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2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami March 11, 2011 Megan McCullough President – University of Notre Dame Student Chapter of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI@UND)

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Page 1: Tohoku blog

2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami

March 11, 2011

Megan McCullough

President – University of Notre Dame Student Chapter of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

(EERI@UND)

Page 2: Tohoku blog

Date: March 11, 2011

Time: 5:46 UTC; 2:46 PM Japanese local time; 4:46 AM Eastern time

Magnitude: 9.0

Location: 130 kilometers (81 miles) off the coast of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku near Sendai◦ 373 kilometers (232 miles) from Tokyo

Depth: 32 kilometers (19.9 miles)

Aftershocks: At least 517 (36 above magnitude 6)

Largest earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history

One of five largest in the world in recorded history

Earthquake Quick Facts

Page 3: Tohoku blog

Date: March 11, 2011

Time: 5:46 UTC; 2:46 PM Japanese local time; 4:46 AM Eastern time

Magnitude: 9.0

Location: 130 kilometers (81 miles) off the coast of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku near Sendai◦ 373 kilometers (232 miles) from Tokyo

Depth: 32 kilometers (19.9 miles)

Aftershocks: At least 517 (36 above magnitude 6)

Largest earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history

One of five largest in the world in recorded history

Earthquake Quick Facts

Page 4: Tohoku blog

Located where the oceanic Pacific plate subducts beneath the continental Eurasian plate

The subduction process, together with the friction created ‘drags’ the plates downwards, causing a deep-sea trench to be formed

The Japan Trench subduction zone is relatively volatile, experiencing 9 earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater since 1973

Japan Trench

Page 5: Tohoku blog

Japan is the nation with the most recorded tsunamis in the world◦ 195 over a 1,313 year period, averaging one

event every 6.73 years

10-meter (33-foot) high tsunami wave observed in Miyagi

Alaska Emergency Management reported a 1.55-meter (5.1-foot) wave at Shemya

2-meter (6.6-foot) high tsunami in Chile (17,000 km away)

Up to 2.4-meter (8-foot) tsunami surges in California and Oregon

Largest tsunami in Japanese history occurred June 15, 1896◦ M8.5 earthquake off the coast of Sanriku,

Japan◦ 25-meter (80-foot) waves killed 27,000 people

and destroyed 170 miles of coastline

Tsunami Quick Facts

Page 6: Tohoku blog

Japan is the nation with the most recorded tsunamis in the world◦ 195 over a 1,313 year period, averaging one

event every 6.73 years

10-meter (33-foot) high tsunami wave observed in Miyagi

Alaska Emergency Management reported a 1.55-meter (5.1-foot) wave at Shemya

2-meter (6.6-foot) high tsunami in Chile (17,000 km away)

Up to 2.4-meter (8-foot) tsunami surges in California and Oregon

Largest tsunami in Japanese history occurred June 15, 1896◦ M8.5 earthquake off the coast of Sanriku,

Japan◦ 25-meter (80-foot) waves killed 27,000 people

and destroyed 170 miles of coastline

Tsunami Quick Facts

Tsunami ocean energy distribution forecast map from NOAA

Page 7: Tohoku blog

Tsunami Three general

stages: Generation Propagation Inundation

Surging action of the wave and debris impact cause large loads

Large lateral forces due to water velocity

Buoyant forces may uproot a structure

Page 8: Tohoku blog

1. M9.5 May 22, 1960 Valdivia Chile

2. M9.2 March 28, 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA

3. M9.1 December 26, 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia

4. M9.0 March 11, 2011 Tōhoku region, Japan

5. M9.0 November 4, 1952 Kamchatka Russia

6. M8.8 February 27, 2010 Maule, Chile

7. M8.8 January 31, 1906 Ecuador-Colombia

8. M8.7 February 4, 1965 Rat Islands, Alaska, USA

9. M8.6 March 28, 2005 Sumatra, Indonesia

10. M8.6 August 15, 1950 Assam, India – Tibet, China

11. M8.6 March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA

11 Largest Earthquakes by Magnitude since 1900

Page 9: Tohoku blog

Casualties: 5,321 dead, 2,383 injured, and 9,329 missing

Ships, cars, homes carried away by tsunami waves along the cost

Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts

Page 10: Tohoku blog

Casualties: 5,321 dead, 2,383 injured, and 9,329 missing

Ships, cars, homes carried away by tsunami waves along the cost

Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts

Page 11: Tohoku blog

Casualties: 5,321 dead, 2,383 injured, and 9,329 missing

Ships, cars, homes carried away by tsunami waves along the cost

Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts

Page 12: Tohoku blog

Widespread fires due to broken gas lines

Large fire at the Cosmo Oil Refinery in Ichihara city in Chiba Province

State of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at one nuclear plant◦ Japanese government ordered

thousands of residents near a nuclear power plant in Onahama city to evacuate because the plant’s system was unable to cool the reactor

Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts

Page 13: Tohoku blog

Widespread fires due to broken gas lines

Large fire at the Cosmo Oil Refinery in Ichihara city in Chiba Province

State of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at one nuclear plant◦ Japanese government ordered

thousands of residents near a nuclear power plant in Onahama city to evacuate because the plant’s system was unable to cool the reactor

Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts

Page 14: Tohoku blog

Most of Tokyo left without power in the hours after the quake◦ Parts of port areas flooded◦ Shinkansen train services

suspended◦ Narita and Haneda Airports

suspended operations

Earthquake bent the upper tip of the iconic Tokyo Tower, a 1,093-foot steel structure inspired by the Eiffel Tower

Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts