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SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS OF WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION

SERVICES IN INDIASERVICES IN INDIA

Dr. Dinesh chandDr. Dinesh chandMinistry of Drinking Water and SanitationMinistry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

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LayoutLayout

OverviewOverview Challenges and StrategyChallenges and Strategy Sustainable OperationsSustainable Operations Community Managed Operations Community Managed Operations

and Capacity Buildingand Capacity Building Experiments & Experiences in World Experiments & Experiences in World

Bank ProjectsBank Projects ConclusionConclusion

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OverviewOverviewPresently,Presently, 91 % rural people in 1.5million habitations have 91 % rural people in 1.5million habitations have

been provided RWSS infrastructurebeen provided RWSS infrastructure About 71 % rural households has access to About 71 % rural households has access to

toiletstoilets Do they figures indicate reliable, sustainable and Do they figures indicate reliable, sustainable and

affordable water and sanitation services? affordable water and sanitation services?

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Because-Because- Continuing ' Quantity and Quality' problems having poor Continuing ' Quantity and Quality' problems having poor

operations and maintenance (O&M) standards and operations and maintenance (O&M) standards and cost recovery are formidable constraints in achieving full cost recovery are formidable constraints in achieving full

coverage affecting about 30-40% schemes coverage affecting about 30-40% schemes The main challenge is switching from a build-and-rebuild The main challenge is switching from a build-and-rebuild

approach to a build-and-expand approach andapproach to a build-and-expand approach and Gram Panchayats (GPs) maintain these facilities Gram Panchayats (GPs) maintain these facilities States invest more and more in expanding systems to States invest more and more in expanding systems to

meet increasing demand for better and sustainable meet increasing demand for better and sustainable servicesservices

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Challenges and StrategyChallenges and Strategy

Water and sanitation schemes experience the most serious Water and sanitation schemes experience the most serious problems with O&M and cost recovery aspects. problems with O&M and cost recovery aspects.

Thousands of scheme newly built infrastructure deteriorates Thousands of scheme newly built infrastructure deteriorates and become dysfunctional after the scheme’s construction & and become dysfunctional after the scheme’s construction & commissioning within few yearscommissioning within few years

How to make operations of water and sanitation services How to make operations of water and sanitation services Sustainable on long term basis- Today’s the most challenging Sustainable on long term basis- Today’s the most challenging problem. problem.

Implementing Plan for operation and maintenance to transfer Implementing Plan for operation and maintenance to transfer of ownership to local bodies/PRIs and need to adopt system of ownership to local bodies/PRIs and need to adopt system approach for ensuring Sustainable services for all times.approach for ensuring Sustainable services for all times.

Recently, the Ministry of Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Recently, the Ministry of Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation has prepared long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for has prepared long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security and sanitation to all rural ensuring drinking water security and sanitation to all rural households. households.

To cover 90% of households with piped water and at least To cover 90% of households with piped water and at least 80% households with tap connections in the country.80% households with tap connections in the country.school.edhole.com

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The strategy emphasizes water security through decentralized The strategy emphasizes water security through decentralized governance with oversight and regulation, participatory planning governance with oversight and regulation, participatory planning and implementation of improved sources and schemes. and implementation of improved sources and schemes.

To Develop sustainable service delivery mechanisms - a central To Develop sustainable service delivery mechanisms - a central feature of the program, with State institutions or ZPs feature of the program, with State institutions or ZPs implementing and managing large multi-village schemes, implementing and managing large multi-village schemes, delivering bulk water to villages in water stressed areas, and GPs delivering bulk water to villages in water stressed areas, and GPs implementing and managing in-village and intra-Panchayat implementing and managing in-village and intra-Panchayat schemes.schemes.

The strategy highlights source sustainability measures, water The strategy highlights source sustainability measures, water quality safety, monitoring and surveillance, convergence of quality safety, monitoring and surveillance, convergence of different development programs, and building professional different development programs, and building professional capacity at all levels. capacity at all levels.

