCS will provide the framework for the digitized battlefield tobecome interoperable. The system is an integrated network of battlefieldautomated information systems, providing a seamless C2 capability from thestrategic echelon to the foxhole. It uses common hardware, a core set ofcommon support software, and functionally unique software. The ABCS’spurpose is to help commanders obtain optimal, near-real-time access to CCIRthrough force-level databases. Optimal means getting the right information tothe right place at the right time, under all war-fighting conditions. The ABCSprovides strategic, operational, and tactical C2 for contingency operationsacross all spectrums of conflict. Joint Vision 2010 and Army Vision 2010 layout the future strategic framework concepts for US forces. Both of thesevisions identify combined and joint activities as the reality for any futuremilitary operation. The requirement for, and means of, achievinginteroperability between systems is developing rapidly. The primary systemsof the ABCS include the—

• GCCS-Army (GCCS-A).• MCS.• ASAS.• Combat-Service-Support Control System (CSSCS).• Forward-Area Air-Defense System for Command and Control

(FAADC2).• Advanced Field-Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS).• Force XXI Battle Command—Brigade and Below (FBCB2) System.

Additionally, the ABCS is supported by the—• Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2).• DTSS.• Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS).• Integrated Systems Control (ISYSCON).• War-Fighter Information Network (WIN) and the Tactical Internet

(TI).

4-6. The ABCS will provide users with standard, modular systems andapplications-support software coupled with a tailorable set of functionalapplications software (both common and functionally unique). This systemand software will create, access, and update the ABCS common database(ACDB) and generate a user-defined relevant common operational picture ofthe battlefield in both time and space. The ABCS’s current developmentalprograms extend from the joint/strategic command, control, computers,communications, and intelligence (C4I) systems via the GCCS-A through the

4-2 Battlefield Digitization

FM 3-34.230

TO to the operational/tactical headquarters. These systems will culminate innear-real-time, digital links among the tactical BOS functions at brigade andbelow. The WIN will be developed to satisfy communications requirementsessential to the ABCS’s information exchange. The WIN must support the warfighter under all conditions.

4-7. The ABCS is the integration of fielded and developmental BOSs andcommunications used in both training and tactical environments, in developedand undeveloped theaters, and in fixed installations and mobile facilities. TheABCS is interoperable with standard DOD C4I systems, architectures, andprotocols. The objective is to network the strategic, operational, and tacticalheadquarters and to interoperate with theater, joint, and combined C2

systems across the full range of BOS functions. The ABCS will use automatedsource data entry wherever possible to populate the ACDB. This is tailorableto support information requirements, planning, and the use of decision-support tools by commanders to meet METT-TC requirements.

GLOBAL COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM-ARMY

4-8. The GCCS-A is the Army’s link between the ABCS and the GCCS. TheGCCS-A will provide a set of modular applications and information anddecision support to Army strategic planning, operations, and sustainment.The GCCS-A will support the apportionment, allocation, logistical support,and deployment of Army forces to the combat commands. The system will beused for force tracking; host-nation and civil-affairs support; theater airdefense; targeting; psychological operations; C2; and logistics, medical, andpersonnel statuses. The GCCS-A will be deployed from theater EAC elementsto corps.

MANEUVER CONTROL SYSTEM

4-9. The MCS is the primary battle-command source. It provides the commonoperational picture, decision aids, and overlay capabilities to support thetactical commander through interface with the force-level informationdatabase populated from the other BOSs. The MCS provides the commonapplications necessary to access and manipulate the information database. Itwill satisfy information requirements for a specific operation; effect timelycontrol of current combat operations (deep, close, and rear); and develop anddistribute plans, orders, and estimates effectively in support of futureoperations. It will also support the decision-making process. The MCS will bedeployed from corps to the maneuver battalions.

ALL-SOURCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM

4-10. The ASAS is the intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) componentfrom EAC to the battalion. It is a mobile, tactically deployable, computer-assisted IEW processing system. The ASAS receives and rapidly processeslarge volumes of combat information and sensor reports from all sources toprovide timely and accurate targeting information, intelligence products, andthreat alerts. It consists of evolutionary modules that perform system-operations management, system security, collection management,intelligence processing and reporting, high-value/high-payoff targetprocessing and nominations, and communications processing and interfacing.


FM 3-34.230

The ASAS—Remote Workstation (ASAS-RWS) provides automated supportto the G2/S2’s doctrinal functions from EAC through battalion, includingspecial-operations forces (SOF). It also operates as the technical-controlportion of the ABCS’s intelligence node to provide current IEW and enemysituation (ENSIT) information to the intelligence database for access and useby the ABCS’s users. The ASAS produces the ENSIT portion of thebattlefield’s common operational picture disseminated by the ABCS network.

COMBAT-SERVICE-SUPPORT CONTROL SYSTEM

4-11. The CSSCS provides critical, timely, integrated, and accurateautomated CSS information to CSS, maneuver, and theater commanders andlogistics and special staffs. Critical resource data is drawn from manualresources and from the Standard Army Management Information System(STAMIS) at each echelon (STAMIS will evolve to the Integrated Combat-Service-Support System [ICS3]). The CSSCS processes, analyzes, andintegrates resource information to support the evaluation of current andprojected force-sustainment capabilities. It will be deployed from EAC tobrigade level.

FORWARD-AREA AIR-DEFENSE SYSTEM FOR COMMAND AND CONTROL

4-12. The FAADC2 system integrates air-defense (AD) fire units, sensors, andC2 centers into a coherent system capable of defeating or denying the aerialthreat (UAVs, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and so forth). It provides theautomated interface (corps and below) for the AD control segments to theABCS and allows commanders to communicate, plan, coordinate, direct, andcontrol the counterair fight. The system provides rapid collection, storage,processing, display, and dissemination of critical, time-sensitive situationalawareness (air and ground) and battle-command information throughout theforward-area AD battalion and between other AD, Army, joint, and combinedelements. The FAADC2 provides the third-dimension situational-awarenesscomponent of the ACDB. The air- and missile-defense workstation (AMDWS)will provide elements from EAC to battalion with the capability to track theair- and missile-defense battle.

ADVANCED FIELD-ARTILLERY TACTICAL DATA SYSTEM

4-13. The AFATDS provides automated decision support for the FS functionalsubsystem, to include joint and combined fire (such as naval gunfire and closeair support). The AFATDS provides a fully integrated FS C2 system, givingthe FS coordinator (FSCOORD) automated support for planning,coordinating, controlling, and executing close support, counterfire,interdiction, and AD suppression fires. The AFATDS performs all of the FSoperational functions, including automated allocation and distribution of firesbased on target-value analysis. The AFATDS will be deployed from EAC tothe firing batteries and will provide the FS overlay information to the ACDB.

FORCE XXI BATTLE COMMAND—BRIGADE AND BELOW

4-14. The FBCB2 is a set of digitally interoperable applications and platformhardware. It provides on-the-move, real-time, and near-real-time situationalawareness and C2 information to combat, combat support (CS), and CSS


FM 3-34.230

leaders from brigade to the platform and soldier levels. The FBCB2 willpopulate the ACDB with automated positional friendly information andcurrent tactical battlefield geometry for friendly and known or suspectedenemy forces. The goal is to field the FBCB2 to the tank and the Bradleyfighting vehicle and other platforms with a common look-and-feel screen.Common hardware and software design will facilitate training and SOPs.

ARMY AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL

4-15. The A2C2 system is an aircraft-based C2 system that provides themaneuver commander with an airborne C2 capability. The system includesvoice and data equipment for battlefield information processing andconnectivity equivalent to the ground tactical CP and the battle-commandvehicle (BCV). This enables the war fighter to exercise C2 of assigned andattached elements and to coordinate with adjacent, supported, and supportingforces. Specifically, the A2C2 system provides a relevant common picture ofthe battlefield and provides the necessary C4I links to keep this commonpicture updated and completely interoperable with other C2 vehicles (such asthe BCV and the command and control vehicle (C2V). This systemincorporates components of the common operating environment. Duringoperations other than war, the system will provide connectivity to embassy,law-enforcement, maritime, civil, and other humanitarian information andcommunications networks.

DIGITAL TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT SYSTEM

4-16. The DTSS is the topographic-engineer and topographic-analysiscomponent that provides critical, timely, accurate, and analyzed digital andhard-copy mapping products to the battle commander for terrainvisualization. The DTSS is an integral part of the force-level informationdatabase. It supports commanders from theater (via the GCCS-A) to brigade(via the MCS or FBCB2) levels by preparing tailored map products and TDAs.The DTSS will also generate tailored data sets for war-fighting entities basedon data sets prepared by NIMA, intelligence resources, and imagery-collectionassets. Tailored data sets and TDAs are created using the GIS and imagery-analysis software. Units will deploy with a foundation data set and MSDSbased on missions and contingency areas. Map updates and enriched data setswill be disseminated using satellite and tactical communications means. TheDTSS will manage all digital topographic data at the echelon at which it isemployed.

INTEGRATED METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM

4-17. The IMETS is the meteorological component of the IEW subelement ofthe ABCS. The IMETS provides commanders at all echelons with anautomated weather system to receive, process, and disseminate weatherobservations, forecasts, and weather and environmental effects decision aidsto all BOSs. The IMETS and staff weather teams are assigned to echelonsfrom brigade through EAC and to Army SOF. They receive weatherinformation from polar-orbiting civilian and defense meteorological satellites,the Air Force Global Weather Center, artillery meteorological teams, remotesensors, and civilian forecast centers. The IMETS processes and collates


FM 3-34.230

forecasts, observations, and climatological data to produce timely andaccurate weather products tailored to the specific war fighter’s needs. Themost significant weather and environmental support to war fighters is theautomated TDAs produced by the IMETS. These graphics go beyond briefingthe weather by displaying the impact of the weather on current, projected, orhypothesized conditions on both friendly and enemy capabilities. Instead ofreacting to the weather, the war fighter can use it to his advantage.

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS CONTROL

4-18. The ISYSCON provides automated management and synchronization ofmultiple tactical communications and C2 systems. Theater, EAC, and divisionsignal units will use the ISYSCON. It will provide automated assistance forthe following signal operations:

• Network planning and engineering.• Battlefield-spectrum management (BSM).• Wide-area network (WAN) management.• Communications-security (COMSEC) management.• C2 of signal units.

TACTICAL INTERNET

4-19. The TI, a subcomponent of the WIN, will enhance war-fighteroperations by providing an improved, integrated data communication networkfor mobile users. The TI passes C4I information, extending tacticalautomation C4I systems to the soldier/weapons platform. The TI will focus onbrigade and below to provide the parameters in defining a tactical automateddata communications network.

COMBAT TERRAIN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

4-20. Essential to the ABCS’s operational concept and relevant commonpicture are single-entry, near-real-time information and automatedinteraction between each BOS. This interaction should be such that dataentered at any node in the architecture is distributed to all other nodesrequiring that data without copying or re-entering the information. Theelapsed time will be consistent with the needs of the operational mission. TheABCS will allow users with different security classifications to use a singlecommunications backbone.

4-21. It is important to achieve interoperability between the ABCS and theCTIS, with the CTIS being the component for topographic data. This is thecapability of people, organizations, and equipment to operate effectivelytogether and share information so that it can be used across domains.Geospatial interoperability is hindered by information extracted to varyingdefinitions, attribution rules, reference geometry, resolution, content, andcurrentness. It is also hindered by finishing and dissemination processes thatapply varying formats and inconsistent data boundaries and tiling schemes.User systems may reformat information, apply inconsistent symbology, or runanalytic and visualization packages based on different assumptions or rules.It is both impossible and undesirable to root out all differences because GI


FM 3-34.230

supports so many specialized applications. Compatibility must be achievedacross essential interfaces (BOSs) through common data models and exchangestandards.

4-22. The CTIS will provide four systems with the automation tools to supportthe Army's operational and tactical terrain-visualization missions. Thesesystems will allow topographic analysts to manipulate and manage digitalterrain data to produce accurate, tailored, digital terrain-visualizationproducts and to produce multicolor hard-copy map products. The CTIS allowsthe fusion of information from different domains and provides an integratedview of the mission space. The DTSS is currently being fielded as areplacement for the Legacy Systems (see Appendix F).

• The DTSS-B supports theater operations with imagery interpretationand generation of data obtained from national resources. Productsgenerated are disseminated to forward-deployed C2 and topographicengineer assets.

• The DTSS-D (see Figure 4-1) supports all topographic engineer unitsby providing sophisticated imagery-analysis and GIS topographic-analysis tools. This transit-case system is tailorable to the mission andcommand deployment requirements.

• The DTSS-H (see Figure 4-1) is a tactical system mounted on 5-tontrucks with a 20-foot international standards organization (ISO)shelter. The system is located at corps and heavy division CPs and hasfull topographic-analysis functionality and rapid digital-map-generation capability.

Figure 4-1. DTSS

DTSS-L

DTSS-D DTSS-H


FM 3-34.230

• The DTSS-L (see Figure 4-1, page 4-7) is mounted on high-mobility,multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs) supporting JTF tomaneuver-brigade-force operations. The DTSS-L develops andmanages products tailored and focused for the supported unit’s mission

4-23. Future requirements will require digital access to databases and theability to enrich and exploit GI. Topographic-engineer responsibilities includeidentifying, submitting, and prioritizing requirements and managing anddisseminating information and updates.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

4-24. Surveying has become a digital science. The modern survey systemswork with software specifically designed to process field data, performcomputations, and produce a precise product (whether it is a globalpositioning system [GPS] network, a digital database, or a computer-aideddesign [CAD]). Survey computations require a computer system to processlarge amounts of mathematics variables. The effort should be ongoing toobtain or upgrade to the fastest systems available. Computer resources arestandardized on the tables of organization and equipment (TOE) for unitswith topographic surveyors. Application and functional software packagesincrease the topographic surveyor’s efficiency and productivity. The surveyinformation center (SIC) collects and disseminates the positioning andorientation requirements of NIMA; FA, ADA, and armor units; and the USAF.The SIC maintains a digital database capable of archiving, querying, andmanipulating survey control. The topographic surveyor is equipped withcommon GPS hardware and software, CAD software (Terramodel andAutocad), and survey-applications software.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM—SURVEY

4-25. The Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) GPS iscapable of determining accurate positional, velocity, and timing information.The Precise Positioning Service (PPS) consists of military users andauthorized representatives. The PPS user can obtain high instantaneouspositioning if the receiver is capable of accepting the necessary cryptologicvariables. When two or more receivers are used, it is called differential GPS(DGPS) surveying. The error values are determined and removed from thesurvey either by postprocessing or real-time processing of the data. The typeof DGPS survey method used depends on accuracy requirements. There aretwo basic types of DGPS surveys—the static and dynamic surveys. The staticsurvey uses a stationary network of receivers, collecting simultaneousobservations over a predetermined time interval. This type of survey yieldsthe best accuracy. The dynamic survey uses one stationary receiver and anynumber of remote or roving receivers. It allows for rapid movement andcollection of data over a large area. When operating in real-time mode, theroving receiver can place very accurate positions instantaneously, as themission requires, on the battlefield.


FM 3-34.230

AUTOMATED INTEGRATED SURVEY INSTRUMENT

4-26. The automated integrated survey instrument (AISI) provides thetopographic surveyor with the improved capability to extend control in a moretimely and efficient manner. It is a total station, combining angular, distance,and vertical measurements into a single electronic instrument. The AISI isdesigned to digitally record and transfer data into a computer.


Appendix A

Metric Conversion Chart

This appendix complies with current Army directives that state that themetric system will be incorporated into all new publications. Table A-1 is aconversion chart.

