today’s objectives: locate and describe arabia in the period before the rise of islam. explain how...

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Locate and describe Arabia in the period before

the rise of Islam.

• Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the prophet and how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula under Islam.

• Identify the basic beliefs and practices of Islam.

ISLAM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpcbfxtdoI8

Review Questions

• Why did the communities on the Arabian Peninsula prosper?• What was the significance of Gabriel’s message to

Muhammad?• How is Islam similar to Christianity and Judaism?• How did the various achievements and policies of

Muhammad’s successors help the Arab world to grow?• What weakness in Arab rule led to revolts against the

Umayyads?• What changes did the Abbasid rulers bring to the world of

Islam?• What were the major contributions of Islamic Scholars?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM? ISLAM – the religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia around 630 C.E.

MUSLIM – a person who is a follower of the Islamic religion.

Allah – “God” in Arabic.

Qur’an – the holy book of the Muslims.(Koran)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Insert Arabia map

• Mecca

• Medina

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM?

Christianity

Jewish TORAH

Christian BIBLE

Holy Book ?

IslamicKORAN(Qu’ran)

PACKET, p. 5 Introduction to Islam: “The Qu’ran”

Insert transparency of Qu’ran quote

What does this Qu’ran passage tell you about how Muslims view

the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? How do Muslims view Jesus?

What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians all share?

CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam” Textbook, p. 234

The Prophet Muhammad

1. What were Muhammad’s revelations?• He believed God spoke to him through the Angel Gabriel • that he was the “last of the great prophets” • now had to teach others that Allah was the one and only God and all the other gods in Arabia had to be abandoned.


Hijrah – Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina in 622.

map

The Islamic world begins its calendar Year 1 with this event.

In other words, our year 622 A.D. is their year 1 A.H.

This year, 2004 A.D., is year 1425 A.H. in the Islamic world.

To learn the formula for figuring the Islamic year, visit www.islam.com

• Medina

• Mecca

DID YOU KNOW?


2. In what way(s) was the Hijrah a turning point?• Mecca’s opposition to Muhammad only brought attention to his new religious message and he gained a wide following in Medina.• Besides a religious leader, he now became a political leader uniting the various Arab tribesmen. • He was also forced into a position as a military leader now in the conflict between Mecca and Medina.


• Mecca

• Medina

SPAIN

A R A B I A

• Mecca

• Medina

• Baghdad• Jerusalem

Alexandria .

Mediterranean Sea

Arabian Sea

R e

d

S e

a

Persian Gulf

•Rome

NORTH AFRICA

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

•Constantinople

Label your own map

CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam” Packet, p. 3 Textbook, p.

Beliefs & Practices of Islam


• Monotheism - There is only one God (Allah).• Each person is responsible for his or her own actions.• Allah will judge all people on a final judgment day.

3. What does Islam teach its followers?

Mosque – place of worship for MuslimsMinaret – prayer tower



The Five Pillars – five requirements of a Muslim’s life.

Muslims circling around thesacred Ka`aba in Mecca,

climax of the hajj pilgrimage.

Mecca: he holiest place in

Islam

CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam” Textbook, p.

Beliefs & Practices of Islam


Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca all Muslims must make in their lifetime.

Sunna – Muhammad’s model for proper living.

Shariah – a system of laws in Islam.




• Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life.

• Carrying out the Five Pillars daily as well as other customs ensures that Muslims live their faith while serving in the community.

4. How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims?


A Muslim woman wears a hijab.



Because Muhammad wrote the Qu’ran in Arabic and all followers are required to read it, that one language and that one religion created unity.

The SIGNIFICANCE of Muhammad is…he unified hundreds of nomadic tribes in Arabia who spoke different languages and worshipped hundreds of different gods.

He did this with one tool: the Qu’ran !

Written in a COMMON LANGUAGE (Arabic)+

providing a COMMON RELIGION (Islam)=

he achieved Arabian UNITY.

5. How did observing Islamic teachings help to create unity among Muslims?




Shariah law required Muslims to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews – the “people of the book.”

6. How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews?


Islam

Section 2Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam


• Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one.

• The Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the new leader and Muhammad’s first successor.

He had been a loyal friend of Muhammad and a

man respected for his devotion to Islam.

Under Abu-Bakr, the collection of Mohammad's revelations were recorded in the Qur’an.

Death of Muhammad, ca. 632 C.E.

Illuminated Qur'an

CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam” Packet, p. 9 Textbook, p. 238


• In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph (KAY•lihf), a title that means “successor” or “deputy.”



“Rightly Guided” Caliphs

• Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs—Umar, Uthman, and Ali—all had known Muhammad and supported his mission.