The main challenge now is the effective implementation and The main challenge now is the effective implementation and scaling-up of the proposed decentralized systems. scaling-up of the proposed decentralized systems.

The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)/ NGP is an incentive The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)/ NGP is an incentive program to promote ‘Nirmal' villages with awareness. However, program to promote ‘Nirmal' villages with awareness. However, the full potential of this campaign has yet to be realized.the full potential of this campaign has yet to be realized.

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Sustainable OperationsSustainable Operations Operations refer to all of the activities needed to run a water Operations refer to all of the activities needed to run a water

supply and sanitation scheme ensuring efficiency, supply and sanitation scheme ensuring efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability except the construction of effectiveness and sustainability except the construction of new facilities. new facilities.

It has two aspects- “operation”- activities of operating staff It has two aspects- “operation”- activities of operating staff and the procedures or by-laws for governance of access the and the procedures or by-laws for governance of access the system and requires awareness/ knowledge of the scheme, system and requires awareness/ knowledge of the scheme, managerial capability and finances and “maintenance” (O&M)- managerial capability and finances and “maintenance” (O&M)- is purely the technical activities and to be planned to keep the is purely the technical activities and to be planned to keep the system working and requires skills, tools and spare partssystem working and requires skills, tools and spare parts..

The key to ensuring effective maintenance of scheme- The key to ensuring effective maintenance of scheme- define roles and responsibilities clearly, personnel equipped define roles and responsibilities clearly, personnel equipped adequately with the appropriate skills and tools. adequately with the appropriate skills and tools.

Thus, it is essential to have mandate, men and money along Thus, it is essential to have mandate, men and money along with well developed scheme operation and maintenance plan.with well developed scheme operation and maintenance plan.

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There is greater need to adopt system approach- There is greater need to adopt system approach- emphasising not only the planning, designing and emphasising not only the planning, designing and construction of schemes but also post-construction activities construction of schemes but also post-construction activities including operational aspects--including operational aspects-- ..

The ease of operation and maintenance of a facility should be The ease of operation and maintenance of a facility should be focal point to its sustainabilityfocal point to its sustainability

careful consideration in planning & designing of the scheme careful consideration in planning & designing of the scheme as some O&M issues are location-specific. as some O&M issues are location-specific.

In rural areas, the engineer must take into account the factors In rural areas, the engineer must take into account the factors such as the availability of chemicals for treatment, spare such as the availability of chemicals for treatment, spare parts, and equipment, the reliability of power supplies, and the parts, and equipment, the reliability of power supplies, and the availability of local skills and capacity to undertake O&M. availability of local skills and capacity to undertake O&M.

The standardisation of equipment, spare parts, designs, The standardisation of equipment, spare parts, designs, construction methods, etc., has many benefits including the construction methods, etc., has many benefits including the probability of local craftsmen being able to carry out the workprobability of local craftsmen being able to carry out the work

If the scheme design is simpler, the O&M is better as it If the scheme design is simpler, the O&M is better as it requires lower skill levels in the design process. requires lower skill levels in the design process. school.edhole.com

Community Managed Operations Community Managed Operations and Capacity Buildingand Capacity Building

The concept of Village/habitation Level Operation and The concept of Village/habitation Level Operation and Maintenance Management (VLOM) is a philosophy and Maintenance Management (VLOM) is a philosophy and favours technology choices which can be operated and favours technology choices which can be operated and maintained within the village/habitation by community. maintained within the village/habitation by community.

The proper community O&M requires O&M Manual, The proper community O&M requires O&M Manual, capacity building, O&M Plans apart from well designed capacity building, O&M Plans apart from well designed scheme and having sustainable safe water source and scheme and having sustainable safe water source and revenue based.revenue based.

For the sustainability, a community ownership and For the sustainability, a community ownership and management approach, make the end-users directly management approach, make the end-users directly responsible for the operations of the installed facilities. responsible for the operations of the installed facilities.