Table A-1. Metric Conversion Chart

Metric to English English to Metric

Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain

Length

Centimeters 0.0394 Inches Inches 2.54 Centimeters

Meters 3.28 Feet Feet 0.0305 Meters

Meters 1.094 Yards Yards 0.9144 Meters

Kilometers 0.621 Miles (stat) Miles (stat) 1.5609 Kilometers

Kilometers 0.540 Miles (naut) Miles (naut) 1.853 Kilometers

Millimeters 0.039 Inches Inches 25.40 Millimeters

Area

Squarecentimeters

0.1550 Square inches Square inches 6.45Squarecentimeters

Square meters 10.76 Square feet Square feet 0.0929 Square meters

Square meters 1.196 Square yards Square yards 0.836 Square meters

Volume

Cubiccentimeters

0.610 Cubic inches Cubic inches 16.39Cubiccentimeters

Cubic meters 35.3 Cubic feet Cubic feet 0.0283 Cubic meters

Cubic meters 1.308 Cubic yards Cubic yards 0.765 Cubic meters

Milliliters 0.0338 US liq ounces US liq ounces 29.6 Milliliters

Liters 1.057 US liq quarts US liq quarts 0.946 Liters

Liters 0.264 US liq gallons US liq gallons 3.79 Liters

Weight

Grams 0.0353 Ounces Ounces 28.4 Grams

Kilograms 2.20 Pounds Pounds 0.454 Kilograms

Metric tons 1.102 Short tons Short tons 0.907 Metric tons

Metric tons 0.984 Long tons Long tons 1.016 Metric tons

Metric Conversion Chart A-1

Appendix B

Standard and Nonstandard Topographic Products

The topographic community has dramatically increased its ability toprovide timely, accurate map backgrounds and decision aids to assist thecommander at all echelons to visualize the terrain. Digital methods oftopographic analysis, cartography, printing, and surveying haverevolutionized the methods of presenting essential elements of terraininformation. Combined with the ability to transmit GI rapidly around theworld, this will assist the engineer in establishing the CTOE for the warfighter.

OVERVIEW

B-1. This appendix is intended to provide a graphical reference for the warfighter. It is divided into three main sections—standard topographic productsand services provided by NIMA, nonstandard topographic products and TDAsproduced by the topographic unit, and terrain-evaluation aids produced by theindividual consumers. All of these processes depend on a common database ofGI. The use of GI data ranges from product viewing and terrain evaluation tocomplex terrain analyses. The DTSS is the primary tool used to preparecomplex products or TDAs. This support can be found at theater, corps, anddivision. Several suites of government and commercial software will providethe individual consumer with the tools to view and evaluate the terrain.

STANDARD TOPOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

B-2. Standard NIMA-produced maps, graphics, and digital GI are availablethrough normal supply channels. This includes, but is not limited, to standardstock-numbered items such as—

• Hard-copy products, including—■ Topographic line maps (TLMs) — 1:25,000; 1:50,000; and 1:100,000.■ City graphics — 1:12,500 to 1:5,000.■ Joint operational graphics (JOGs) — 1:250,000.■ Tactical pilot charts (TPCs) — 1:500,000.■ Operational navigation charts (ONCs) — 1:1 million.■ Jet navigation charts (JNCs) — 1:3 million.■ Global navigation charts (GNCs) — 1:5 million.■ Other small-scale, large-area planning charts — 1:10 million to 1:40

million.■ Topographic publications and services (handbooks and text files,

catalogs, and services).■ Planning terrain-analysis database (PTADB).

Standard and Nonstandard Topographic Products B-1

FM 3-34.230

■ Targeting support information (hard-copy charts, targeting data,digital models, and catalogs).

■ Imagery-analysis information (reports and tailored products).■ International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) chart series.■ Hydrographic publications and services (handbooks, services, and

catalogs).■ Aeronautical publication services (catalogs and handbooks).■ Flight-information publications (FLIPs).

• Digital and soft-copy GI, including—■ Arc digitized raster graphics (ADRGs) — TLMs, city graphics, JOGs,

ONCs, TPCs, JNCs, and GNCs.■ Compressed ADRG (CADRG) — TLMs, city graphics, JOGs, ONCs,

TPCs, JNCs, and GNCs.■ Controlled-image base (CIB) panchromatic, 10-, 5-, and 1-meter

resolution imagery.■ City-image graphics.■ Digital terrain-elevation data (DTED) — levels 1 through 5.■ Fire-finder elevation data (FFED) — based on DTED level 1.■ Vector map — levels 0, 1, 2, and urban.■ Interim terrain data (ITD) — 1:50,000.■ Vector interim terrain data (VITD) — 1:250,000.■ Digital feature-analysis data (DFAD) — levels 1 and 1C.■ Foundation feature data (FFD) — 1:250,000 varies to 1:100,000.■ MSDS — variable large scales (supplements FFD).■ Compressed aeronautical chart (CAC).■ Digital point position database (DPPDB) — classified SECRET.

NONSTANDARD TOPOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS

B-3. Nonstandard topographic products are produced from multiple sourcesand can be printed on film (when available) or paper. They can also betransmitted digitally via signal assets in several file formats. These productsare used as TDAs or map substitutes.

B-4. A TDA is any product that assists the commander in visualizing theterrain. It is an enhanced representation of existing terrain and weather dataused to highlight impacts to military operations. TDA models include, but arenot limited to the following models. The paragraphs that follow are examplesof TDAs produced by these models.

• Mobility.• Terrain elevation.• Special-purpose product builders (SPPBs).• Intervisibility.• Tactical dam (TACDAM) analysis.• IMETS.• Environmental and climatology.

B-2 Standard and Nonstandard Topographic Products

FM 3-34.230

MOBILITY

B-5. The mobility model provides speed predictions for movement on road, offroad, and across rivers and streams under specific weather conditions. It isalso used to determine the major reasons (primary vehicle, terrain, or weatherinfluences) that cause either restricted mobility or speed reductions forvehicles or foot marches. The mobility model uses—

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] Reference MobilityModel II (NRMMII).

• The Waterways Experiment Station (WES) algorithm integrated withthe Arc Info and Grid GIS.

• Regional attribute translation tables.• DMA feature file (DMAFF) ITD attributes (limited area coverage).• Historical weather inputs and IMETS weather data.

B-6. The following are examples of TDAs produced by the mobility model:

• On-road speed. Depicts the on-road speed for a user-specified vehicleusing the NRMMII as determined from weather data, soil conditions,and the transportation network. See Figure B-1, page B-11.

• Off-road speed. Depicts the off-road speed for a user-specified vehicleusing the NRMMII as determined from weather data, soil conditions,vegetation, slope, and obstacles. See Figure B-2, page B-12.

• On-road reason. Depicts the on-road speed and the limiting factors for aparticular on-road speed product. See Figure B-3, page B-13.

• Off-road reason. Depicts the off-road speed and the limiting factors fora particular off-road speed product. See Figure B-4, page B-14.

• On-road comparison. Depicts the on-road areas where one vehicle has aspeed advantage over another vehicle, taking into account the on-roadspeed predictions for each vehicle. See Figure B-5, page B-15.

• Off-road comparison. Depicts the off-road areas where one vehicle has aspeed advantage over another vehicle, taking into account the off-roadspeed predictions for each vehicle. See Figure B-6, page B-16.

• Trafficability. Depicts the number of passes a user-specified vehicle cancross the terrain before it becomes severely restricted. See Figure B-7,page B-17.

• Surface degradation. Depicts the rut depth created by a vehicle for auser-specified number of passes with a user-specified vehicle. SeeFigure B-8, page B-18.

• Gap crossing. Depicts the ford, span, and swim capability for a user-specified vehicle. See Figure B-9, page B-19.

• Gap-crossing reason. Depicts the reasons why conditions exist for aparticular gap-crossing product. See Figure B-10, page B-20.

• On-road route. Depicts the optimum on-road route between two or moreuser-specified points by analyzing an existing on-road speed product.See Figure B-11, page B-21.

• Overland route. Depicts the best overland route between two or moreuser-specified points by analyzing an input shaded-time-distanceproduct. The start point for the overland-route product must be the


FM 3-34.230

same point used to generate the shaded-time-distance product. SeeFigure B-12, page B-22.

• Mobility corridors. Depicts the maximum size corridors aroundrestricted areas using an off-road speed product together with troopsize. See Figure B-13, page B-23.

• Shaded-time distance. Depicts the time required for a user-specifiedvehicle to travel from a user-specified location to all other locations inthe AOI. This product is generated from existing on-road and off-roadspeed products. See Figure B-14, page B-24.

TERRAIN ELEVATION

B-7. The terrain-elevation model produces products based on DTED. Theseproducts will provide the battlefield commander with a quick view of theterrain based on relief and slope. Elevation products are useful fordetermining air avenues of approach (AAs), signal transmission and receptionsites, key terrain, and mobility (based on slope).

B-8. The following are examples of TDAs produced by the terrain-elevationmodel:

• Contours. Depicts a contour map at user-defined intervals fromelevation data. See Figure B-15, page B-25.

• Contour tint. Depicts contours color coded to user-defined intervals.Intervals can be constant or variable. See Figure B-16, page B-26.

• Elevation tint. Depicts a polygonal banded elevation product at user-defined intervals. Intervals can be constant or variable. See Figure B-17,page B-27.

• Slope. Depicts polygonal groupings of user-defined slope ranges inpercent. See Figure B-18, page B-28.

• Slope aspect. Depicts the prevailing direction of slope (for example,north facing or east facing). See Figure B-19, page B-29.

SPECIAL-PURPOSE PRODUCT BUILDER

B-9. The SPPB model provides the capability to produce, combine, and queryattributes of existing products. This enables the creation of user-definedoutput products such as concealment, bivouac sites, construction resources,drop zones, and landing zones. The SPPB model—

• Uses user-defined queries from vector data or existing products.• Uses ITD, VITD, DFAD, and FFD.• Has the ability to store, edit, and share frequently used queries.• Incorporates proximity analysis or size criteria.

B-10. The following are examples of TDAs produced by the SPPB model:

• Data query. Data query allows the user to create tailored products byquerying the feature attribute database.

• Helicopter landing zone. These zones are created by querying the ITDdatabase for relatively flat slope areas, sparse vegetation, and well-drained soils. See Figure B-20, page B-30.


FM 3-34.230

• Smart Stacker. Smart Stacker performs Boolean queries betweenexisting product categories to create new product categories. UnlikeProduct Stacker, which results in everything in all input products,Smart Stacker results in a product that meets the query criteria fromeach input product. Input can be any polygonal mobility, terrain-elevation, intervisibility, or SPPB product. The displayed productdepicts acceptable helicopter landing zones in masked areas. Thehelicopter landing-zone product created in data query and the masked-area plot product created with the intervisibility functions wasinputted to creat this product. See Figure B-21, page B-31.

INTERVISIBILITY

B-11. The intervisibility models graphically display information based onterrain elevation (including feature height [vegetation]) if it is selected andavailable. The models are used to depict areas where observers and targetswould be visible to each other or hidden from view. The intervisibility model—

• Uses digital elevation data as input.• Can include feature height information.• Uses user-specified sites or flight paths.• Uses user-specified target locations or altitudes.• Uses optical or electronic LOS.

B-12. The following are examples of TDAs produced by the intervisibilitymodel:

• Masked-area plot. Depicts areas around a site in which a target (at auser-specified altitude) is shielded from that site. See Figure B-22,page B-32.

• Target acquisition. Depicts the points at which incoming targets (at user-specified altitudes) first become visible to a user-specified site. Productdescription includes refractivity parameters, angular radial increments,and the minimum detection zone. See Figure B-23, page B-33.

• Flight-line masking. Depicts the areas of the terrain that are maskedfrom the view of an aircraft following a user-specified flight path whenthe line of view is perpendicular to the flight line. See Figure B-24,page B-34.

• Flight-line target locator. Calculates the minimum altitude necessaryfor an aircraft to keep a specific target in view. See Figure B-25, pageB-35.

• Obstructed-signal loss. Depicts radio-frequency signal loss around auser-specified site as a function of distance from the site andatmospheric conditions as well as effects of the terrain. See Figure B-26,page B-36.

• Unobstructed-signal loss. Depicts radio-frequency signal loss around auser-specified site as a function of distance from the site andatmospheric conditions. This model does not take into considerationthe effects of terrain on the signal loss. See Figure B-27, page B-37.


FM 3-34.230

TACTICAL DAM ANALYSIS

B-13. The TACDAM model predicts dam breaching and reservoir overflowresults based on DTED, vector coverage, and other user-defined parameters.The TACDAM model has the following characteristics:

• Digital elevation data is used as input.• Vector drainage coverage can be used to locate dams, reservoirs, and

downstream points.• Two major analysis modules are used—dam break and reservoir

outflow.• Reservoir outflow requires additional spillway-gate parameters.

B-14. The following are examples of TDAs produced by the TACDAM model:

• Dam break, flood zone. Depicts a polygonal product that represents theextent of the flooded area when a dam has been damaged. See FigureB-28, page B-38.

• Dam break, depth contour. Depicts a polygonal product that representsthe depth of the water (in meters) within the flooded area when a damhas been damaged. See Figure B-29, page B-39.

• Dam break, velocity contour. Depicts a polygonal product thatrepresents the water velocities (in kilometers per hour [kph]) withinthe flooded area when a dam has been damaged. See Figure B-30, pageB-40.

• Reservoir outflow, flood zone. Depicts a polygonal product thatrepresents the extent of the flooded area when a reservoir has beendamaged.

• Reservoir outflow, depth contour. Depicts a polygonal product thatrepresents the depth of the water (in meters) within the flooded areawhen a reservoir has been damaged.

• Reservoir outflow, velocity contour. Depicts a polygonal product thatrepresents the water velocities (in kph) within the flooded area when areservoir has been damaged.

INTEGRATED METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM

B-15. IMETS data is converted into polygonal vector coverages that are usedas stand-alone products or interactive data needed to predict mobility andintervisibility. The IMETS models has the following characteristics:

• The model uses meteorological data obtained from an IMETS server.• Data sets consist of numeric values that represent observed and

forecasted meteorological conditions.• TDAs are produced by grouping numeric values into polygonal classes.

B-16. The following are examples of TDAs produced by the IMETS model:

• Surface pressure. Depicts a polygonal product representing surfacepressure (in millibars). See Figure B-31, page B-41.

• Surface-wind direction. Depicts a polygonal product representingsurface-wind direction. Wind direction is provided in degrees (with 0being north) and increasing in a clockwise direction. The direction


FM 3-34.230

provided is always the direction the wind is blowing. See Figure B-32,page B-42.

• Soil temperature. Depicts a polygonal product representing soiltemperature (in degrees Celsius). See Figure B-33, page B-43.

• Visibility. Depicts a polygonal product representing visibility (inkilometers). See Figure B-34, page B-44.

• Ambient air temperature. Depicts a polygonal product representingambient air temperature (in degrees Celsius).

• Dew point. Depicts a polygonal product representing dew point (indegrees Celsius).

• Snow depth. Depicts a polygonal product representing snow depth (inmillimeters).

• Rain rate. Depicts a polygonal product representing rain rate (inmillimeters per hour).

• Accumulated precipitation. Depicts a polygonal product representingaccumulated precipitation (in millimeters).

ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATOLOGY

B-17. The environmental and climatology models provide planning tools todetermine the effects on material and personnel; sunrise and sunset;moonrise, moonset, and illumination; helicopter load predictions; andhistorical climatology. The following are examples of TDAs produced by theenvironmental and climatology models:

• Environmental thresholds and impacts (ETIs). The user can queryinformation that contains quantitative and qualitative statementsregarding the effects of the environment on material, personnel, oroperations.

• Sunrise, sunset, and twilight. Predicts sunrise, sunset, and twilighttimes for user-specified dates and locations.

• Moonrise, moonset, and illumination. Predicts moonrise and moonsettimes and moon illumination percentage for user-specified dates andlocations.

• Climatology databases. The user can query historical databases such ashistorical climatic statistics, density altitude climatology, surface-windclimatology, and paradrop climatology collected from stations acrossthe world.

• Helicopter load determination. The user can query the maximum load-carrying capabilities of different helicopters for different temperaturesand altitudes.

TERRAIN-EVALUATION TOOLS

B-18. Terrain evaluation does not include such in-depth studies as cross-country mobility, which requires the analysis of climatology and currentweather conditions, soil conditions, and enemy and friendly vehicleperformance metrics. However, terrain evaluation does include the tangibleaspects of slope, relief, distance, accessibility, features, map and imagedisplay, and three-dimensional (3-D) viewing. Various government off-the-


FM 3-34.230

shelf (GOTS) and COTS software applications can be used as terrain-evaluation tools. The following are examples of subtasks provided within theterrain-evaluation tool kit:

DIGITAL DATA VIEWER

B-19. Terrain-evaluation tools provide the ability to view maps, imagery,feature data, and elevation data in numerous digital file formats (see FigureB-35, page B-45). This allows the user to focus on a specific area forevaluation.

