Thyroid Gland

Autoimmune diseases

• Function: Endocrine gland that produces secretes

thyroid hormones

Diseases

• 1. Anatomical - Goitre (Enlarged gland)• 2. Functional - Hyperthyroidism (abnormally high secretion) -Hypothyroidism (abnormally low secretion) (Commonly there is a combination of anatomic

and functional diseases)

• Commonly hereditary • Environmental factors, such as infection,

certain drugs, and iodine consumption, have a role in their progression.

• Common in women than in men• Affects people between 40 and 60 years of

age.

Autoimmune Diseases

• 1. Hashimotos’s thyroiditis• 2. Graves’ disease• The diseases are due to auto Abs against

thyroid (thymoglobulin + thyroid microsome)

Hashimotos’s thyroiditis

• Named after Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto, in 1912.• Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland• The diseases are due to auto Abs against

thyroid (thymoglobulin + thyroid microsome• 5-10 times more common in women than men

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Mild Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Diagnosis

• 1. Clinical• 2. Biochemical (usually low thyroid hormones)• 3. Imaging• 4. Histopathological

Treatment

• 1. Replacement• 2. Surgical

Graves’ disease

• Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Graves’ disease

Graves’ disease

Diagnosis

• 1. Clinical• 2. Biochemical (high thyroid hormones)• 3. Imaging• 4. Histopathological

Treatment

• Surgery to remove the thyroid gland.• Radioactive iodine pills. • Anti-thyroid medications.• Beta blockers.

Parathyroid glands

Function

• Production and secretion of parathyroid hormones:

• to control calcium within the blood in a very tight range between 9.0 and 10.1 .

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism

• 1. Alone• 2. part of type 1 autoimmune polyglandular

syndrome

Tetany

Tetany

Diagnosis

• Clinical• Low Ca level• Low parathyroid hormone

Treatment

• Hormonal replacement