tli 2012: drought phenotyping for legumes
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
ICRISAT – CIAT – ISRA – Univ North Carolina
Objective 5: Cross-crop issues
Activity 1: Drought phenotyping
Across crops
Update on Year 2
Hypothesis 1: A “drought tolerant” plant has:
enough water to fill up grains no more water after grain filling
Hypothesis 2: Crop species share same adaptation strategies
Options: • Save water • Tap water • Secure reproduction
Purpose: Looking at similar traits across species
Water use / productivity
Water uptake
Reproduction and partitioning
Modeling
Sub
-Activ
ity 5
: Tra
inin
g
Outputs to TLII
Trait value
predicted
Refined protocols
More tools
Better pheno-
typing data
Phenotyping of cell-based processes – toward gene discovery
FTSW
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rma
lize
d t
ran
sp
irati
on
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Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
How plant manage water when there is water is critical
Basic response of plant exposed to water deficit
Soil moisture thresholds for transpiration decline
Canopy conductance (Tr in g cm-2 h-1)
Tr response to VPD
Leaf area development
To measure:
Water use / productivity
Water use / productivity
Groundnut Cowpea Bean Chickpea
Soil moisture thresholds for
transpiration decline x xxx x xxx
Canopy conductance (g cm-2 h-1) x xxx x xx
Tr response to VPD xx xxx x xx
Leaf area development xx x
Zaman-Allah et al., 2011 JXB
Zaman-Allah et al 2011 FPB
Belko et al 2012 - FPB
Belko et al 2012 – Plant Biology
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Lea
f co
nd
ucta
nce (
gH
2O
cm
-2h
-1)
Time of the day (H)
LSD ICG 11862 ICG 12235
ICG 13787 ICG 4598 ICGV 12000
ICGV 02189 ICGV 02266 ICGV 11088
ICGV 97182 ICGV 97183
A
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Leaf
con
du
cta
nce (
gH
2O
cm
-2h
-1)
Time of the day (H)
LSD Bambey-21 IT82E-18
IT97K-556-6 KVX-525 UC-CB46
IT84S-2049 IT93K-503-1 IT93K-693-2
Mouride Suvita 2
B
Groundnut Cowpea
From Issa Faye, Nouhoun Belko, Vadez (in prep)
Sensitive
Tolerant
Sensitive
Tolerant
In cowpea, clear discrimination tolerant/sensitive
In groundnut, Tr differences at high VPD are smaller
Water use / productivity
y = -13.32x + 2.33
R² = 0.401
P = 0.0113
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1.00
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2.50
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Tra
nsp
irati
on
eff
icie
ncy
(g k
g-1
)
Transpiration rate (g H20 cm-2 h-1)
(C)
WW
Outdoors
y = -17.68x + 2.56
R² = 0.756
P = 0.0000
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 T
ran
spir
ati
on
eff
icie
ncy
(g k
g-1
)
Transpiration rate (g H20 cm-2 h-1)
(D)
WS
Outdoors
Belko et al 2012 - FPB
High transpiration rates lead to low TE
Work on going to test hypothesis across crops
Water use / productivity Cowpea - WS Cowpea - WW
Drought water use efficiency (g kg-1)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Dro
ug
ht
see
d y
ield
(g
pla
nt-
1)
2
3
4
5
6
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8
9
10
BRB 191
PAN 127
SUG 131
VAX 1
BAT 477DOR 364
CAL 143 VAX 3
SEA 5
SEA 15SER 16
SEQ 1003
SEQ 11CAL 96
SEC 16RAA 21
ICA Quimbaya
SER 8
Mean: 7.10LSD0.05: 2.2
Mean: 1.06LSD0.05: 0.41
r = 0.89***
Relationship between water use efficiency and seed yield
Seed yield differences are closely related to TE
Same results in India, but…..
Water use / productivity
Bean – WS
CIAT)
Relationship between water use efficiency and seed yield
Nitrogen seems to play a central role in that relationship
Water use / productivity
Bean – WS
ICRISAT)
-5
0
5
10
15
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Po
d Y
ield
- W
S
Transpiration Efficiency 0
2
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6
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10
12
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Po
d y
ield
- W
S
Transpiration Efficiency
Post-rainy season Rainy season
Compare the most contrasting lines for the
transpiration response to high VPD
Water use / productivity
Groundnut – WS
Large variations in leaf development in contrasting chickpea
Leaf and root development closely matches
Possible differences in RUE at early stages
Hydraulic differences?