LINE OF SITE

B-20. The LOS creates a profile view of the terrain from the observer’slocation to a target. The green lines show what the observer can see; the redlines show what he cannot see (dead space). The LOS can also display theFresnel zones of different radio frequencies. See Figure B-36, page B-46.

Weapons Fans

B-21. Weapons fans are extremely useful and versatile tools for all BOSs toidentify enemy and friendly battle positions, template obstacle locations,determine ambush sites, and so forth. Weapons fans can be drawn onelevation data, imagery, and digital maps. See Figure B-37, page B-47.

Slope Map

B-22. A slope map shades the elevation file into assigned or user-specifiedslope categories. Figure B-38, page B-48 shows a trafficability slope map withthe four basic colors that represent the slope restrictions of the NRMMII—unrestricted, 0 to 30 percent; restricted 30 to 45 percent; and severelyrestricted, over 45 percent. This is especially handy for the IPB process.

TERRAIN CATEGORY

B-23. The terrain category allows you to highlight a specific combination ofslope, relief, and elevation values using the elevation file. Figure B-39, pageB-49 shows all areas of a 500-meter radius with a slope of 0 to 2 percent.This application is especially helpful in locating base-camp sites; landingzones and drop zones; artillery cant; petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL)and water sites; and so forth.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW

B-24. Perspective view creates a 3-D view from a chosen position. You canselect the observer’s elevation, width of view, and range. This is especiallyhelpful in checking battle positions, AAs, and terrain association. You can alsodrape the actual elevation colors, imagery, and maps on top. See Figures B-40and B-41, pages B-50 and B-51.

OBLIQUE VIEW

B-25. An oblique view creates a 3-D view of the terrain from an aerial point ofview. It is especially helpful in terrain visualization in areas with significant


FM 3-34.230

relief. Obliques can also be used to view battle positions, AAs, mobilitycorridors, and engagement-area development. You can drape imagery, maps,or overlays as obliques. See Figure B-42, page B-51.

FLYTHROUGH

B-26. A flythrough allows you to fly across the terrain in a 3-D view, whetherviewed with the elevation data, over imagery, or on a map. This tool willcreate a series of perspective views along your selected flight path, which areplayed in rapid succession. The flythrough has many options and can be savedas an animated graphics interchange format (GIF), video, or movie file forviewing outside of the terrain-evaluations tool.

PANORAMA

B-27. A panorama view allows you to view the terrain 360 degrees aroundyou, whether on the ground or in the air. Like a flythrough, it can be viewedwith the elevation data, over imagery, or on a map. This tool will create aseries of perspective views at selected angle increments, which are played inrapid succession going clockwise or counterclockwise. The panorama view hasmany options and can be saved as video and movie files for viewing outside ofthe terrain-evaluation tools.

GPS WAYPOINTS AND TRACKS

B-28. GPS waypoints and tracks can be downloaded from the military preciselightweight GPS receiver (PLGR). The waypoints or track can be displayed inthe terrain-evaluation tool. Additionally, the track can be used to create aflythrough. Waypoints can also be created in the terrain-evaluation tool anduploaded to a military GPS receiver. The user can then navigate solely byGPS. The latter technique can be used to upload a route into all of the GPSreceivers for a unit making a night move. Live GPS tracking capabilityprovides real-time bearing and speed data.

DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

B-29. The terrain-evaluation tool has a simple distance-measuring routinewith which to calculate the length of single or multileg routes in kilometers.For multileg routes, it will keep track of both individual leg lengths and thecumulative route length. The terrain-evaluation tool can also calculate theslope and bearing of each leg as well.

COORDINATE CONVERSION

B-30. The terrain-evaluation tool provides imbedded datum transformationand coordinate conversions. It also has the ability to display primary andsecondary datums in one display.

ELEVATION MERGE

B-31. Another important capability of the terrain-evaluation tool is to mergemultiple elevation files into one file (all operations seem to fall on the edge oftwo or more files). You can then permanently subset a small elevation sliceout of the large file to cover your AO. See Figure B-43, page B-52.


FM 3-34.230

ELEVATION OR SLOPE MERGE WITH MAPS OR IMAGERY

B-32. This terrain-evaluation tool gives the user an opportunity to visualizethe relief while maintaining a common map or image background. See FiguresB-44 and B-45, pages B-53 and B-54.

SUMMARY

B-33. The tools provided to the topographic community as well as the toolsprovided to the individual customer allow the user to view, value add,manipulate, and print digitized maps and imagery. See Figures B-46 throughB-48, pages B-55 through B-57.

B-34. The integration of standard NIMA GI with data collected through othermethods (qualified data) will provide a means to thoroughly visualize theterrain. The DTSS has the capability to combine layers of geographicinformation with TDAs and qualified data to produce a customer-definedterrain analysis or terrain depiction of the battle space. The terrain-evaluation tools provide a similar capability; however, they are limited by theamount and type of data they can consume, process, and analyze.


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-1. On-Road Speed

Vehicle: HMMWV, M998, 4x4Rain information: historical: AprilSlippery condition: slipperySnow: no

0-5 KPH5-15 KPH15-50 KPH>50 KPH

Legend

0 - 5 kph5 - 15 kph15 - 50 kph>50 kph

NOGOWaterUrban

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-2. Off-Road Speed

Vehicle: HMMWV, M998, 4x4Rain information: historical: AprilSlippery condition: slipperySurface condition: wetSnow: no

NOGOWaterUrban

0 - 5 kph5 - 15 kph15 - 50 kph>50 kph

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-3. On-Road Reason

WaterUrbanUnknown NOGOSoil NOGO on level (VCI)Soil and slope resistance NOGOInability to brake (Vis NOGO)Ride dynamics limitTire speed limit

Legend

Soil, slope, and veg resistanceVisibilityExternal limitAASHTO curvatureSliding on curvesTipping on curvesUnknown cause


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-4. Off-Road Reason

WaterUrbanUnknown NOGOSoil NOGO on level (VCI)Obstacle override NOGOVegetation override NOGOSoil and slope resistance NOGOInability to brake (Vis NOGO)Obstacle belly interferenceObstacle clearance interference

Legend

Ride dynamics limitTire speed limitSoil, slope, and veg resistanceVisibilityManeuver around obs and vegManeuver around veg (over obs)Obstacle impact speedObstacle override forceDriver prudence overriding vegUnknown cause


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-5. On-Road Speed Comparison (HMMWV Versus M1A1 Tank)

Vehicle 1 (V1): HMMWV, M998, 4x4Vehicle 2 (V2): M1A1 Abrams tankRain information: historical: AprilSlippery condition: slipperySurface condition: wetSnow: no

V2 100+ percent > V1 speedV2 50 - 100 percent > V1 speedV2 25 - 50 percent > V1 speedSame speed + 25 percentV1 25 - 50 percent > V2 speedV1 50 - 100 percent > V2 speedV1 100+ percent > V2 speed

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-6. Off-Road Speed Comparison (HMMWV Versus M1A1 Tank)

Vehicle 1 (V1): HMMWV, M998, 4x4Vehicle 2 (V2): M1A1 Abrams tankRain information: historical: AprilSlippery condition: slipperySurface condition: wetSnow: no

V2 100+ percent > V1 speedV2 50 - 100 percent > V1 speedV2 2 - 50 percent > V1 speedSame speed + 25 percentV1 25 - 50 percent > V2 speedV1 50 - 100 percent > V2 speedV1 100+ percent > V2 speed

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-7. Trafficability


Legend

WaterUrbanNOGO speed0 - 5 passes5 - 50 passes50 - 500 passes500 - 5,000 passes>5,000 passes


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-8. Surface Degradation

Vehicle: HMMWV, M998, 4x4Rain information: historical: AprilSlippery condition: slipperySurface condition: wetSnow: noNumber of passes: 100

Legend

WaterUrban

NOGO speed0 - 4 cm minimal4 - 12 cm moderate

12 - 100 cm severe


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-9. Gap Crossing


Legend

NOGOSpanFordSwim


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-10. Gap-Crossing Reason

NOGO unknownNOGO water/veg/geometry/tractionNOGO veg/geometry/tractionNOGO water/geometry/tractionNOGO geometry/tractionNOGO water/vegetation/tractionNOGO vegetation/tractionNOGO water/tractionNOGO vegetation/interference

Legend

NOGO water/vegetation/interferNOGO insufficient tractionNOGO water interferenceNOGO geometric interferenceNOGO water/vegetationNOGO vegetation too denseNOGO water crossingGO


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-11. On-Road Route

Vehicle: HMMWV, M998, 4x4Rain information: historical: JanuarySlippery condition: normalSurface condition: drySnow: no

Legend

Start pointStop 1Stop 2Road networkOptimum route

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-12. Overland Route (Shaded-Relief Background)


End point 1End point 2End point 3

Legend

Start pointRoute 1Route 2Route 3


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-13. Mobility Corridors

Company (<500 m)Battalion (500 - 1,500 m)Brigade (1,500 - 3,000 m)Division (3,000 - 5,000 m)Corps (>6,000 m)


Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-14. Shaded-Time Distance With Overland Route

1:100,000 2654 IV500000 505000 510000 515000 520000

505000 510000 515000500000 520000

Shaded-time distance

0 to 1 hr1 to 2 hr2 to 3 hr3 to 4 hr4 to 5 hr5 to 6 hr

6 to 7 hr7 to 8 hr8 to 9 hr9 to 10 hr>10 hr

Overland routeStart locationEnd locationRoute

Overland route:Vehicle: M1A1 tankInput product: time contours from off-roadspeed

Start location (UTM X,Y): 509840, 3913187End location (UTM X,Y): 505734, 3927780

3925000

3920000

3915000

3910000

3905000

3925000

3920000

3915000

3910000

3905000

Time Contours:Vehicle: M1A1 tankInput product: off-road speed M1A1 tankStart location (UTM X,Y): 509840, 3913187

Scale 1:100,000

10,000 0 2,000 Meters10,000 0 Feet

13 APR 85Projection UTM

Datum WGS84Ellipsoid WGS84


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-15. Contours

Contour Interval (m): 20Data source:

Elevation spacing (m): 93Elevation range:

Minimum (m): 1,262Maximum (m): 2,862

Contour

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-16. Contour Tint

Contour Interval (m): 20Interval type: variableElevation range: 1 (m): 250

2 (m): 1003 (m): 4004 (m): 5005 (m): 400

Legend

Data source:Elevation spacing (m): 93Elevation range:


1,262 - 1,500 m>1,600 - 1,600 m>1,600 - 2,000 m>2,000 - 2,500 m>2,500 - 2,862 m


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-17. Elevation Tint

Tint interval (m): 300Interval type: constant

Legend



1,262 -1,500 m

>1,500 - 1,800 m

>1,800 - 2,100 m

>2,100 - 2,400 m

>2,400 - 2,700 m

>2,700 - 2,862 m


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-18. Slope

Legend Data source:Elevation spacing (M): 93Elevation range:

Minimum (M): 1262Maximum (M): 2862

0 - 3%

>3 -10%

>10 - 20%

>20 -30%

>30 - 45%

>45%

0 - 3 percent

>3 - 10 percent

>10 - 20 percent

>20 - 30 percent

>30 - 45 percent

>45 percent




FM 3-34.230

Figure B-19. Slope Aspect

Legend



N (deg): 337.5 - 22.5

NE (deg): 22.5 - 67.5

E (deg): 67.5 - 112.5

SE (deg): 112.5 - 157.5

S (deg): 157.5 - 202.5

SW (deg): 202.5 - 247.5

W (deg): 247.5 - 292.5

NW (deg): 292.5 - 337.5

Flat ground


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-20. Helicopter Landing Zones

Acceptable

Acceptable with caution

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-21. Helicopter Landing Zones in Masked Areas (LANDSAT Background)

Acceptable HLZ

Acceptable with caution HLZ

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-22. Masked-Area Plot (Shaded-Relief Background)

Site locationMasked areaConcentric circle

LegendSite location:

Easting: 372533.0Northing: 4137412.0UTM zone: 52 Datum: WGS 84

Site elevation (m): 40.0Antenna height (m): 2.0Target altitude (m): 0.0Elevation spacing (m): 94.0


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-23. Target Acquisition (Shaded-Relief Background)

LegendTarget altitude above terrain

Site location100 m200 m300 m400 m500 m

600 m700 m800 m900 m1,000 msurveillance range

Site location:Easting: 383206.0Northing: 4137945.0UTM zone: 52Datum: WGS 84

Site elevation MSL (m): 70.0Antenna height (m): 10.0Elevation spacing (m): 94.0Surveillance mode: Electronic


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-24. Flight-Line Masking (Shaded-Relief Background)

Aircraft altitude AGL (m): 150.0Target altitude AGL (m): 100.0Profile length (km): 2.2Profile spacing (m): 100.0Elevation spacing (m): 94.0

Flight leg 1Flight leg 2Flight leg 3Flight leg 4Flight leg 5Flight leg 6Flight path

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-25. Flight-Line Target Locator (Shaded-Relief Background)

Target locationEasting: 380433.0Northing: 4137339.0UTM zone: 52 Datum: WGS 84

Target elevation MSL (m): 105.0Target height (m): 100.0Length of flight path (km): 67.4Vertical exaggeration: 10.0

Flight-line target profile

Legend

Flight targetFlight path

Distance (km)

Legend

0 20 40 60 80


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-26. Obstructed-Signal Loss

LegendSite location:

Easting: 383489.0Northing: 4138885.0UTM zone: 52 Datum: WGS 84

Site elevation (m): 90.0Transmitter height (m): 10.0Receiver height (m): 10.0Elevation spacing (m): 94.0

Site location0 - 20 dB20 - 40 dB40 - 60 dB60 - 80 dB80 - 100 dB100 - 120 dB120 - 140 dB140 - 160 dBConcentric circle


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-27. Unobstructed-Signal Loss

Legend

Site location0 - 20 dB20 - 40 dB40 - 60 dB60 - 80 dB80 - 100 dB100 - 120 dB120 - 140 dB140 - 160 dBConcentric circle

Site location:Easting: 382196.0Northing: 4137020.0UTM zone: 52 Datum: WGS 84

Site elevation (m): 100.0Transmitter height (m): 10.0Receiver height (m): 10.0Elevation spacing (m): 94.0


Figure B-28. Dam Break, Flood Zone

Legend

DamDownstream locationFlood zone4 - 8 mSurface drainage

Dam type: Earth damDam location: xxxxxx xxxxxxxDownstream location (UTM):xxxxxx xxxxxxx

DamDownstream locationFlood zoneSurface drainage


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-29. Dam Break, Depth Contour

Legend

DamDownstream location0 - 4 m4 - 8 mSurface drainage

Dam type: Earth damDam location: xxxxxx xxxxxxxDownstream location (UTM):

xxxxxx xxxxxxx


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-30. Dam Break, Velocity Contour

DamDownstream location0 - 4 kph4 - 8 kph8 - 12 kph12 - 16 kphSurface drainage

Dam type: Earth damDam location: xxxxxx xxxxxxxDownstream location (UTM):

xxxxxx xxxxxxx

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-31. Surface Pressure

734.02 - 784.02 mb

784.02 - 834.02 mb

834.02 - 884.02 mb

884.02 - 934.02 mb

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-32. Surface-Wind Direction

00° - 45°

45° - 90°

90° - 135°

135° - 180°

180° - 225°

225° - 270°

270° - 315°

315° - 360°

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-33. Soil Temperature

-1.27° - 0.27° C

0.27° - 0.73° C

0.73° - 1.73° C

1.73° - 2.73° C

2.73° - 3.73° C

Legend

3.73° - 4.73° C

4.73° - 5.73° C

5.73° - 6.73° C

6.73° - 7.73° C


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-34. Visibility

16.09 - 21.09 km

21.09 - 26.09 km

26.09 - 31.09 km

31.09 - 36.09 km

Legend


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-35. Digital Data Viewing

Maps

Imagery

Features

Elevation


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-36. Line of Sight

NJ47189834 NK33400348 Meters

900

700

600

500

800

1312111091376 14 km8532 410 13


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-37. Weapons Fans


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-38. Slope Map

4443424140393837363534

30 45

11

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

1


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-39. Terrain Category

1,500 1,000 500 0 meters

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

08

06

04

02

00

98

96

94


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-40. Perspective View

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

12

10

08

06

04

02

00

98


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-41. Perspective View

Figure B-42. Oblique View

115o 120o 125o110o105o100o95o90o85o6o

4o

2o

0o

-2o

-4o

-6o

-8o

-10o

-12o

-14o

-16o

-18o

NTC 90 from NV29000701 500 m up V.E. = 1.04

NV45580236 NV49240685 NK44900017 NK504005090 1 2 3 4 5 6 00 1 2 3 4 5 0

12

34

5

12

34

56

7


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-43. Elevation Merger

250 meters

350 300 250 meters


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-44. Elevation/Slope Merger With Maps

787776757479

76

77

78

79


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-45. Elevation/Slope Merger With Imagery


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-46. Topographic Line Map


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-47. CIB 10- and 5-Meter Resolution


FM 3-34.230

Figure B-48. High-Resolution Elevation Data (1-Meter Light Detection and Ranging)


Appendix C

Future Operational Capabilities

The FOC serve as the basis for the TRADOC requirements-determinationprocess (to include conducting studies and experimentation). The FOCprovide the focus for the Army’s science and technology programs. Thefollowing paragraphs outline some of the specific FOC that focus ontopographic operations and terrain visualization.