• For this, they are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. • By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, the

Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles—about two times the distance across the continental United States.

CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam” Textbook, p. 238

1. What did the “rightly guided” caliphs use as guides to leadership? The Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions in life.



2. Why were they successful in their quest to expand the empire and spread Islam?• Muslims were willing to fight to extend and defend Islam.• Armies were well-disciplined and expertly commanded.•People who had suffered religious persecution welcomed the more tolerant Islamic empire.


Rightly Guided” Caliphs

Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Many conquered peoples chose to accept Islam. • They were attracted by the appeal of the message of

Islam, as well as by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax.

• Christians and Jews, as “people of the book,” were allowed to practice their faiths freely and even received special consideration.

• In practice, tolerance like this was extended to other groups as well.



Sunni–Shi’a Split

• In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule.

• A minority did continue to resist, and around some of these groups an alternate view of the office of caliph developed.

• In this view, the caliph—the person most responsible for spreading Muhammad’s message—needed to be a relative of the Prophet.

Sunni–Shi’a Split• This group was called Shi’a, meaning the “party” of Ali. • Those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the

Umayyads became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example.

• Another group, the Sufi (SOO•fee), reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. – They tried to achieve direct personal

contact with God through mystical means, such as meditation andchanting.

The Umayyads and the Abbassids

Set up dynasty that ruled until 750 and moved capital to Damascus

Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley

Relied on local officials to govern the empire: the Umayyads themselves lived in great luxury.

Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor Arabs

Split in Islam occurs during their reign – between Sunni, Shi’a, Sufi.

Overthrew the Umayyads in 750

Moved capital to Baghdad

Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a universal religion

Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power through strong trade network.

Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age

Difficulty controlling vast empire.

These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization.

UMAYYADS ABBASSIDS

2


Muslim Trade Network

• The land network connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa.

• Muslim merchants needed only a single language, Arabic, and a single currency, the Abbasid dinar, to travel from Córdoba, in Spain, to Baghdad and on to China.

• Let’s Read 371-374 on African Trade and Spread of Islam



Muslim Trade Network

• To encourage the flow of trade, Muslim moneychangers set up banks in cities throughout the empire.

• Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks, to merchants.

• A merchant with a sakk from a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other major city in the empire.

• In Europe, the word sakk was pronounced, “check.” Thus, the practice of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empire.




ALBEGRA (al-jabr)

Section 3

Muslim Achievements

The ASTROLABE

ARABIC NUMERALS

IBN KHALDUNGreat Arab Historian

Arabian

Nights

Art & Literature

Achievements in Islam

Today’s Opening Quiz is a Math Quiz…..which is easier?

Solve the following simple equations:

1. V + II = _________________

2. CM – L = _______________

3. MCMLXXXV – XXX = ________

4. XXVI X III = __________________

5. CDXXV / V = _________________

1. 5 + 2 = ______________

2. 900 – 50 = ___________

3. 1985 – 30 = __________

4. 26 x 3 = ____________

5. 425 / 5 = ___________

CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements”

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe


The Astrolabe played a pivotal role in history.The astrolabe was highly developed in the Islamic world by 800 and was introduced to Europe from Islamic Spain (Andalusia) in the early 12th century. It was the most popular astronomical instrument until about 1650, when it was replaced by more specialized and accurate instruments.

It is doubtful the European explorers could have ever launched the great Age of Discovery without this device.

Astrolabes are still appreciated for their unique capabilities and their value for astronomy education.

See Textbook, p. 245

CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Packet, p. 19 Textbook, p. 244

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe• Wrote medical reference books – Rhazes (al-Razi) and Ibn Sina


Avicenna write The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine.

The first is a scientific encyclopedia covering logic, natural sciences, psychology, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music.

The second is the most famous single book in the history of medicine.

CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Textbook, p. 244-245

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe• Wrote medical reference books• Produced a book on optics that would lay the groundwork for the later development of the telescope and microscope• Muslim scholars were re-introducing the Greek (Aristotle’s) understanding of the importance of proper scientific observation and experimentation.


CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Packet, p. 19 Textbook, p. 246

3. Literature and the Arts• The Qur’an – a great work of literature.• Poetry• the Arabian Nights• Arabesque art


In the visual arts and architectural design, Arabesque art is a linear decoration based on plant forms. Arabesque motifs are complicated, intertwined, flowing designs first found in ancient Arabic art – hence the term. They are a feature of ancient Greek and Roman art, and are particularly common in Islamic art.

Check out more examples


CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Packet, p. 19 Textbook, p.

today’s objectives: locate and describe arabia in the period before the rise of islam. explain how...

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