Sensitive
Tolerant
Water use / productivity
Leaf area development in chickpea
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Time (mn)
NT
R
Control
1 mM H2O2Before treatment
Sensitive to
AQP inhibitor
Insensitive to
AQP inhibitor
Transpiration response to 1 mM H2O2 in chickpea
TPLA varying TPLA_inflection_ratio
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800
TTemerg_to_flag
TP
LA
0.66
0.5
0.33
TPLAmax = 20
TPLA_prod_coef - 0.018
0.33
0.66
The coefficients are used as input to the crop model
Similar work is taking place in groundnut
Similar work needs to be done in cowpea
Water use / productivity
Lysimetric system
Total water extracted
Kinetics of water extraction
Max rooting depth
Root length density
Relationships RLD vs Water extraction
To measure:
Lysimetric assessments
Groundnut Cowpea Bean Chickpea
Total water extraction xxx x x xxx
Kinetics of water extraction xx x x xxx
Root length density (RLD) xxx xx x xxx
Maximum rooting depth xxx xx x xxx
Relationships Roots vs water xxx x xxx
Relationships yield vs water xxx xxx
Zaman-Allah et al., 2011 JXB
Ratnakumar & Vadez 2011 FPB
Belko et al 2012 – In preparation
Belko et al 2012 – Plant Biology
Lysimetric assessments
Drought length of the longest root (cm)
70 80 90 100 110 120
Dro
ug
ht
seed
yie
ld (
g p
lan
t-1)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BRB 191
PAN 127
SUG 131
VAX 1
BAT 477
DOR 364CAL 143VAX 3
RCW
SEA 5
SEA 15SER 16
SEQ 1003
SEQ 11CAL 96SAB 259
RAA 21ICA Quimbaya
SER 8
Mean: 7.10LSD0.05: 2.2
Mean: 98.7LSD0.05: 21
r = 0.48***
Relationship between maximum root depth or RLD
and seed yield
Drought root length density (cm cm-3)
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75D
rou
gh
t s
ee
d y
ield
(g
pla
nt-
1)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BRB 191
PAN 127
SUG 131
VAX 1
BAT 477
DOR 364CAL 143VAX 3
RCW
SEA 5
SEA 15
SER 16SEQ 1003
SEQ 11CAL 96SAB 259
RAA 21 ICA Quimbaya
SER 8
Mean: 7.10LSD0.05: 2.2
Mean: 0.56LSD0.05: 0.13
r = 0.30*
Poor relations between yield under WS and root length or RLD
Similar results in chickpea in India
Lysimetric assessments
Beans
Relationship between maximum root depth or RLD and
water extraction
Drought root length density (cm cm-3)
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75Dro
ug
ht
wate
r extr
acti
on
(kg
pla
nt-
1)
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
BRB 191
PAN 127
SUG 131
VAX 1
BAT 477
DOR 364
CAL 143
VAX 3
RCW
SEA 5
SEA 15
SER 16
SEQ 1003
SEQ 11CAL 96
SAB 259
RAA 21
ICA Quimbaya
SER 8
Mean: 0.56LSD0.05: 0.13
SEC 16
Mean: 6.84LSD0.05: 1.53
r = 0.08
Drought length of the longest root (cm)
70 80 90 100 110 120
Dro
ug
ht
wate
r e
xtr
acti
on
(kg
pla
nt-
1)
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
BRB 191
PAN 127
SUG 131
VAX 1
BAT 477
DOR 364
CAL 143
VAX 3
RCW
SEA 5
SEA 15
SER 16
SEQ 1003
SEQ 11
CAL 96
SAB 259
RAA 21
ICA Quimbaya
SER 8
Mean: 98.7LSD0.05: 21
SEC 16
Mean: 6.84LSD0.05: 1.53
r = 0.25*
No relation b’ween water extraction (WS) and root length / RLD
Similar results in chickpea in India
Lysimetric assessments
Beans
Relationship between drought seed yield and water
extraction
Seed yield differences are related to higher pre-flowering water extraction
“ “ to lower grain filling water extraction
Nitrogen seems to play a central role in these relationships
Trend is different in chickpea
Pre-Flowering stage Grain-Filling stage
Beans
Lysimetric assessments
Vegetative and pod yield under high / low nitrogen and
under well-watered and water stress conditions
Nitrogen supply seems to be a more critical factor
than drought for seed yield
Beans
Cowpea