INFORMATION-MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT

C-1. Information management (IM) provides the capability to receive andprocess customer requirements; order imagery, imagery-and-geospatial-information (IGI) products, or other information; schedule and assignexploitation tasks; provide status reports; and manage the delivery ofinformation through Army Imagery and Geospatial Information and Services(AIGIS) or the US Imagery and Geospatial Information Service (USIGS).Information management also provides the services that monitor and directactivity and information flow throughout AIGIS/USIGS. This capabilityaccepts customer requirements for creating new information and assignstasks to one (or several) of three other FOC (exploitation, archive anddissemination [A&D], and collection and processing [C&P]) to obtain or createrequired mission-specific information. The IM capability tracks the status ofall requests and assigned tasks so that users can monitor the progress towardsatisfying their information needs. It also exchanges information with entitiesbeyond AIGIS (such as the ABCS and USIGS) in a common format. Theseinclude tip-offs to support cross-cueing with other intelligence disciplines anddelivery instructions (push, pull, priority, and profile) that facilitate themanagement of communications resources shared by AIGIS and otherenterprises. Seven key and enabling elements support this FOC.

INFORMATION-REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT

C-2. The information-requirements-management (IRM) element provides thecapabilities for receiving, validating, prioritizing, and entering all AIGISinformation requirements. This element provides the initial work flow andbreaks down orders into collection, processing, exploitation, anddissemination requirements. It includes a common shared-requirementsdatabase that records all AIGIS/USIGS requirements for collecting,processing, exploiting, and disseminating. The shared-requirements databaseinteracts with a greater all-source intelligence-community distributed-requirements database. The IRM element provides—

• Instructions for the type of data to be collected and processed to theinformation-collection-management (ICM) element.

Future Operational Capabilities C-1

FM 3-34.230

• Instructions on the information and products to be generated by anexploitation asset to the information-production-management (IPM)element.

• Delivery instructions to the information-delivery-management (IDM)element, describing how information must flow through AIGIS asrequirements are satisfied and orders are fulfilled.

INFORMATION-COLLECTION MANAGEMENT

C-3. The ICM element manages collection requirements received from theIRM element and sends taskings to collection sources to satisfy therequirement. The ICM enabler allows the IRM element to graphically viewthe collection assets available and their capabilities. It also provides anindication on collection nominations being successfully fulfilled. The ICMelement coordinates the assignment of collection requirements across multiplecollection sources (including national, airborne, ground, commercial, andother information sources). It does not control the specific collection assets orresources of these sources; it simply tasks them based on their capabilitiesand current availability. Specific planning for using and scheduling acollection source’s assets remains with the owner of that resource. Statusmessages concerning a source’s current operational status, resource usage,and progress toward satisfying assigned tasks are passed back to the ICMelement. The ICM element also works with the cross-cueing element forautomated collection tasking.

INFORMATION-PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

C-4. The IPM element accepts, manages, tracks, and assigns productionrequirements received from the IRM element. The IPM element managesthese requirements and sends production taskings to exploitationenvironments that have the capability and capacity to satisfy therequirement. The IPM element coordinates the production assignment acrossmultiple exploitation environments throughout its administrative domain. Itdoes not control the specific job assignment or work-flow management forexploitation assets; it simply tasks the exploitation environment based on itsskills, capabilities, and current availability. Specific planning for using andscheduling exploitation resources remains with the owner of those resources.Status messages concerning an exploitation environment’s operational status,resource availability, and progress toward satisfying assigned tasks arepassed back to the IPM element from the exploitation environment’s work-group-management element.

INFORMATION-DELIVERY MANAGEMENT

C-5. The IDM element controls the flow of information through AIGIS/USIGS. It accepts delivery requirements and sends delivery instructions tothe appropriate information sources, libraries, archives, and exploitationenvironments. The IDM element receives the delivery status from AIGIS/USIGS libraries. This allows informed decisions to be made about the deliveryof information, such as the time of delivery, the selection of the network, andthe selection of the source location (if the data exists in multiple locations).The IDM element will contain a rule set for executing decisions that may

C-2 Future Operational Capabilities

FM 3-34.230

change due to different scenarios. It will also have the capability to interfacewith the WIN and Defense Information System Network (DISN)communications-management enabler for managing communications supportprovided by the Army Signal Corps and the Defense Information SystemsAgency (DISA). As the IDM element receives the delivery status from deliveryand library systems used by AIGIS/USIGS, it will collect metrics and forwardthe requirement status to the WIN/DISN communications-managementelement. The IDM element also maintains delivery profiles. As userinformation changes, the IRM element provides this information to the IDMelement, which maintains tailored delivery profiles for its users. Theseprofiles are used by AIGIS/USIGS library components to support standingretrieval functions.

WORK-GROUP MANAGEMENT

C-6. The work-group-management element manages taskings assigned to theexploitation environment. It assigns jobs, allocates resources, and tracks thetasking’s progress. The work-group-management element receivesassignments from the IPM element and manages their allocation andexecution within the work group. A work-group-management component maysupport one or more exploitation environments, but generally, eachenvironment will have access to its services to manage job execution andresource allocation within the environment.

CROSS-CUEING MANAGEMENT

C-7. Cross-cueing management enables data sharing and automatic collectiontasking between intelligence and battlefield systems for the purpose ofalerting these systems to a given, predefined activity tip-off. The exchange oftip-off information extends beyond AIGIS/USIGS to the other intelligence andbattlefield functional areas.

WIN/DISN COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT

C-8. The WIN/DISN communications-management element is an Army- andDISA-provided service that optimizes the use of communications networks.The IDM element interfaces with the ICM element to manage the flow of IGIthrough the WIN and the DISN.

IGI C&P ENVIRONMENT

C-9. The IGI C&P capability collects and processes source informationrequired to produce imagery, imagery-system-derived measurement andsignature intelligence (MASINT), imagery intelligence, and GI. It obtainsimagery (in various spectra) and other data with associated support data(such as coordinates and ephemeral data). The C&P functions gather collecteddata from sensor-specific signals and convert it into standard forms andformats that are useful for either direct interpretation by customers orsubsequent exploitation and product generation using the exploitationelement. This processed data is provided to the A&D element for cataloging,storage, and delivery to customers. The C&P element receives taskings fromthe IM environment and provides processed data to the A&D element for


FM 3-34.230

delivery and storage. The C&P element provides the IM element with thecollection status as the tasks are accepted, scheduled, executed, andcompleted. It also provides information and imagery to AIGIS/USIGS fromairborne (theater, tactical, and national airborne collection), commercial(commercial imagery service providers), national, and other IGI sources.Other information sources include, but are not limited to, interferometricsynthetic aperture radar (IFSAR), names data, bathymetric data,navigational data, geodetic data, geophysical data, aeronautical data, gravitydata, foreign and civil imagery, maps, and reference material. Seven key andenabling elements support this FOC.

AIRBORNE C&P

C-10. Airborne C&P includes the sensor, platform-image-processing (onboardor ground-based), image-screening, and other capabilities required to collectand capture imagery in theater. This element will collect and process imageryand imagery screening on the collection platform or on the ground before itsacceptance by a library or a colocated exploitation environment. The screenedimagery is delivered to the exploitation and production environment whereexploited products are developed. The screened imagery is also provided toAIGIS/USIGS libraries for storage and dissemination to customers.

AIRBORNE MISSION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

C-11. Airborne mission management and planning supports airborne C&Poperations. This element receives taskings from the ICM element anddistributes them to the C&P resources under its control. It is controlled byoperational elements to meet mission objectives. The airborne-mission-management-and-planning element provides the airborne C&P element withcritical information (such as mission planning, mission control, navigationroutes, flight control, flight status, and sensor-control data).

THEATER DOWNLINKED-IMAGERY PROCESSING

C-12. Theater downlinked-(TDL) imagery processing provides the capabilityto receive, process, and screen in-theater imagery on the ground before itsacceptance by a library or a colocated exploitation environment. The screenedimagery is delivered to the exploitation and production environment whereexploited products are developed. The screened imagery is also provided toAIGIS/USIGS libraries for storage and dissemination to customers.

COMMERCIAL C&P

C-13. The components within the commercial-imagery-sources environmentare largely not AIGIS/USIGS components, but are private-sector serviceproviders. The specific arrangements of components within these serviceproviders’ enterprises are based on their own business rules and needs.However, it is assumed that service providers will offer their products fordelivery either electronically or as physical media (digital or hard copy) andthat they will provide access for users to search their holdings and orderimagery and products. Select AIGIS units will have the capability to receivecommercial imagery downlinked to their locations. Units requestingcommercial imagery are responsible for paying for this imagery directly or


FM 3-34.230

having the imagery paid for through a DOD license agreement. Imagerypurchased by NIMA or other DOD organizations will be licensed for use acrossthe DOD/Title-50 communities. If broader access (such as a coalition) isrequired, broader licenses may be purchased. Licensed commercial imagerywill be stored in the Commercial Satellite Imagery Library, which will controlenterprise-wide access to ensure that only those licensed for its use areallowed to retrieve the data.

SERVICE-PROVIDER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

C-14. Service-provider resource management is the interface provided by thevendor for ordering commercial imagery. It allows commercial imagery to beexploited in a full range of military environments (strategic to tactical).

GEODETIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

C-15. A geodetic and topographic survey provides highly accurate positioningand orientation information in the form of SCPs used for navigation aids, fire,and imagery control, and for airport-obstruction chart surveys. DifferentialGPS sites are established to assist in precise navigation.

ASSISTED/AUTOMATED TARGET RECOGNITION, ASSISTED/AUTOMATEDFEATURE EXTRACTION, AND AUTOMATED CHANGE DETECTION

C-16. Assisted/automated target recognition (ATR), assisted/automatedfeature extraction (AFE), and automated change detection (ACD) arecomponents of both IGI C&P and exploitation. They are capabilities needed toimprove the capacity, efficiency, and timeliness of AIGIS. Future volumes ofimagery have the potential to overwhelm the AIGIS exploitation work forceand systems that do not use these new methods. The ATR and ACDcomponents will be used for automatic target cueing and image triage. Largevolumes of imagery can be searched, prioritized, and enhanced in a tailoredmanner before being presented to an analyst. In some cases, reports can bedrafted and databases can be updated automatically. Similarly, the AFEcomponent will be used to locate, bound, identify, and attribute objects ofinterest in support of GI production. The ATR, ACD, and AFE capabilities willbe provided as centralized preprocessing services and as flexible, tailorablework-group tools.

IGI EXPLOITATION ENVIRONMENT

C-17. The IGI-exploitation-environment capability produces imageryintelligence and GI. It provides the capabilities and services that allow AIGISpersonnel (particularly imagery analysts, topographic analysts, and other GIspecialists) to generate imagery intelligence and geospatial information andproducts to support the military decision-making process (MDMP). To supportplanning, the exploitation environment provides services for internallymanaging assets (such as personnel and equipment), tracking a task’s status,assembling work packages, and supporting other work-flow-managementfunctions. The exploitation environment may receive IGI directly from theC&P, or it may retrieve source information from the A&D element to supportits information- and product-generation processes. To facilitate the execution


FM 3-34.230

of assigned information-generation tasks, the exploitation environmentprovides tools to establish a collaborative environment to manipulate,analyze, and fuse information from various sources. This information is thenused to create new imagery intelligence and geospatial information andproducts. This environment includes exploitation and A&D components. Eachexploitation environment has an assigned set of tasks and allocated resourcesto support those tasks. Exploitation environments may be set uphierarchically and may range in size from a single-person work group to anexploitation center. An environment may be physically colocated and unified,or it may be virtually unified and physically distributed across the imageryand geospatial community’s organizations and sites. The exploitationenvironment is a flexible work unit with direct access to the followingfunctional enablers:

• Work-group management.• Exploitation tools.• Dissemination and retrieval services.• Media generation.

C-18. While some exploitation environments may not include all enablers,most of them will. A single enabler could be shared among multipleexploitation environments, with the level of service granted or guaranteed tothe environment governed by the operating rules defined and enforced by thework-group-management component. Exploitation environments will existwithin the Army at service level, Army-component commands, and echelonscorps and below. Exploitation tools will enable the necessary functionality andperformance to exploit and produce imagery intelligence and GI. Exploitationtools include scalable hardware and software with the functionality andperformance necessary to exploit imagery and other sources and to produceimagery intelligence and geospatial information and products. Fiveexploitation enablers support this FOC.

ATR, AFE, AND ACD

C-19. The ATR, AFE, and ACD elements are components of both the IGIexploitation and C&P capabilities. These elements are needed to improve thecapacity, efficiency, and timeliness of AIGIS. Future volumes of imagery havethe potential to overwhelm the AIGIS exploitation work force and systemswithout these new methods. The ATR and ACD components will be used forautomatic target cueing and image triage. Large volumes of imagery can besearched, prioritized, and enhanced in a tailored manner before beingpresented to an analyst. In some cases, reports can be drafted and databasescan be updated automatically. Similarly, the AFE component will be used tolocate, bound, identify, and attribute objects of interest in support of GIproduction. The ATR, ACD, and AFE elements will serve as the centralizedpreprocessing services and as flexible, tailorable work-group tools.

DATA PREPARATION

C-20. Data-preparation capabilities provide the means to acquire imagery,imagery intelligence, geospatial data and associated metadata; access sourcematerials for content and completeness; identify shortfalls; augment source


FM 3-34.230

materials with auxiliary data; assemble work packages for exploitation; andperform the imagery-screening function associated with motion and videoimagery exploitation. The data-preparation component also transforms legacyproducts into usable formats. It provides for automated ortho- and geo-rectification of selected national and theater images. This will not delay theimmediate analysis of the imagery.

DATA ANALYSIS

C-21. The data-analysis element provides the capability to display andmanipulate imagery and geospatial data for analysis and to extract, integrate,and conflate information. The data-exploitation component uses a suite ofimagery and geospatial-imagery analysis, information-extraction, andinformation-validation tools to support the extraction of imagery intelligenceand GI from various sources.

INFORMATION GENERATION

C-22. The information-generation element provides the capability to usemultiple types of input to prepare finished GI and imagery intelligence instandard and user-specified formats. The information-generation elementprovides final quality control, validation, and security review and the releaseof data produced by AIGIS entities.

EXPLOITATION SUPPORT

C-23. Exploitation support provides common-processing functions used indata preparation, data exploitation, and information generation. It provideslocal exploitation task management and data control. Exploitation supportalso performs exploitation-status collection and reports results to the work-group management element.

A&D ENVIRONMENT

C-24. The A&D capability provides seamless access to AIGIS/USIGS. It alsoprovides the capability to store, catalog, retrieve, replicate, and disseminateinformation across AIGIS/USIGS. The A&D element receives imagery,imagery intelligence, and GI from both the C&P element and the exploitationenvironment. This element responds to the customer with the requestedimagery or geospatial information and products, or it indicates that therequest cannot be filled with existing information. The A&D element receivesdelivery instructions from the IM element to coordinate informationmovement and storage across AIGIS/USIGS.