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When new user-interfaces or management approaches have When new user-interfaces or management approaches have been introduced- Local technicians and caretakers need to be been introduced- Local technicians and caretakers need to be trained for the proper operation of the new infrastructure and trained for the proper operation of the new infrastructure and on-hands training is essential. on-hands training is essential.

Organising for O&M require certain level of planning, Organising for O&M require certain level of planning, commitment and monitoring. The aspects to be organised are commitment and monitoring. The aspects to be organised are as follows:as follows:

What: the activity which is to be carried outWhat: the activity which is to be carried out When: the frequency of this activityWhen: the frequency of this activity Who: the human resources required for the taskWho: the human resources required for the task With what: what are the materials, spare parts, tools and With what: what are the materials, spare parts, tools and

equipments needed.equipments needed. O&M activities cost time and money, and therefore a provision O&M activities cost time and money, and therefore a provision

for financing O&M has to be planned before the scheme for financing O&M has to be planned before the scheme starts.starts.

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Experiments & Experiences in World Experiments & Experiences in World Bank ProjectsBank Projects

Over last twenty years, the World Bank has partnered Over last twenty years, the World Bank has partnered with GoI for implementing nine RWSS projects in seven with GoI for implementing nine RWSS projects in seven statesstates

These areMaharashtra (1991-1998), Karnataka RWSS These areMaharashtra (1991-1998), Karnataka RWSS (1993-2000), Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand RWSS (1993-2000), Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand RWSS (1996-2002), Kerala RWSS (2001-2008), Karnataka (1996-2002), Kerala RWSS (2001-2008), Karnataka RWSS (2002- ongoing), Maharashtra RWSS (2003-RWSS (2002- ongoing), Maharashtra RWSS (2003-2009), Uttarakhand RWSS Project (2006-2012), Punjab 2009), Uttarakhand RWSS Project (2006-2012), Punjab RWSS project (2007- 2012), and Andhra Pradesh RWSS project (2007- 2012), and Andhra Pradesh RWSS (2009-2014). RWSS (2009-2014).

These projects potentially benefit about 24 million rural These projects potentially benefit about 24 million rural population in more than 15,000 villages. population in more than 15,000 villages.

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Interventions Experimented: Implementing New Institutional Models at Scale Demonstrating Inclusive Community-based, Participatory,

Demand-responsive Approaches Building Capacity of State Departments, Sector Institutions,

Local Governments and Communities Integrating Governance and Accountability Aspects into

Project Designs Improving Sustainability - Financially, Source-wise, Service

Delivery and Community Satisfaction Designing and Implementing Sector-wide Programs (SWAPs)

to Scale-up Reforms Enabling achievement of 'Open Defecation Free' Clean

Villages through Effective Sanitation Programs

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ConclusionConclusion

Decentralizing service delivery responsibilities, placing GPs Decentralizing service delivery responsibilities, placing GPs and communities in the central role and communities in the central role

Implementing sustainable local bodies managed models for Implementing sustainable local bodies managed models for intra-GP RWSS schemes and using State-PRI partnership intra-GP RWSS schemes and using State-PRI partnership models for multi-GP schemes. models for multi-GP schemes.

Moving the RWSS sector to recovery of O&M cost and capital Moving the RWSS sector to recovery of O&M cost and capital costs over time. costs over time.

Scaling up the reform program, towards uniform sector Scaling up the reform program, towards uniform sector financing, institutional and implementation policies, across the financing, institutional and implementation policies, across the State. State.

Integrating water supply and sanitation, with % coverages and Integrating water supply and sanitation, with % coverages and achieving 'open defecation free' clean villages. achieving 'open defecation free' clean villages.

Addressing declining groundwater and its quality through Addressing declining groundwater and its quality through community management s. community management s.

Establishing Monitoring &Evaluation systems - reviews and Establishing Monitoring &Evaluation systems - reviews and social audits. social audits.

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IfIf the scheme design is simpler, the scheme design is simpler,

the O&M of the scheme is better!the O&M of the scheme is better!

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ThanksThanks

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