Relationship between drought seed yield and water
extraction
Similar results in cowpea and chickpea
Lysimetric assessments
Plant trait Irrigated Drought
Day to flowering 0.03 -0.33**
Days to maturity 0.08 -0.62***
Water use efficiency (g kg-1) 0.63*** 0.89***
Stem biomass (g plant-1) 0.43*** -0.30*
Pod harvest index (%) -0.01 0.23
Maximum rooting depth (cm) 0.16 0.48***
Total root length (m plant-1) 0.17 0.30*
Root length density (cm cm-3) 0.17 0.30*
Root length density at the 0-15 cm soil layer (cm cm-3) 0.01 -0.29*
Root length density at the 30-45 cm soil layer (cm cm-3) 0.18 0.30*
Root length density at the 45-60 cm soil layer (cm cm-3) 0.12 0.44***
Root length density at the 60-75 cm soil layer (cm cm-3) 0.08 0.12
Root length density at the 75-90 cm soil layer (cm cm-3) 0.09 0.28*
Total root biomass (g plant-1) 0.26* 0.22
Correlation coefficients between seed yield and plant attributes of
20 common bean genotypes grown in lysimeters at CIAT-Colombia
Modeling of critical traits
Groundnut Cowpea Bean Chickpea
Model availability xxx xxx xxx xxx
Parameterization of key cultivars xx xxx
Modelling water use traits x x
Modeling root traits xxx
Developing maps (India) x NA NA x
Developing maps (ESA – WCA) xx xx
Zaman-Allah et al., 2011 JXB
Ratnakumar & Vadez 2011 FPB
Belko et al 2012 – In preparation
Belko et al 2012 – Plant Biology
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pe
rce
nta
ge y
ield
incr
eas
e
Baseline Yield at locations
Faster root growth
Faster root growth in Chickpea
Negative effect of faster root growth (= faster water depletion)
Decreased depth of water extraction
Increased depth of water extraction
-45
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pe
rce
nta
ge y
ield
incr
eas
e
Baseline Yield at locations
Altered depth of water extraction in Chickpea
Water extraction at depth is what really matters
RLD and water extraction seldom correlate
Decreased depth of water extraction Decreased depth of water extraction
+ Faster root growth Increased depth of water extraction Increased depth of water extraction
+ Faster root growth
-45
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pe
rce
nta
ge y
ield
incr
eas
e
Baseline Yield at locations
Altered depth of water extraction +/- faster rooting
Increased leaf area Increased leaf area
+ Faster root growth -25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pe
rce
nta
ge y
ield
incr
eas
e
Baseline Yield at locations
Again, faster rooting brings a negative effect
Faster leaf development +/- faster rooting
30 mm irrigation at R5
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pe
rce
nta
ge y
ield
incr
eas
e
Baseline Yield at locations
Irrigation at key time during grain filling
The effect is larger than the best genetic effect
Predictions from Marksim weather deviate from
those obtained from observed weather
So far, few locations
Can Marksim-generated weather be used??
Marksim weather can be used to test trait effects
Modeling & mapping the benefits of particular trait in the targeted regions
Probability of yield
increase after introduction
of trait X into standard
genotype
Region with low probability of yield increase
Region with high probability of yield increase
Capacity to test trait effects acrossWCA and ESA)
Work on-going in chickpea and groundnut
Soon will start with soybean
Training on drought phenotyping
Long term training
Year 2 trainees:
Vincent Vadez – Crop modeling
Year 3 plans: Abalo Hodo TOSSIM (Groundnut CSSL???)
Omar Halilou (Groundnut) – Crop modeling
Nouhoun Belko (Cowpea) – Trait mapping – Crop
modeling
Jose Polania (Bean) – Trait mapping – Crop modeling
Training
Thank you