STORAGE SERVICES

C-25. Storage services maintain the information holdings of AIGIS/USIGSand ensure that these holdings are available to authorized customers.Operating security levels for AIGIS/USIGS libraries and USIGS archives mayrange from unclassified (U) to secret (S) to top secret/sensitive compartmentedinformation (TS/SCI). The IGI libraries are maintained for internalexploitation and for external dissemination.


FM 3-34.230

DISCOVERY SERVICES

C-26. Discovery services allow customers to research available information bysearching catalogs describing AIGIS/USIGS information holdings. A globalcatalog enables the customers to search the holdings of multiple libraries witha single query and to receive a single, consolidated query response.

DISSEMINATION AND RETRIEVAL SERVICES

C-27. Dissemination and retrieval services allow users to obtain a copy ofinformation maintained in AIGIS/USIGS holdings through brilliant push andpull strategies. Automated, knowledge-based information services increaseresponsiveness and ensure synchronization across the battle space.

ACCESS SERVICES

C-28. Access services provide a common, web-technology-based interface foraccessing the services of other components. It provides a common gateway toaccess information stored by the A&D element’s components and to requestand track the creation of new information using the IM element’s components.The global catalog will support discovery services by allowing users to viewthe contents of multiple associated AIGIS/USIGS libraries.

MEDIA-GENERATION SERVICES

C-29. Media-generation services provide capabilities supporting thegeneration of physical media (including film, hard-copy, and digital media).The media-generation services allow users to request the creation anddelivery of media in physical form as an alternative to the electronic deliveryprovided directly by dissemination and retrieval services. There are fourprimary subelements to this element:

• Source. Creates and stores IGI source data for later dissemination.(Source elements include the Apache Longbow, the Advanced TacticalAir Reconnaissance System, and the Scout.)

• Standard Products. Provides large-volume hard-copy and electronicmedia reproduction and replication services.

• Library and Archive. Captures IGI data contained in AIGIS/USIGSlibraries for distribution to customers.

• Production. Creates media containing information and productsoriginating in the exploitation environment.

COMMUNICATIONS-INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT

C-30. Communications infrastructure provides the capabilities used by theIM, C&P, exploitation, and A&D capabilities. The resources and services ofthe communications-infrastructure capability are provided by organizationsoutside of the imagery and geospatial community, and they may be shared byAIGIS/USIGS and other enterprises . Having robust , on-demandcommunication pathways capable of horizontal and vertical IGI informationflow is critical to the successful fulfillment of AIGIS/USIGS concepts. Primaryenablers include—


FM 3-34.230

• Wide-area-broadcast services. These services support the push ofinformation to a large footprint, allowing simultaneous broadcast tomultiple recipients. This service includes the capability to tagmessages and products for delivery to specific customers. It providesboth continental US (CONUS) and in-theater injection points.

• Network-security services. These services provide the ability toprotect information on the network. Multiple security methods will beused to protect the IGI in a multisecurity-level environment and allowthe sharing and dissemination of the information in a work-groupenvironment. Examples of these methods include a one-way-transfer-system (OWTS) guard for electronically moving data to a higherclassification level and a one-way transfer system with a man in theloop for moving data to a lower classification level. To ensure timelypassing of information, a two-way transfer system with a high-assurance guard (HAG) is necessary for electronically passing queriesup and products down and across classification levels.

• Network services. Network services provide the interconnectivity ofwork stations, servers, and other components of AIGIS/USIGSoperating at various classification levels.

• Courier. Courier services provide the local or intersite transfer ofphysical media for AIGIS/USIGS information and products. This maybe the service of choice for passing large IGI raw data, products, anddatabase files.


Appendix D

Database Management

The digitized Army requires current and relevant digital terrain data thatwill be obtained by various sensors, national resources, intelligence assets,host-nation resources, and reconnaissance forces. National agencies andtopographic-engineer units will develop this data into tailored data sets,enabling the user to make strategic or tactical decisions about his battlespace.

DIGITAL TERRAIN DATA

D-1. Digital terrain data must be disseminated to all C2 systems and war-fighting entities as rapidly as possible while maintaining the data’s securityand ensuring that it is of the highest quality possible. War-fighting entitiesinclude dismounted soldiers, armored vehicles, and aviation assets.

D-2. To deliver this information expeditiously to the user, the desired endstate must be identified. This includes terrain-data storage, manipulation (theability to process updates), and multidimensional displays. It is necessary tofirst conceptualize the data sets being developed by national agencies and howthey will be submitted to the users. This concept will address how terraininformation and updates to the initially distributed data set are transferredback up the channels to the national agencies. Topographic-engineer unitswill maintain configuration-management control over the digital terrain datafor their designated command.

D-3. All users of digital terrain data will adhere to the established CTOErequirements for using the data in C2 and topographic-engineer systems. AllC2 and topographic-engineer system users will use a mapping tool kit. Basedon the digital terrain data, mapping-tool-kit operators can evaluate the AO,develop a limited set of TDAs, and provide an accurate digital display of thedigital terrain data.

D-4. The digital terrain data’s framework will be implemented in stagesvarying in resolution and area coverage. The framework consists of threestages, including—

• Foundation data.• MSDS (data generation).• Enriched data (in-theater updates and data feeds to the maneuver

battalion and below).

FOUNDATION DATA

D-5. Foundation data is the digital terrain data set initially provided to allArmy units for their C2 systems before deployment. Foundation data is based

Database Management D-1

FM 3-34.230

on pre-existing data prepared by national resources for dissemination to allmilitary users. NIMA is the primary developer of foundation data, whichconsists of elevation, feature, and imagery data.

D-6. NIMA’s Army warehouse is the primary storage facility for Armyfoundation data sets. This data is available based on the unit’s mission andauthorization criteria. All topographic-engineer units and major commandswill establish accounts to receive or retrieve periodic updates to thefoundation data set (see Figure D-1). The topographic-engineer unit willmanage the terrain-data file being used by the command. This will eliminatethe need for all BOSs to establish accounts with NIMA. Major ArmyCommand (MACOM) commanders may change this control based on the C2

systems’ capabilities to process and store large quantities of digital terraindata. The TI or the public internet will be considered for transferringunclassified foundation data sets from NIMA’s Army warehouse to thetopographic-engineer units and MACOMs.

Figure D-1. Foundation Data

MSDS (DATA GENERATION)

D-7. NIMA and topographic-engineer units will provide MSDS (near-real-time data updates to the foundation data set) to C2 systems and subordinatetopographic-engineer units (see Figure D-2). The MSDS will be disseminatedvia established WAN systems or removable media. This MSDS will consist of

Magnetic Media

Topographic Line Maps

ImageryDLA

Contains:•DTED 2•Feature Data•Raster–Maps–Imagery•TLM•Imagery

(MixedDatums)

NIMA

NIMASATCOM

AO

AO

XX

Serves Division HQServer & Terrain Analysis

Division Terrain Team

X

| |

Onetimefeed

X

Furnishes data forDivision HQ & Division Troops

Furnishes data forBrigade & Below

Magnetic media

One-timefeed

Furnishes data fordivision HQ anddivision troops

Division terrain team

Furnishes data forbrigade and below

Serves Division HQ serverand terrain analysis

Contains• DTED 2

Feature data• Raster

- Maps- Imagery

• TLM• Imagery

Topographic line maps• NIMA• DLA• Imagery

NIMASATCOM

(Mix

edD

atum

s)

D-2 Database Management

FM 3-34.230

all available higher-resolution elevation data, feature-data updates, andchanges affecting the terrain within the AO. This will include data acquiredby national resources and sensors, host-nation assets, and in-theater real-time assets. The MSDS can be tailored to the mission and the needs of thestaff.

Figure D-2. MSDS

D-8. Each command’s terrain-data file server will retain the MSDS for the C2

systems. Upon receipt or generation of the MSDS, the topographic engineerwill establish a command data set to be disseminated to C2 systems via theestablished LAN. To command elements that are part of the LAN, designatedWAN systems or removable media will be used for disseminating digitalterrain data. The TI or the public internet will be considered for transferringunclassified foundation data sets from the topographic-engineer-managedterrain-data file server to C2 systems.

ENRICHED DATA

D-9. Continuing in-theater updates and data feeds to the maneuver battalionand below is the most complicated portion of disseminating digital terraindata. This process involves moving data from higher commands to

AO

NIMASATCOM

➨

20x20km90x90km

300x300km

Serves Division HQServer & Terrain Analysis

X

| |

X

Furnishes data forDivision HQ & Division Troops

Furnishes data forBrigade & Below

GBSmay occur >1

XX

Division Terrain Team

AO HostCountry Feed(Datum?)Data Format| |

MI

HostNation

In TheaterReal Time

Assets(e.g.,UAV)

ArmyTechBase

Updated Data (Digital)•DTED 3•Imagery (Controlled Imagery Base)•High Resolution Features•WGS-84

PCMCIA

MO Disk

Paper Map

•TUM•Receive data updates,integrates to Frameworkdata, produce Operationaldata (initial)Limited Hard Copy

Updated data (digital)• DTED 3• Imagery (CIB)• High resolution features• WGS 84

Armytechbase

Serves division HQserver and terrain

Division terrain team

CBS

Furnishes data fordivision HQ anddivision troops

Furnishes data forbrigade and below

• TUM• Receive data updates,integrates to framework data,produce operational data (initial)

• Limited hard copy

Hostnation

In-theaterreal-timeassets(suchasUAV)

20x20 km90x90 km300x300 km

PCMCIAMO disk

Paper map MI

AO host-countryfeed(datum?)dataformat

NIMASATCOM

may occur >1


FM 3-34.230

subordinate units and from forward-deployed and possibly engaged forces tothe nearest topographic-engineer unit (which may or may not have a terrain-data file server). This process is considered to begin at the maneuver brigadeechelon and continues down to the war-fighting level (see Figure D-3).

Figure D-3. Enrichment Data

D-10. At the maneuver brigade, the designated topographic-engineer elementestablishes and manages the foundation data set and the MSDS. Using theestablished tactical communications channels and removable media, theinitial data is disseminated to C2 systems and war-fighting entities. Thisinitial data is similar to the foundation data set but is tailored for use by thewar-fighting entities.

D-11. The MSDS will not be as memory intensive as the foundation data set.It is understood that these lower-echelon C2 systems and war-fighting entitieswill have been provided with a tailored foundation data set by the supportingtopographic engineer unit before deployment. The processing capability of C2

systems and war-fighting entities must be robust enough to update storeddata sets automatically to establish a current data set.

D-12. Tactical updates and feedback from war-fighting entities totopographic-engineer units (and eventually to NIMA’s Army warehouse) arecritical for providing accurate terrain products to all users. This feedback willbe transferred by reversing the dissemination concept described below.

D-13. The procedure for developing and disseminating tailored data sets forthe war-fighting entities crosses the boundaries of topographic-engineer

AO

AO

X

| |

Tactical Update

| |

Integrate TacticalUpdate•Republish toLower•Forward someto higher•Furnish all in BDE AO

Tactical Update

Editor/Server

Operational Graphics (?)

PCMCIA

MO Tape

AMPS

Engineer Channels

Tactical Updates

•New Features

•Changed Features

–Obstacles (Perm/Semi-perm/Non-perm

–Misrepresented

–Upgrades

Maneuver ChannelUpdate via FBCB2

To EntityLevel

To EntityLevel

From EntityLevelFrom Entity

LevelFrom EntityLevel

To EntityLevel

To EntityLevel

To EntityLevel

To EntityLevel

• Integrate tacticalupdate

• Republish tolower

• Forward someto higher

• Furnish all inbde AO Tactical updates

• New features• Changed

features• Obstacles

(perm/semi-perm/nonperm

• Misrepresented• Upgrades

From entitylevel

To entitylevel

Engineer channelsTactical update

Tactical update

Operational graphics

Editor/server

MO tape

PCMCIA

AMPS

Maneuver channelupdate via FBCB2

To entitylevel

D-4 Database Management

FM 3-34.230

support for configuration control to logistical replication support. Based on theOPLAN, the topographic-engineer unit will develop tailored terrain data setsfor war-fighting entities. The data set will be on a removable media or will betransferred via tactical communications means. It will be provided to theunit’s logistics supervisor (or automation supervisor) for replication anddissemination. Based on the OPLAN, dissemination will be accomplished viathe WAN or by developing removable media for the war-fighting entities.


Appendix E

Annexes

This appendix contains an outline of engineer input to OPLANs andOPORDs. Annex M (Figure E-1) states the topographic products requiredfor completing a mission. The GI&S officer is responsible for developingthis annex to the OPLAN. Figure E-2, page E-4, is a sample of Appendix 1to the Topographic Annex.

The analysis of the AO (Figure E-3, page E-5) is the terrain-analysis unit’stextual and graphic input to the OPLAN or OPORD. It can be an annex oran appendix to an annex of the OPLAN or OPORD. (Historically, it is anappendix to Annex B).

CLASSIFICATION(Place the classification at the top and bottom of every page of the annex.)

ANNEX M, HQ OPLAN (Number)

Topographic Operations

References:

a. List the standard maps, imagery, and geospatial data that is required for an understanding of this annex.

b. List the documents that provide the guidance required for the necessary planning functions that arerelevant to this annex.

1. SITUATION.

a. GI&S Requirements. List the GI&S products that are required to support this plan. Show thedesired area coverage and quantitative requirements using an appendix (if necessary) or by portraying themgraphically using standard index bases.

b. Available Products. Provide a general statement regarding the availability and adequacy of theGI&S data and related material required to support the plan.

c. Capabilities. List the topographic-engineer forces that are assigned or attached. Show the latestarrival date (LAD) for each topographic-engineer unit contained in the time-phased, force-deployment data(TPFDD). Use an appendix for recording detailed transportation requirements and procedures. Referencethe appendix and ensure that its format follows local procedures.

d . Supporting Capabilities. List the topographic-engineer forces that are not assigned or attached butwhich will be required to provide topographic support needed to implement this plan, including units notdeployed. Specify the type of command relationship desired for each unit and the type and duration ofsupport required.

Figure E-1. Sample Annex M

Annexes E-1

FM 3-34.230

e. Assumptions. List the assumptions upon which this annex is based. The assumptions shouldstate expected conditions over which the commander has no control.

2. MISSION. Restate the OPLAN’s mission statement.

a. Execution. Concept of topographic operations.

(1) General. Give a broad statement on how the command will provide the topographic supportnecessary to meet the commander’s overall mission requirements. Include the—

•= Time phasing of operations.

•= Nature and purpose of topographic operations to be conducted.

•= Support that is interrelated or cross-serviced.

•= Support from the NIMA.

•= Support provided by agreements, coordination, and cooperation necessary for thesuccessful implementation of this plan. Describe the scope and extent of host-nationsupport (HNS) that is available to enhance topographic operations in support of theplan.

(2) Deployment. Summarize the requirements for deploying topographic-engineer forces anddepot activities from their normal peacetime locations. Include the AO, emphasizing careful time planning ofthis deployment.

(3) Employment. Describe in general terms how deployed topographic-engineer forces are to beused to conduct topographic operations.

b. Tasks. Ensure that provisions are made for the effective operation of all topographic-engineerunits supporting the command. Effective stockage and issue of GI&S products depend on timely knowledgeof impending operations, threats, and command movements. Explain detailed responsibilities ofcommanders, staff, and topographic units. In separate numbered subparagraphs, list the topographic tasksassigned to each command element and for those units providing support to the plan. Each task should bespelled out in a concise statement, which should include a mission to be performed in terms of furtherplanning or execution of the overall plan. These task assignments should be sufficiently detailed to ensurethat all elements essential to the concept of the operation are described properly. Ensure thatresponsibilities are assigned to establish, validate, and submit GI&S requirements and to task topographic-engineer units supporting the plan. State responsibilities for defining and adjusting command stockagelevels at map supply points. Specify map and data storage and distribution responsibilities for pickup andstorage.

c. Coordinating Instructions. List those instructions that apply to the entire command or to two ormore elements that are necessary for proper coordination of the GI&S support. Specify POCs within thecommand who can authorize the release of war-reserve stocks held or who can resolve command GI&Sproblems. At division level, the Division Support Command (DISCOM) operates the map supply points; atbrigade level, distribution is from the forward support battalion supply company through the Supply Officer(US Army) (S4). State whether a push or pull system will be employed and specify any restrictions orquantity of the special products that may be required. Explain the command’s system for setting priority andfor allocating resources to deal with demands on limited resources. Include a brief description of hownotification of forces and agencies will be carried out and how notification will be time sequenced. Providethe conditions under which contacts with host-nation agencies are authorized and identify those POCs.

