threats to spanish supremacy

Prepared by: Josephine C. Liban- Instructor III, ISU ANGADANAN


Portuguese Threats

(1556-1580)

Dutch

Threats

(1600-1647)

Chinese Revolts

(1574-

1762)

British Invasion (1762-1764)

Filipino Revolts (1574-1841)

Spanish-Moro Wars

(1578-1898)

Spanish rule of the Philippines was constantlythreatened by indigenous rebellions and invasionsfrom the Dutch, Chinese, and British.

The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule,refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanishexcesses. All were defeated by the Spanish and theirFilipino allies. In many areas, the Spanish leftindigenous groups to administer their own affairs butunder Spanish overlordship.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire

1566 & 1568- General Gonzalo Pereira asked Legazpi and his men to leave the Philippines.

1570- The Portuguese blockaded Cebu and bombarded the Spanish settlement.

They failed to dislodged the Spaniards.

1580- It ended only when Portugal became part of the Spanish Empire. (1580)


During the Spanish times,theChinese were called Sangleys.

Sangleys- derived from the term “xiang” and “ley” meaning “travelling merchant”.

Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, the Chinese had already established their settlements in the country.


1581- Governor General Gonzalo De Peñalosaerected Parian. It was outside the Intramuros.This is where the Chinese lived.

They have given valuable services to thecommunity, but they were not given fairtreatment by the Spanish authorities.

They were taxed heavily, twice the amountrequired of Filipinos.


November 29, 1574- the invasion of Lim-Ah-Hong. He appeared in Manila Bay, with 62 war junks and shiploads of farming and household goods. He was in search of a kingdom.

Result- Failed, because the Spanish forces aided

by Filipinos.

October 3, 1603- First Chinese revolt.

Reason- to overthrow the Spaniards.

Result- Failed, because of the joint forces of the

Spanish, Filipino and Japanese.


1639-Second Chinese Revolt.Reason- they denounced the abuses committed by Spanish tributeResult- hostilities began in Calamba and other towns, killing several Spanish friars and the alcalde mayor of Laguna.

1662- Third Chinese Revolt. Reason- they retaliated against the order of Governor General Manrique de Lara. The governor wanted to drive out all Chinese.Result- Failed, they were defeated by the Spaniards thru the help of 4,000 Pampagueños under the leadership of Francisco Laksama.


1686- Fourth Chinese Revolt.

Reason-planned by Tingco, a Chinese ex-convict.

Result- the government forces arrived, he was caught and executed.

1729- the governor ordered that all unbaptized Chinese in Manila were to reside in the Parian. The baptized ones had to reside in Binondo and Sta. Cruz.

1762- the Chinese plotted to massacre theSpaniards on December 24. It failed. GovernorGeneral Simon de Anda crushed the Chineserebels. This was called Red Christmas.



Revolts are categorized into three

Personal Motives Political Motives Religious Motives

Abuses of the

Spaniards

Desire to regain

the lost freedom of their

ancestors

Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities


During the Spanishcolonial period inthe Philippines, theFilipinos dreamed toachieve independencefrom the harshSpanish rule at thattime.

The Filipinos began tofight the Spaniards themoment they settledpermanently in 1565and continued thisresistance to the endof their rule in 1898.

The Philippine Revoltpatterns must betreated holisticallyand not separately.

Revolts are categorized into three

Personal Motives

Abuses of the

Spaniards

Political Motives

Desire to regain the

lost freedom of

their ancestors

Religious Motives

Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities

Uprising/Revolt

DATE PLACE CAUSE LEADER RESULT

Lakandulaand

Sulayman

1574 Tondo, Navotas

Failure of Gov. Lavezares to fulfill Legazpi’s promise to Lakandula

Lakandula andSulayman

Failed. Gov.Lavezarisasked their help against Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack and promised that they will be pardoned and their grievances will be remedied.

Pampanga (First)

1585 Pampanga Abuses of Spanish Encomenderos

Failed. A native woman betrayedthe revolt. The leaders were arrested and executed without any trial.

TondoConspiracy

1587-1588 Tondo,Cuyo,Calamianes

Regain lost freedom

Magat Salamat,Agustin de Legazpi, Juan Banal & Pedro Balingit and others

Failed A native spy reported to Spanish authorities about their plan. Leaderswere arrested, and executed. Some were fined and exiled.Prepared by: Josephine C. Liban- Instructor III, ISU ANGADANAN

Uprising/Revolt


Magalat 1596 Cagayan Abuses of the Tribute Collectors

Magalat Failed. Spaniards hired assassins andkilled Magalat.

Igorots 1601 NorhernLuzon

Resisted to be converted to Christianity

Failed. Spaniards crushed and killed a lot of them. Although they were not totally controlled them.

Irrayas 1621 Northern IsabelaCagayan, Isabela

Oppresion of Spanish Officials

Gabriel Dayagand Felix Cutabay

Failed. They were convinced by a priest to laiddown their arms.