E-2 Annexes

Figure E-1. Sample Annex M (continued)

FM 3-34.230

3. ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS.

a. Supply and Storage.

(1) GI&S Products. Provide instructions on the GI&S supply and storage procedures andrequirements. Give guidance for obtaining routine and emergency replenishment of GI&S products.Address any expected constraints on this replenishment. Include the planned locations of command andsupporting GI&S storage sites and facilities. Specify the type and quantity of GI&S products to be held bythe supporting command’s units. Give guidance for lead times that are required for furnishing nonstandardspecial-purpose product support or for responding to large-quantity orders.

(2) Support of Topographic-Engineer Units. Specify the requirements needed for the provision ofnontopographic as well as topographic logistics supports. (Topographic-engineer units normally rely onsupported units for the majority of logistics support.)

b. Transportation.

(1) GI&S Products. Ensure that GI&S products are provided on a supply-point basis and thatunits needing products know they are responsible for picking up those products from established supplypoints. Supply guidance for the movement of GI&S products from supporting supply points to the ultimateusers. List, as a minimum, the time-phased transportation-requirements list (TPTRL) portion of the TPFDDreflecting movement of GI&S materials. List any transportation shortfalls in the required support oftopographic operations, and list contingency plans to fully carry out and sustain topographic operations incase full transportation requirements cannot be provided. Use an appendix (if necessary) to list detailedtransportation requirements and procedures.

(2) Topographic-Engineer Units. Supply guidance for integrating the topographic-engineer unit’stransportation requirements into the command’s movement plan. (Topographic-engineer units may alsorequire assistance from supported commands to move organic equipment.)

c. GI&S Support. Supply instructions for obtaining planned support. Itemize the division ofresponsibilities between organic units and supporting topographic-engineer units to ensure that actions toprocure and stock GI&S products are complementary. Identify POCs for emergency procurement. (Accessto NIMA support normally is only available through the supporting command.)

d. Reports. Specify how required reports are to be formatted as well as what time limits, methods, andclassification apply to their submission. Enter this in the appendix, following local formatting procedures.

4. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.

a. Priorities. Delineate the priority of GI&S support to supported units and the priority of production forGI&S products.

b. Command Relationships. Include primary and alternate locations of all major topographic-engineerunits supporting the NIMA organizations. Specify the C2 relationships between the command and itsattached or supporting topographic units and organizations if this has not previously been addressed.

c. Command and Control. Provide a statement describing the scope and types of special signalsupport required for topographic operations. With the exception of survey units, most topographic unitshave few communications capabilities. Thus, explicit tasks are assigned to ensure that these units areeffectively supported by the command’s assets. This is especially critical in the case of distribution platoonsoperating map supply points. The Communications-Electronics Annex to this OPLAN must be referenced.

Acknowledge:

Annexes E-3


FM 3-34.230

GeneralCommander in Chief

OFFICIAL:

Appendices:1. GI&S Requirements List2. GI&S Transportation Requirements (Optional)3. GI&S Reports (Optional)

CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION

Classified by:Declassify on:

Headquarters, originating unitAddressDate

Appendix 1 to Topographic Annex to HQ OPLAN (Number)

GI&S requirements list

Required Items1 Coverage Required2 Coverage Available3 Quantity4

Standard aerospace products

Standard hydrographic products

Standard topographic products

Standard air-target materials

Survey requirements

Standard multiuse databases

1 A generalized description such as a map series, scale, or digital data. The stock number of a specific itemis not required.

2 Area to be covered described by geographic coordinates, political boundaries (identified by geopoliticalcodes), and recognizable geographic area. Display in a tab as a graphic or list.

3 Display status in a tab as a graphic or list related to coverage required, or source for special-purposeproducts.

4 Number of copies of each sheet, chart, or item needed to support the OPLAN. A list by stock number isattached as a tab.

CLASSIFICATION


Figure E-2. Sample Appendix 1 to the Topographic Annex

E-4 Annexes

FM 3-34.230

CLASSIFICATION

Copy no. ____ of ____ copiesIssuing headquartersPlace of issue (coordinates)Date-time group of signature

ANALYSIS OF AO NO. 6Reference: Map, series CSM 01, Westland, sheet 1 (Ebel), edition 1974, 1:50,000

1. PURPOSE AND LIMITING CONSIDERATIONS.

a. Purpose. To analyze and evaluate the area east of Cartersberg (9297) from the general area ofOverlook Ridge (9406) south to the Erie Canal within the division zone.

b. Mission. Division attacks 140900 July, secures high ground from Hill 322 (1394) to Hill 305 (0490)to deny the enemy a bridgehead, and prepares to cross the Erie Canal and continue the attack to the south.

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA.

a. Climate or weather Conditions.

(1) Climate, Annex A (climatic summary).

(2) Weather, weather forecast, 12 through 16 July.

•= Precipitation—None predicted.•= Fog—None predicted.•= Temperature—Range from 70° to 86°F.•= Wind—Surface winds from north, 9 to 17 knots per hour.•= Cloudiness—None predicted.•= Atmospheric pressure—Average about 980 millibars.•= Moon—New moon, 25 July.•= Light data.

Date BMNT BMCT EECT EENT Moonrise Moonset

13 July 0232 0440 1933 2138 2024 060814 July 0233 0442 1932 2138 2050 071415 July 0234 0444 1931 2137 2114 080616 July 0235 0446 1930 2137 2137 0901

b. Terrain.

(1) Relief and drainage systems. Annex B (Relief Overlay), Annex C (Drainage Overlay), andAnnex D (Slope Overlay). Area is drained by the Maine River on the west and southwest and the SouthRiver on the northeast. The northwest to southeast ridge running from Hill 351 (9807) to Albany (3960)generally bisects the area. The major spurs of this ridge run generally east and west. The terrain isgenerally rolling with a series of sharply rising tablelands. The Maine and South Rivers and the Erie Canalare unfordable. The Maine River south of Cartersberg averages about 30 meters in width and 2 meters indepth. The South River averages about 15 meters in width and 2 meters in depth. The Erie Canal hassteep banks and averages about 3 meters in depth and is about 17 to 21 meters in width at the top of thebanks. All other rivers and streams are fordable, varying in width from 1 to 7 meters, with an average depthof 40 centimeters.

Annexes E-5

Figure E-3. Sample Analysis of the AO

FM 3-34.230

E-6 Annexes

(2) Vegetation. Annex E (Vegetation Overlay) and Annex F (Vegetation Impeding MovementOverlay). Vegetation consists of growing crops, vineyards, pasturelands, orchards, and wooded areas.Hay, wheat, and vegetables are the main crops. Most crops are completely cut by the end of September.Wheat is grown mostly on open-topped tablelands. Vineyards are generally terraced and on the slopes ofthe hills. Most woods in the area are made up of deciduous trees about 25 centimeters in diameter andabout 10 to 12 meters apart. Underbrush has been cleared throughout the area. Logging operationsthroughout the forest in the vicinity of 9306 have thinned the tree stand to an average density of 90 trees perhectare. Roads and stream banks are generally bordered with trees. Small, scattered patches of trees arefound in the lowland plains. Wooded areas restrict, but do not preclude, the employment of armor.

(3) Surface Materials. Annex G (Soils Overlays). Surface in most of the area consists of thickclay-like soil on hard limestone or a limey-shale base. Above 200 meters elevation, with but few exceptions,the soil is firm and capable of supporting heavy wheeled and tracked vehicles even when under cultivation.The rains do not seriously affect trafficability at this time of year. The soil is generally wet in stream bottomsand in the lowlands below 200 meters elevation. While capable of supporting light tracked or wheeledvehicles, the soil becomes spongy and boggy where the turf has been destroyed.

(4) Artificial Features. Annex H (Builtup Areas and LOC Overlay). A double-track railroadcrosses the area from Cartersberg to the east. A single-track railroad runs from Nome (9619) toCartersberg, crossing the Macon saddle (9608). A double-track railroad from the west parallels the southbank of the Erie Canal as far as Dawson (0489). The area is covered with an extensive network of principaland secondary roads. Principal roads radiate from Cartersberg. Roads across Overlook Ridge (9406) fromnorth to south have been improved. National highways are at least 6 meters wide. All bridges on regularlymaintained roads are two-way Class 50. Villages consist of closely grouped buildings of brick or stone. Theenemy has constructed extensive field fortifications and artificial obstacles throughout the area north of ErieCanal. The artificial obstacles consist primarily of minefields and wire and are most extensive in the SouthRiver valley and in the general area of Athens (0194) and Auburn (0495).

c. Other Characteristics.

(1) Sociology. The area is generally rural. The farm villages have a present population of 50 to100 each. The current population of Cartersberg is estimated at 50,000 and the population of Harlow isestimated at 15,000. The population is primarily caucasian; farming is the principal occupation. Principalcrops are wheat, corn, cotton, and grapes.

(2) Economics. Little food and few supplies are available because the enemy has taken foodand materials to support the forces. However, some grain crops remain in the fields and can be harvestedat a later date if protected.

(3) Government. Civil agencies are prepared to take over functions of civil governments as thecountry is recaptured.

(4) Psychology. The confiscation of food and supplies and the impressing of civilian labor havemade the people extremely hostile toward the enemy. Acts of sabotage occur frequently in the Army’s reararea.

3. MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE AREA.

a. Tactical Aspects.

(1) Observation and fire. Annex I (Horizontal Visibility Overlay).

•= Weather conditions. Annex J (Fog Overlay). Weather permits good air and groundobservation. Continued dry weather will increase dust clouds caused by nuclearweapons. Observation will be reduced for a longer period of time in nuclear target areas.Weather favors our, but not the enemy’s, use of smoke.

Figure E-3. Sample Analysis of the AO (continued)

FM 3-34.230

•= Relief. The high ground now held by the enemy affords the enemy excellent observationover approaches into the position. The enemy-held hills west of the Maine River dominatethe western part of the area. High ground in the vicinity of Balda’s Peak (0004) providesthe enemy with excellent observation to the northeast, east, and south. The divisionobjective, with the spur extending north from 1395 to 1004, provides the enemy withexcellent observation over all approaches leading to it. Fields of fire within the area forflat-trajectory weapons are generally good but short, except in valley bottoms and from themilitary crests of open hilltops where they are generally excellent. Fields of fire on thenorthern slopes of Overlook Ridge and Hill 351 are excellent and favor enemy defense.Fields of fire from the northern slopes of the division objective are excellent. Long-rangefields of fire to the south from Overlook Ridge are good and favor our attack. Fields of firefor high-angle weapons are good throughout the area.

•= Vegetation. The National Forest from 0306 to 0597 severely restricts observation andfields of fire in the eastern part of the area. Within all wooded areas, fields of fire for flat-trajectory weapons are restricted in forest trails and roads. Fields and tree blowdown inwoods, caused by nuclear weapons, may restrict fields of fire within woods. Wheat fieldsseverely restrict ground-level observation this time of the year. Forest-fire smoke cloudsmay reduce observation throughout the area.

•= Artificial features. Church steeples in the numerous villages afford excellent observationpoints. Villages and farm buildings will limit fields of fire for flat-trajectory weapons.

(2) Concealment and cover.

•= Relief. The rolling nature of the terrain affords some degree of concealment and coverfrom ground observation. Concealment and cover are poor on the northern slopes ofOverlook Ridge and Hill 351. On the southern slopes of Overlook Ridge, concealmentand cover are good. The rolling nature of the terrain and numerous folds in the ground willreduce thermal effects of nuclear bursts.

•= Vegetation. Annex K (Canopy Closure Overlay). The National Forest offers excellentconcealment and cover for large units. Woods throughout the area afford excellentconcealment and protection from thermal effects because of the thick deciduous treesbeing in full leaf. Wheat fields also afford some degree of concealment.

•= Artificial features. Buildings in the area offer cover from small-arms fires and shellfragments but do not protect from blast by any significant degree.

(3) Obstacles. Annex L (Combined Obstacles Overlay).

•= Relief. Terrain favors enemy use of persistent chemicals in the valley forward of thepresent position. The drainage system consists of the Maine and South Rivers.

•= Vegetation. Woods, especially the National Forest, will restrict the cross-country mobilityof all vehicles, including track-laying vehicles. The woods will become severe obstacles inthe event of blowdown by blast or if set afire. Cultivated areas will limit wheeled vehicles.Terraced vineyards on the south slopes of Overlook Ridge, Bald Peak at 9400 northeastof Cartersberg, will restrict the movements of tanks and heavy vehicles to road and trailsin those areas.

•= Surface materials. Annex M (Weather Effects on Cross-Country Movement Overlay). Thesoil is generally wet in areas below 299 meters elevation. This will magnify the crateringeffects of subsurface nuclear bursts in these locations. While capable of supporting lighttracked or wheeled vehicles, the soil becomes spongy and boggy where the turf has beendestroyed. Soil composition does not favor the production of high intensities orradioactivity.


Annexes E-7

FM 3-34.230

•= Artificial features. The enemy has constructed extensive artificial obstacles consisting ofminefields and wire, particularly on the east flank and north of Hill 305 (0490). This willhinder movements and limit the use of certain avenues of approach (AAs) in these areas.Buildings and villages do not present significant obstacles even if destroyed by blast,except for the suburbs of Cartersberg on the east bank of the Maine River.

(4) Key terrain features.

•= Hill 351 (9807) and Overlook Ridge west thereof. These terrain features control the AAsin the western and central parts of our zone. The mission will be seriously jeopardized ifthese areas are not secured.

•= Hill 359 (0004). This hill mass dominates the central and eastern AAs. Its seizure isessential to the integrity and security of our forces and will facilitate fire and maneuver tothe south.

•= Hill 334 (9400). This plateau controls the AAs in the western part of the division zone. Itis key terrain if our tactical plans call for either a main attack or a supporting attack in thearea.

•= Hill 306 (9997). This hill provides dominant observation over a wide area in this part of thedivision zone. Its seizure and control will greatly enhance the security, fire, and maneuverof any forces attacking in this area.

•= Hill 326 (1199). This hill dominates favorable terrain leading directly into the eastern partof the division objective.

•= Hills 305 (0490) and 322 (1394). This terrain system constitutes the division objective.The mission cannot be accomplished without securing it. Control of this ridge is alsonecessary to continue the attack to the south.

(5) Avenues of Approach. Annex N (Avenues of Approach Overlay).

•= Available to enemy in our position.

= Axis Hill 351 (9807)–Hill 361 (9709).

= Axis Hill 339 (9206)–Hill 358 (9310).

= Axis Hill 280 (0010)–Paris (9811)–Hill 354 (9613).

•= Available to us in the enemy’s position.

= Axis Hill 358 (9310)–Hill 339 (9206)–Hill 334 (9400)–Hill 306 (9997)–Hill 305 (0490)–ridge east thereof (Avenue A).

= Axis Hill 361 (9709)-Hill 351 (9807)-Hill 359 (0004)-Auburn (0495)-ridge Hill 305(0490) to Hill 322 (1394) (Avenue B).

= Axis Hill 361 (9709)-Hill 351 (9807)-Hill 359 (0004)-Hill 271 (0702)-Hill 326 (1199)-Hill322 (1395)-ridge west thereof (Avenue C).

= Axis Hill 280 (0010)-Hill 282 (0803)-Hill 326 (1199)-Hill 322 (1394)-ridge west thereof(Avenue D).


E-8 Annexes

FM 3-34.230

b. CSS Aspects.

(1) Personnel. Characteristics of the society are such that only unskilled civilian labor will beavailable at any time. Employment of civilian labor to meet short-term objectives must be balanced carefullyagainst the long-term needs of harvesting crops.

(2) Logistics. Lack of civilian food and supplies may impose added logistics burdens on ourforces. Some pilferage can be expected. Few resources beyond basic natural resources are available formilitary use.

(3) Civil-military operations. Displacement of civilians through the impressing of civilian labor bythe enemy and lack of food and supplies will create problems that, if not controlled, can impact militaryoperations. The existence of civil agencies capable of assuming the functions of government will helpalleviate the problem. However, these agencies will require guidance.

4. EFFECTS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA.

a. Effect on Enemy COAs.

(1) Effect on enemy defense.

•= Terrain now held by the enemy favors defense in depth from present positions to thedivision objective. The enemy has excellent observation over all AAs, and the enemy’sflanks are protected by the rivers and canal on the west and artificial obstacles on theeast. The enemy’s best defense areas are the enemy-occupied forward positions.

•= The excellent weather conditions favor enemy defense and permit the enemy to usesupporting fires with maximum effectiveness.

(2) Effects on enemy attack.

•= The enemy’s best AA is the axis Hill 280 (0100)-Paris (9811)-Hill 354 (9613).

•= Weather conditions are such that the enemy will not be able to maneuver toward ourpositions without being observed except during the hours of darkness. The lack ofprecipitation favors cross-country mobility.

(3) Effect on enemy air.

•= Weather and terrain favor enemy employment of air in the division’s AO.

•= Terrain favors enemy delivery of nuclear weapons by low-level air attack.

(4) Effect on enemy use of nuclear weapons. Weather conditions are favorable for enemy use ofnuclear weapons. Effective winds do not favor use of fallout. Rolling terrain, numerous folds in the ground,and foliage will reduce thermal effects. Obstacles will be created by forest and tree blowdown.

(5) Effect on enemy chemical operations. Weather does not favor enemy use of chemicals.Terrain favors use of persistent chemicals in the valley forward of the enemy’s present defensive positions.

b. Effect on Own COAs.

(1) The best natural AA into the enemy area is axis Hill 280 (0010)-Hill 232 (0803)-Hill 326(1199)-Hill 322 (1394)-ridge west thereof (Avenue D); it is blocked by extensive minefields.


Annexes E-9

FM 3-34.230

(2) The second best AA is axis Hill 361 (9709)-Hill 232 (0803)-Hill 326 (1199)-Hill 322 (1394)-ridge west thereof (Avenue A).

(3) Weather and terrain does not favor our attack. We will not be able to maneuver towardenemy positions without being observed except during hours of darkness. The lack of precipitation will favorcross-country mobility except below 200 meters elevation. Forest fires and tree blowdown caused by use ofnuclear weapons in the National Forest will restrict mobility, observation, and fields of fire.

(4) Effect on nuclear weapons. Weather conditions are favorable for the employment of nuclearweapons. The rolling nature of the terrain, numerous folds in the ground, and foliage will reduce the effectson nuclear bursts. The wooded areas are dry and subject to extensive burning. Soil composition does notfavor the production of high intensities of radioactivity. Winds generally favor employment by our forces ofradiation effects of fallout from nuclear weapons.

(5) Effect of chemical agents. Weather conditions are favorable for our use of chemicals.

Acknowledge:

Commander’s last nameRank

OFFICIAL:(Authentication)

Annexes:A - Climatic Summary (omitted)B – Relief Overlay (omitted)C – Drainage Overlay (omitted)D – Slope Overlay (omitted)E – Vegetation Overlay (omitted)F – Vegetation Impeding Movement Overlay (omitted)G – Soils Overlay (omitted)H – Built-up Areas and LOC Overlay (omitted)I – Horizontal Visibility Overlay (omitted)

J – Fog Overlay (omitted)K – Canopy Closure Overlay (omitted)L – Combined Obstacles Overlay (omitted)M – Weather Effects on Cross-Country Movement Overlay (omitted)N – Avenues of Approach Overlay (omitted)

Distribution: A

CLASSIFICATION


E-10 Annexes

Appendix F

Legacy Systems

The Topographic Support System (TSS) includes COTS equipment used bytopographic battalions (including their organic topographic companies)and theater, corps, and division terrain teams. The system is housed intwenty-three 30-foot containers and a 20-foot truck-mounted van unit.Several modules and van configurations make up the seven functionalsubsystems.

CARTOGRAPHIC-REVISION SUBSYSTEM

F-1. The Cartographic-Revision Subsystem prepares final drawings andreproduction materials for special-purpose graphics, drafts original overlays,and revises existing overlays cartographically and photographically forgeneral-purpose graphics. This subsystem consists of a drafting and acompilation section.

F-2. The drafting section produces the set type, analyzes topographicproducts, and creates precision drawings, grids, masks, and pin registrations.The compilation section performs cartographic scribing, prepares drafts andmap manuscripts, annotates photography, and produces overlays andoverprint material.

IMAGE-BASED PRODUCTS SUBSYSTEM

F-3. The Image-Based Products (IBP) Subsystem performs all photographicprocessing and transformations required including differential and framerectification, mosaicking, scale changes, and routine photographicreproduction. It consists of the rectifier I and II sections and the mosaicking/drafting section.

F-4. The rectifier I section provides a facility for rectified and unrectifiedprints and film from roll or sheet-film images and for processing exposed filmfor use in the overall system. The rectifier II section provides a facility forediting and annotating photographic prints. It provides ground coordinates,elevation, and dimensions derived from aerial photographs. This section alsoexercises quality control over the rectifier I section and safeguardstopographic data.

F-5. The mosaicking/drafting section assembles mosaics for photographicmap production. It also drafts maps and map products.

Legacy Systems F-1

FM 3-34.230

STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSYSTEM

F-6. The Storage and Distribution Subsystem provides a central location forstoring TSS data-bank material. It also maintains a system for locating andretrieving materials. This subsystem also completes the packaging (trimming,binding, and folding), forwards the product, and destroys sensitive material. Itconsists of the storage and distribution sections.

F-7. The storage section stores and retrieves the unit’s basic load oftopographic data. The distribution section maintains and issues standard mapproducts from limited stock and disposes of obsolete map products.

REPRODUCTION SUBSYSTEM

F-8. The Reproduction Subsystem provides the capability to perform allrequired sequential functions necessary for reproducing lithographicproducts. It consists of seven sections—the photomechanical, camera, layout,platemaking, press, finishing, and paper-conditioning sections.

F-9. The photomechanical section prepares proof copies for editing, processesmanuscript images on plastic scribing materials or blueprints, preparesduplicate reproduction materials, and processes exposed film. The camerasection produces negatives from color-separated original manuscript(including continuous tone, halftone, and line copy), performs reduction to 33percent and enlargement to 300 percent, and processes all exposures. Thelayout section provides engraving, opaquing, and laying out processednegatives for producing maps, photomaps, and map substitutes. It alsoperforms precision checking and retouches flats.

F-10. The platemaking (plate-processing) section processes lithographic offsetplates by exposing, developing, and preparing items for the press section. Thepress section produces multiple copies of required products in eithermonochrome or color. The finishing section prepares paper stock for printing,completes reproduced products by trimming and binding, packages thecompleted products for distribution, and shreds obsolete and classifiedproducts. The paper-conditioning section climatically stabilizes paper bymaintaining a constant temperature and humidity that will be encounteredwhen the paper is printed in the press section.

C2 SUBSYSTEM

F-11. The C2 Subsystem provides centralized control, direction, andmanagement of the overall functions. It also provides the maintenance for theTSS. This includes processing external requests, defining requirements,assigning internal priorities, and managing operational activities. Thissubsystem consists of an operations and a maintenance section.

F-12. The operations section centralizes control, direction, and productionmanagement for all of the TSS. The maintenance section is responsible forrepairing and maintaining all unique survey, cartographic, and reproductionequipment within the TSS.

F-2 Legacy Systems

FM 3-34.230

MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SUBSYSTEM

F-13. The Military Geographic Information (MGI) Subsystem provides astorehouse and center for on-site terrain data collection, analysis, andsynthesis for topographic support. It consists of five sections—the collection,information, synthesis, analysis, and DS sections.

F-14. The collection section collects all basic MGI from all possible sources. Itcatalogs all data received and passes it to the analysis section for processingor to the information section for storage. The collection section monitorsrequests for data collection that must be sent to units outside the TSS. It alsocollects MGI for other TSS sections. The collection section serves as the focalpoint for supervising TSS operations.

F-15. The information section is responsible for the receipt, accountability,and storage of processed MGI. It also disseminates information as required.The synthesis section provides graphic or textual analyses from factoroverlays and other TSS data to meet military requirements. The analysissection interprets, evaluates, and updates MGI. The DS section provides aquick-reaction capability for collecting, analyzing, cataloging, and retrievinginformation. It also furnishes military geographic support as required.

DOWNSIZED DIRECT-SUPPORT SYSTEM

F-16. The Downsized Direct-Support System (DDSS) provides a downsizedversion of the DS section of the TSS to meet the close combat light forces’mission requirements for transportability and deployment. The DDSScolocates with the division tactical operations center (DTOC). The DDSSconsists of a 5/4-ton truck with a standard shelter; it tows a 3/4-ton trailer.Upon deployment, a tent is erected from the rear of the shelter to provide 80percent of the operational work area.

DIGITAL TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT SYSTEM—LOW-RATE INITIAL PRODUCTION

F-17. The Digital Topographic Support System—Low-Rate Initial Production(DTSS-LRIP) is an automated tactical terrain data system featuringhardware and software modularity and using electronic data processing andcomputer technology. It provides input for the IPB, TDAs, and terrain datamanagement for the AO. The system receives, reformats, creates, stores,retrieves, updates, manipulates, disseminates, and densifies digital terraindata.

SURVEY SUBSYSTEM

F-18. The Survey Subsystem establishes new or additional basic networks ofcontrol. It also determines the position, elevation, and azimuth at requiredpoints and at the required accuracy.

Legacy Systems F-3

Glossary

3-D three dimensional

A&D archive and dissemination

A2C2 Army Airspace Command and Control

AA avenue of approach

AAN Army After Next

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials

ABCS Army Battlefield Command System

ACD automated change detection

ACDB ABCS common database

ACE assistant corps engineer

ACR advanced concepts and requirements

AD air defense

ADA air-defense artillery

ADC-M assistant division commander-maneuver

ADE assistant division engineer

ADRG arc digitized raster graphic

AFATDS Advanced Field-Artillery Tactical Data System

AFE assisted/automated feature extraction

AGL above ground level

Glossary-1

FM 3-34.230

AIGIS Army Imagery and Geospatial Information and Services

AISI automatic integrated survey instrument

AMDWS air- and missile-defense workstation

AMPS Aviation Mission Planning System

AO area of operation

AOI area of interest

AR Army regulation

ARFOR Army forces

ARSPACE Army Space Command

ASAS All-Source Analysis System

ASAS-RWS All-Source Analysis System-Remote Work Station

ASCC Army Service Component Command

ATR assisted/automated target recognition

attn attention

BCV battle-command vehicle

bde brigade

BMCT begin morning civil twilight

BMNT begin morning nautical twilight

BOS battlefield operating system

BSM battlefield-spectrum management

C2 command and control

Glossary-2

FM 3-34.230

C2I commercial/civil imagery

C2V command and control vehicle

C3 command, control, and communications

C4I command, control, computers, communications, and intelligence

C&P collection and processing

CAC compressed aeronautical chart

CAD computer-aided design

CADRG compressed ADRG

CBR chemical, biological, and radiological

CBS corps battle simulation

CCIR commander’s critical information requirements

CCM cross-country movement

CD-ROM compact disk—read-only memory

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CIB controlled image base

CINC commander in chief

cm centimeter(s)

Co company

COA course of action

COMSEC communications security

CONPLAN contingency plan

Glossary-3

FM 3-34.230

CONUS continental United States

COTS commercial off-the-shelf

CP command post

CS combat support

CSS combat service support

CSSCS Combat-Service-Support Control System

CTIS Combat Terrain Information System

CTOE common topographic operating environment

CWO chief warrant officer

DA Department of the Army

dB decibel(s)

DBMS Database Management System

DCSINT Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

DCSOPS Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans

DDSS Downsized Direct-Support System

deg degree(s)

DFAD digital feature-analysis data

DGPS differential global positioning system

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency

DISCOM Division Support Command

Glossary-4

FM 3-34.230

DISN Defense Information Systems Network

dist distribution

DIVARTY division artillery

DIVEN division engineer

DLA Defense Logistics Agency

DMA Defense Mapping Agency

DMAFF DMA Feature File

DMAIN division main

DMS Defense Mapping School

DOD Department of Defense

DODAAC Department of Defense activity address code

DPPDB digital point position database

DS direct support

DTAC division tactical-analysis cell

DTED digital terrain-elevation data

DTLOMS doctrine, training, leader development, organization, materiel,and soldiers

DTOC division tactical operations center

DTSS Digital Topographic Support System

DTSS-B Digital Topographic Support System-Base

DTSS-D Digital Topographic Support System-Deployable

DTSS-H Digital Topographic Support System-Heavy

Glossary-5

FM 3-34.230

DTSS-L Digital Topographic Support System-Light

E east

E5 sergeant

E6 staff sergeant

E7 sergeant first class

EAC echelons above corps

EAD echelons above division

EBA engineer battlefield assessment

EECT end evening civil twilight

EENT end evening nautical twilight

EM enlisted member

ENSIT enemy situation

ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center

ETI environmental threshold and impact

FA field artillery

FAADC2 Forward-Area Air-Defense System for Command and Control

FBCB2 Force XXI Battle Command—Brigade and Below

FD foundation data

FFD foundation feature data

FFED fire-finder elevation data

FLIP flight-information publication

Glossary-6

FM 3-34.230

FM field manual

FOC future operational capabilities

FS fire support

FSCOORD fire-support coordinator

G2 Assistant Chief of Staff, G2 (Intelligence)

G3 Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 (Operations and Plans)

GCCS Global Command and Control System

GCCS-A Global Command and Control System-Army

GCCS-T Global Command and Control System-Tactical

GGI&S global geospatial information and services

GI geospatial information

GI&S geospatial information and services

GID Geospatial Information Division

GIF graphics interchange format

GIS Geographic Information System

GNC global navigation chart

GOTS government off-the-shelf

GPS Global Positioning System

GS general support

HAG high-assurance guard

HET heavy equipment transporter

Glossary-7

FM 3-34.230

HHC headquarters and headquarters company

HLZ helicopter landing zone

HMMWV high-mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehicle

HNS host-nation support

HQ headquarters

HQDA Headquarters, Department of the Army

hr hour(s)

HUMINT human intelligence

IBP image-based products

ICM information-collection management

ICS3 Integrated Combat-Service-Support System

IDM information-delivery management

IEW intelligence and electronic warfare

IFSAR interferometric synthetic aperture radar

IGI imagery and geospatial information

IHO International Hydrographic Organization

IM information management

IMETS Integrated Meteorological System

IMINT imagery intelligence

info information

intel intelligence

Glossary-8

FM 3-34.230

IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield

IPM information-production management

IRM information-requirements management

ISO international standards organization

ISYSCON Integrated Systems Control

ITD interim terrain data

J2 Intelligence Directorate

JNC jet navigation chart

JOPES Joint Operational Planning and Execution System

JOG joint operational graphic

JTF joint task force

km kilometer(s)

kph kilometer(s) per hour

LAD latest arrival date

LAN local-area network

liq liquid

LOC lines of communication

LOS line of sight

LRAS Long-Range Acquisition System

LRIP low-rate initial production

m meter(s)

Glossary-9

FM 3-34.230

M&S modeling and simulation

M/S mobility/survivability

MACOM Major Army Command

MANSCEN US Army Maneuver Support Center

MASINT measurement and signature intelligence

mb millibar(s)

MCOO modified combined-obstacle overlay

MCS Maneuver Control System

MDMP military decision-making process

METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civilianconsideration

MGI military geographic information

mgmt management

MI military intelligence

MO magneto optical

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MP military police

MSBL Maneuver Support Battle Laboratory

MSC major subordinate command

MSDS mission-specific data set

MSL mean sea level

MTC movement to contact

Glossary-10

FM 3-34.230

N north

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

naut nautical

NAVSTAR Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging

NCO noncommissioned officer

NCOIC noncommissioned officer in charge

NE northeast

NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency

NIMC National Imagery and Mapping College

No. number

nonperm nonpermanent

NRMMII NATO Reference Mobility Model II

NSN national stock number

NW northwest

obs obstacle

OCOKA observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles,key terrain, and avenues of approach

OIC officer in charge

ONC operational navigation chart

OPLAN operation plan

OPORD operations order

OWTS one-way transfer system

Glossary-11

FM 3-34.230

P&C planning and control

Pam Pamphlet

PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

PEOC3S Program Executive Office for Command, Control, andCommunications Systems

perm permanent

PIR priority intelligence requirements

PLGR precise lightweight GPS receiver

POC point of contact

POL petroleum, oil, and lubricants

PPS Precise Positioning Service

prod production

PTADB planning terrain-analysis database

R&S reconnaissance and surveillance

RDA research, development, and acquisition

repro mats reproduction materials

S secret

S south

S2 Intelligence Officer (US Army)

S3 Operations and Training Officer (US Army)

S4 Supply Officer (US Army)

SCP survey control point

Glossary-12

FM 3-34.230

SE southeast

sec section

semiperm semipermanent

SIC survey information center

SMDC US Army Space and Missile Defense Command

SOF special operations forces

SOP standing operating procedure

SPCE survey planning and coordination element

spec special

SPPB special-purpose product builder

STAMIS Standard Army Management Information System

stat statute

SW southwest

SWO staff weather officer

TAC tactical command post

TACDAM tactical dam analysis

TDA tactical decision aid

TDL theater downlinked

TEC Topographic-Engineering Center

tech technical

TEMO training, exercises, and military operations

Glossary-13

FM 3-34.230

TF task force

TI Tactical Internet

TLM topographic line map

TO theater of operations

TOC tactical operations center

TOE tables of organization and equipment

TPC tactical pilot chart

TPED tasking, production, exploitation, and dissemination

TPFDD time-phased, force-deployment data

TPIO TRADOC Program Integration Office

TPTRL time-phased, transportation-requirements list

TRADOC US Army Training and Doctrine Command

TS/SCI top secret/sensitive compartmented information

TSS Topographic Support System

TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures

TUM terrain update module

U unclassified

UAV unmanned airborne vehicle

US United States

USACE US Army Corps of Engineers

USAES US Army Engineer School

Glossary-14

FM 3-34.230

USAF US Air Force

USGS US Geological Survey

USIGS US Imagery and Geospatial Information Services

UTM universal transverse mercator

VCI vehicle cone index

V.E. vertical exaggeration

veg vegetation

VIS visibility

VITD vector interim terrain data

W west

WAN wide-area network

WES Waterways Experiment Station

WGS World Geodetic System

WIN War-Fighter Information Network

Glossary-15

t

.