Uprising/Revolt


Visayan/ Sumuroy

1649- 1650 Eastern Visayas, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga

Caused by Gov. Fajardo’s order to send Visayan laborers to Cavite for shipbuilding

Juan Ponce SumoUroyand Pedro Caamug

Failed ( Leaders were captured and were beheaded. )

Pampanga 1585 Pampanga Abuses of Spanish Encomienderos

Failed ( A woman betrayed the revolt. )

Cagayan-Ilocos

1589 Cagayan, Ilocos Norte

Refusal to pay tributes, tyranny of tribute collectors

Failed ( easily suppressed )


Uprising/Revolt


Tamblot 1621-1622 Bohol Return to Native Religion

Tamblot Failed. They were crushedby the Spanish-Filipino forces.

Bankaw 1622 Leyte Return to Native Religion

Bankaw Failed.Theywere crushedby the Spanish-Filipino forces.

Ladia 1643 Malolos, Bulacan

Spanish Oppression

Pedro Ladia Failed.He was not able to carry his plan. He was arrested and executed.

Dabao 1650 Northern Mindanao

Spanish Oppresion

Dabao, a Manobo chieftain

Failed. Theywere offered amnesty.Butthose who surrendered were hanged or enslaved.


The Spaniards possessed superior weapons and were able to employ native volunteers and mercenary soldiers.

Lack of unity

The absence of a national leader

Inadequate training and preparation for warfare

Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos


The Spanish–Moro Conflict was a series of wars lasting over severalcenturies from the beginning until the end of their rule in thePhilippines.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

Moro- was a term used in the sixteenth century by Spanish colonizers in reference to the several Muslim peoples of Mindanao, Palawan, the Sulu Archipelago, and other southern islands of the Philippines.

Reason-The Spanish initiated the conflict by conquering the Philippines and invading Moro territory in an effort to subjugate the region to their rule since the 1500s.

•


http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295765/Islamic-world

Moro Wars in the South is thelongest, bloodiest, mostfrustrating attempt by theSpaniards to colonize theSouthern Islands of Mindanao


WHY:

Most united groups among the natives.

The Moros declared a jihad against the Spanish andFilipino Christians, to defend themselves againstthe Spanish invaders who tried to take over Moroterritory. The Moros retaliated with major pillagingcampaigns and enslaved Filipino Christians aftertotally razing their villages.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad

Fierce resistance of the people of the mountain or the “taong bundok”

PROCESS: Expensive and frustrating for the Spaniards but also very dangerous.

Ancient beliefs and way of life are less exposed to the outside world which made them more resistant to the colonization whether Spanish or even later incursions of other colonizers.


Reason-Pursuing their quest for alternative trade

routes to Asia, the Dutch reached the Philippines

and sought to dominate the commercial sea trade

in Southeast Asia. Being at war with Spain, they

harassed the coasts of Manila bay and its environs,

and preyed on sampans and junks from China and

Japan, thereby disrupting Spanish trade.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years'_War

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)

The first Dutch squadron to reach

the Philippines was led by Admiral

Olivier van Noort. On November 8, 1600,

van Noort's squadron grappled with the

Spanish fleet under Antonio de Morga

near Fortune Island, where de Morga's

flagship, the San Diego, sank. Van Noort

managed to return to Holland, thus

becoming the first Dutch to

circumnavigate the world.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_van_Noort

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Morga

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Island_(Philippines)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_(ship)

In 1646, a series of five naval actionsknown as the Battles of La Naval deManila was fought between the forces ofSpain and the Dutch Republic as part ofthe Eighty Years' War.

1647- Dutch’s last attack against theSpanish. They were finally driven off.

Result- Dutch squadrons were severelydefeated in all fronts by the Spanish-Filipino forces, forcing the Dutch toabandon their plans for an invasion ofthe Philippines.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years'_War

September 22, 1762- the British attacked Manila.

Reason- The Seven Years War in Europe. The kingof Spain sided with France against England. TheBritish retaliated by attacking the colonies ofSpain- Philippines and Cuba.

October 5, 1762- the Spaniards under theleadership of Catholic Archbishop Rojosurrendered to the British.


The surrender was rejected as illegal by DonSimón de Anda y Salazar, who claimed the title ofGovernor-General under the statutes of theCouncil of Indies. He led Spanish-Filipino forcesthat kept the British confined to Manila andsabotaged or crushed British fomented revolts.

February 10, 1763- the signing of the treaty, thePeace of Paris. This ended the Seven Years' War.

May 31, 1764- the British occupation ended, dueto the difficulties in communication, it took 4months before the news about the treaty toreached the Philippines.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Anda_y_Salazar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)

Halili, Maria Christine N. Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004.

Duka, Cecilio D. Ed.D. Struggle for Freedom, A Textbook on Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008.

Zaide, Sonia M. The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing Co. Inc.,Quezon City. 2006.

http://www.britannica.com

Images were taken from Mozilla


http://www.britannica.com/

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