Bibliography

AR 115-11. Army Topography. 30 November 1993.

DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. 1 February1974.

FM 5-101. Mobility. 23 January 1985.

FM 5-102. Countermobility. 14 March 1985.

FM 5-103. Survivability. 10 June 1985.

FM 5-170. Engineer Reconnaissance. 5 May 1998.

FM 5-410. Military Soils Engineering. 23 December 1992.

FM 5-532. Topographic Surveying. To be published within 6 months.

FM 21-31. Topographic Symbols. 19 June 1961.

FM 34-130. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 8 July 1994.

FM 71-100. Division Operations. 28 August 1996.

TRADOC Pam 525-2. Operational Concept for Army Tactical Command Control.20 June 1980.

TRADOC Pam 525-5. Force XXI Operations. 1 August 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-13. US Army Operational Concept for Use of Army Bands in CombaAreas. 6 November 1981.

TRADOC Pam 525-20. US Army Operational Concept for Individual and CollectiveMeasures for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Defense.30 June 1982.

TRADOC Pam 525-22. US Army Operational Concept for Medical Support Operations ina Chemical Environment. 31 January 1983.

TRADOC Pam 525-23. US Army Operational Concept for Army Tactical BattlefieldSpectrum Management. 18 February 1983.

TRADOC Pam 525-32. US Army Operational Concept for Potable Water Support.1 November 1996.

TRADOC Pam 525-50. Operational Concept for Combat Health Support. 1 October 1996

TRADOC Pam 525-58. US Army Operations Concept for Combat Identification.31 August 1993.

Bibliography-1

FM 3-34.230

Biblio

TRADOC Pam 525-60. Operational Concept for Space Support to Land ForceOperations. 1 November 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-65. US Army Operations Concept for Class V Support UsingMOADS-PLS. 24 August 1992.

TRADOC Pam 525-66. Operational Capability Requirements. 1 December 1995.

TRADOC Pam 525-67. US Army Operations Concept for the Heavy EquipmentTransporter (HET). 24 August 1992.

TRADOC Pam 525-68. Concept for Modularity. 10 January 1995.

TRADOC Pam 525-69. Concept for Information Operations. 1 August 1995.

TRADOC Pam 525-70. Battlefield Visualization Concept. 1 October 1995.

TRADOC Pam 525-72. Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2). 1 June 1996.

TRADOC Pam 525-73. Concept for Nonlethal Capabilities in Army Operations.1 September 1996.

TRADOC Pam 525-74. Family of Integrated Tactical Security Systems.1 December 1996.

TRADOC Pam 525-75. Intel XXI—A Concept for Force XXI Intelligence Operations.1 November 1996.

TRADOC Pam 525-100-1. Leadership and Command on the Battlefield.13 October 1992.

TRADOC Pam 525-100-2. Leadership and Command on the Battlefield—Battalion andCompany. 10 June 1993.

TRADOC Pam 525-100-4. Leadership and Command on the Battlefield—Noncommissioned Officer Corps. 28 February 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-100-5. Leadership and Command on the Battlefield—FamilySupport.24 October 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-200-1. Battle Command, US Army Battle Dynamic Concept.1 December 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-200-2. Early Entry Lethality and Survivability, US Army BattleDynamic Concept. 1 March 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-200-3. Dismounted Battlespace, US Army Battle Dynamic Concept.1 June 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-200-4. Mounted Battlespace, US Army Battle Dynamic Concept.1 June 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-200-5. Depth and Simultaneous Attack, US Army Battle DynamicConcept. 1 June 1994.

TRADOC Pam 525-200-6. Combat Service Support, US Army Battle Dynamic Concept.1 August 1994.

graphy-2

Index

A

A2C2. See Army AirspaceCommand and Control (A2C2).

AAN. See Army After Next (AAN).ABCS. See Army Battlefield

Command System (ABCS).Advanced Field-Artillery Tactical

Data System (AFATDS), 4-2,4-4

AFATDS. See Advanced Field-Artillery Tactical Data System(AFATDS).

air- and missile-defenseworkstation (AMDWS), 4-4

air defense, 1-2air-defense artillery, 3-5AISI. See automated integrated

survey instrument (AISI).All-Source Analysis System

(ASAS), 3-14, 3-15, 4-2, 4-4AMDWS. See air- and missile-

defense workstation(AMDWS).

Army After Next (AAN), 1-2Army Airspace Command and

Control (A2C2), 4-2, 4-5Army Battlefield Command System

(ABCS), 2-5, 3-11, 4-2, 4-3,4-4, 4-6

Army Vision 2010, 4-2Army XXI, 1-1ASAS. See All-Source Analysis

System (ASAS).automated integrated survey

instrument (AISI), 4-9aviation assets, 3-5

B

battle command, 1-1, 1-4, 2-5battle-command vehicle (BCV), 4-5battle drills, 3-17BCV. See battle-command vehicle

(BCV).battlefield operating system (BOS),

1-2, 4-3battlefield visualization, 1-2, 1-3—

1-4, 1-5, 3-3

BOS. See battlefield operatingsystem (BOS).

C

C2. See command and control(C2).

C2V. See command and controlvehicle (C2V).

C3. See command, control, andcommunications (C3).

CAD. See computer-aided design(CAD).

cartography, 3-2, 3-7, 3-15, 3-16,B-1

CCIR. See commander’s criticalinformation requirements(CCIR).

climatology, 3-2Combat Services Support Control

System (CSSCS), 4-2, 4-4Combat Terrain Information

System (CTIS), 2-5, 4-6, 4-7command and control (C2), 1-1,

2-6, 3-15, 4-2, 4-4, 4-5command and control vehicle

(C2V), 4-5command, control, and

communications (C3), 2-5commander’s critical information

requirements (CCIR), 1-2commander’s intent, 3-4common operating environment,

4-5common operational picture, 3-3,

4-2, 4-4common topographic operating

environment (CTOE), 2-6, 3-9,3-11, 3-15, 3-16, B-1, D-1

computer-aided design (CAD), 4-8concept of operations, 1-4, 1-7, 2-1CSSCS. See Combat Service

Support Control System(CSSCS).

CTIS. See Combat TerrainInformation System (CTIS).

CTOE. See common operatingtopographic environment(CTOE).

D

data collection, 1-5database development, 1-5, 3-12database management, 1-5, 3-2,

3-6—3-7, 3-9, 3-11, D-1—D-5Database Management System

(DBMS), 3-14DBMS. See Database

Management System(DBMS).

decision aids, 3-10Defense Mapping Agency (DMA),

2-2Defense Mapping School (DMS),

2-6digital data, 1-5, 2-5, 2-6digital database, 3-12, 4-8digital division terrain detachment,

2-10Digital Topographic Support

System (DTSS), 2-4, 2-5, 2-6,3-9, 3-11, 3-12, 3-14, 3-16,4-2, 4-5, 4-7, 4-8, B-1

digitization, 4-1digitized terrain, 1-5display, 1-5distribution, 1-5, 2-6DMA. See Defense Mapping

Agency (DMA).DMS. See Defense Mapping

School (DMS).DTSS. See Digital Topographic

Support System (DTSS).

E

EBA. See engineer battlefieldassessment (EBA).

engineer battlefield assessment(EBA), 1-2, 2-10, 3-4, 3-10

Engineer Research andDevelopment Center (ERDC),2-2

enriched data, 3-13, 3-14, D-1,D-3—D-5

entry force, 2-1

Index-1

FM 3-34.230

ERDC. See Engineer Researchand Development Center(ERDC).

exploitation, 3-2

F

FAADC2. See Forward-Area Air-Defense System forCommand and Control(FAADC2).

FBCB2. See Force XXI BattleCommand—Brigade andBelow (FBCB2).

fire, 2-5fire support, 1-2, 3-5FOC. See future operational

capabilities (FOC).force

development, 2-4digitization, 1-5projection, 1-5, 3-6, 3-9protection, 3-9

Force XXI Battle Command—Brigade and Below (FBCB2),4-2, 4-4—4-5

Forward-Area Air-Defense Systemfor Command and Control(FAADC2), 4-2, 4-4

forward-presence element, 2-1foundation data, 3-12, 4-5, D-1—

D-2future operational capabilities

(FOC), 1-3, C-1—C-2

G

GCCS. See Global Command andControl System (GCCS).

geodetic survey, 3-2, 3-6Geographic Information System

(GIS), 2-4geospatial information, 2-2, 3-16geospatial information and

services (GI&S), 2-7, 3-2, 3-12assets, 2-1data, 2-6, 3-9support, 1-2, 2-3, 2-10, 2-11,

3-3GI&S. See geospatial information

and services (GI&S).GIS. See Geographic Information

System (GIS).Global Command and Control

System (GCCS), 4-1, 4-2, 4-3Global Positioning System (GPS),

4-8

GPS. See Global PositioningSystem (GPS).

H

hard-copy media, 2-2

I

IEW. See intelligence andelectronic warfare (IEW).

imagery, 2-2imagery intelligence, 2-2IMETS. See Integrated

Meteorological System(IMETS).

information technology, 1-5Integrated Meteorological System

(IMETS), 4-2, 4-5—4-6Integrated Systems Control

(ISYSCON), 4-2, 4-6intelligence and electronic warfare

(IEW), 4-3, 4-4intelligence preparation of the

battlefield (IPB), 1-2, 2-10,3-3, 3-4, 3-10

IPB. See intelligence preparationof the battlefield (IPB).

ISYSCON. See IntegratedSystems Control (ISYSCON).

J

Joint Operational Planning andExecution System (JOPES),4-2

Joint Vision 2010, 4-2JOPES. See Joint Operational

Planning and ExecutionSystem (JOPES).

L

LAN. See local-area network(LAN).

leadership, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5line of sight (LOS), 4-1lines of communication (LOC), 1-2lithographic activities, 3-2lithographic presses, 3-8LOC. See lines of communication

(LOC).local-area network (LAN), 3-15,

3-16logistics, 1-2, 3-5

Defense Logistics Agency, 2-2split-based, 2-1, 2-7

LOS. See line of sight (LOS).

M

maneuver, 1-2, 2-5, 3-4Maneuver Control System (MCS),

3-12, 3-15, 4-2, 4-3Maneuver Support Battle

Laboratory (MSBL), 2-5mapping tool kit, 3-12, 3-16, 3-17MCS. See Maneuver Control

System (MCS).mission folders, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17mission-specific data set (MSDS),

3-12, 4-5, D-1, D-2—D-3mobile training teams, 2-6mobility/survivability (M/S), 1-2, 3-4modeling, 1-3models

environmental andclimatology, B-7

integrated meteorologicalsystem, B-6

intervisibility, B-5mobility, B-3special purpose product

builder, B-4tactical dam analysis, B-6terrain elevation, B-4

M/S. See mobility/survivability(M/S).

MSBL. See Maneuver SupportBattle Laboratory.

MSDS. See mission-specific dataset (MSDS).

N

National Imagery and MappingAgency (NIMA), 2-2, D-2

Navigation Satellite Timing andRanging (NAVSTAR), 4-8

NAVSTAR. See NavigationSatellite Timing and Ranging(NAVSTAR).

NIMA. See National Imagery andMapping Agency (NIMA).

nondigital division topographic-analysis detachment, 2-10

nonstandard topographic products,B-1, B-2—B-7

O

operationsoffensive, 1-6defensive, 1-6split-based, 2-1stability, 1-6, 1-7support, 1-6, 1-7

Index-2

FM 3-34.230

P

PIR. See priority intelligencerequirements (PIR).

PPS. See Precise PositioningService (PPS).

Precise Positioning Service (PPS),4-8

printing, B-1priority intelligence requirements

(PIR), 1-2production, 3-2

R

R&S. See reconnaissance andsurveillance (R&S).

rapid-response imagery, 2-4raster imagery, 3-2reconnaissance and surveillance

(R&S), 4-1reproduction, 3-2, 3-6, 3-7

S

SCP. See survey control point(SCP).

SIC. See Survey InformationCenter (SIC).

simulations, 1-3situational awareness, 4-1, 4-4SMDC. See Space and Missile

Defense Command (SMDC).Space and Missile Defense

Command (SMDC), 2-4STAMIS. See Standard Army

Management InformationSystems (STAMIS).

Standard Army ManagementInformation Systems(STAMIS), 4-4

standard topographic products,B-1—B-2

survey control point (SCP), 1-2Survey Information Center (SIC),

4-8surveying, B-1sustainment, 2-5

T

tactical decision aid (TDA), 3-5,3-6, 3-17, 4-1, 4-5, B-1, B-2,B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-10flight-line-masking, 3-5shaded-relief, 3-5vertical-obstruction, 3-5

Tactical Internet (TI), 4-2, 4-6

tasking, production, exploitation,and dissemination (TPED),2-2

TDA. See tactical decision aid(TDA).

TEC. See Topographic-Engineering Center (TEC).

terrain analysis, 2-10, 2-11, 3-2,3-6, 3-7, 3-9, 3-15

terrain database, 1-5terrain evaluation, 3-2, 3-17terrain-evaluation tools, B-7terrain visualization, 1-5—1-6, 2-6,

2-7, 3-1, 3-6, 4-5tools, 1-5

TI. See Tactical Internet (TI).topographic analysis, 1-6, B-1topographic engineer

battalion, 2-7company, 2-10

Topographic-Engineer Center(TEC), 2-3

topographic engineering, 2-3topographic imagery, 2-4Topographic Support System

(TSS), F-1topographic survey, 3-7TPED. See tasking, production,

exploitation, anddissemination (TPED).

trainingentry-level, 2-6leadership, 2-6midlevel, 2-6

TSS. See Topographic SupportSystem (TSS).

W

War-Fighter Information Network(WIN), 4-2, 4-3, 4-6

WIN. See War-Fighter InformationNetwork (WIN).

Index-3

FM 3-34.2303 AUGUST 2000

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official:

ERIC K. SHINSEKIGeneral, United States Army

Chief of Staff

Administrative Assistant to theSecretary of the Army 0018901

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed inaccordance with the initial distribution number 110751, requirements forFM 3-34.230 (formerly FM 5-105).

topographic operations

Documents