Thirty-Seven Years of Restoration Results and Future Prospects for the Miyawaki Method

Kazue Fujiwara & Akira Miyawaki

Prof. Emerita YNU & Prof. YCU, kazue@ynu.ac.jp YNU Environmental Leadership Program- November 2nd, 2009

2

Forest fire

boats

Urban light

Gas fire

July. 16, 2010

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Physiological optimum & Ecological optimum

Ecological optimum1

(actual optimum)2

Physiological optimum 3

(Potential optimum)4

1: Ökologische Optimum (Ellenberg 1982), 2: Existenzoptimum (Dierschke 1994),

3: Physiologische Optimum (Ellenberg 1982), 4: Potenzoptimum (Dierschke 1994),

Ecological optimum1= Physiological optimum 3

Ecological optimum1

(actual optimum)2

Physiological optimum 3

(Potential optimum)4

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Forest

No human impact

trampling

cultivation

Grazing, mowing

Natural vegetation

Environmental factors and actual vegetation

Natural vegetation

Competition, tolerance, co-existence

Cut and mowing

in Shinto shrine or house forest

Secondary forest

Natural forest Human impact

Plantation with pine, cedar

Plantation & management

GrasslandLawn

Burning or mowing

Cultivated field

Climate

Soil TopographyWild animal

Geology

TemperaturePrecipitationSnowFreezingWind, etc.

RidgeValleyAlluvial, etc.

Forest soilSandGravel,etc.

GraniteLime stoneLoam, etc.

Deer, boa, bird, etc.

Environment-al factors and actual vegetation

Competition, tolerance, co-existence

Potential natural vegetation

Stop human impacts

Natural vegetation

No human impact

trampling

Grazing, mowing

low

high strong

weak

Natural-ness

Disasterearthquake fire

weak

strong

1. Cultivated field

2. Grassland or meadowa. Short grassland b. Forbs

3. Shrub land

4. Plantation areaa .Broad-leaved tree pl.b. Conifer tree pl.

5. Secondary forestDeciduous forest

6. Natural forestEvergreen broad-leaved forest

Natural & substitute vegetation-example in evergreen broad-leaved

forest regionDevelop Cut or Burning-ment mowing frequencystrong strong high

weak weak low

Human impact

Relationship among strong & weak vegetation and environmental factors

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Basic Rules from Plant Sociology and Ecological Global Aspects

The three principles of ecology

• Everything is connected to everythingelse.

• Everything has to go somewhere else.• There is no such thing as a free lunch.

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Ecosystem services and

functions of green environments

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Environmental protection forests

Stabilization

Air con.Clean air

Prevention

noise

fire

wind

Dirty air

Asylum

Zoo

Botanical garden

MuseumResting area

Water pool

Heat absorption

Complex function

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Multiple functions of green environments

July. 16, 2010 (source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report)

Psychological function: giving calm feeling, relaxation, recreation, happiness, peacefulness, eye-peacefulness, soothing feelings, calm feeling, sensitive feeling, culture, sanctity, satisfaction, healthy feeling, etc.

Physical function: products such asfood, construction materials, and prevention from erosion, snow fire and wind and also maintain the ground water table, etc.

Biological (=chemical) function:prevention of sand moving, snow, flood, fire, tsunami, and creating CO2 sequestration, O2 emission and photosynthesis which are the most important functions of the ecosystem, etc.

Dead root with dead shootJuly. 16, 2010 10

Tall oak trees are supported by a long taproot.July. 16, 2010 11

7m tall Quercus glauca6m deep root system

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Stabilizations of embankment:

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In Japan as the utilization of land is very important the embankments are usually built on the slope with 30-50 degrees and the trees are planted on terraces to stabilize the slope (so-called INUBASHIRI in Japanese) as shown in the figure. Europe and other countries usually keep the slope between 15-20 degrees. Plantation of the canopy seedlings are good for stabilization of slope.

Stabilization of embankment by laying bamboos

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The Embankment and slopes are stabilized by laying bamboos across the slope as shown in the diagram and planting the trees and plants.The bamboos are can also be laid in the form of a mesh and the trees are planted inside the mesh.In order to protect the moisture and evaporation from the planted site of trees or grasses mulching with rice straw compost is practice. It not only stops evaporation and moisture but it also helps animals below with rich nutrient.

15浜離宮

・Homeland forests foster living beings・Sense of place=homeland forest

which saves living beings, involveshistory and creates own cultureas growing year after year

・Forests save living beings・Forests have multiple functions

Yokohama National Univ.

Hama-Rikyu Park Kinkakuji TempleJuly. 16, 2010

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‘Satoyama: rural landscape area’

Traditional landscapeJuly. 16, 2010

17House forest surrounding a farmer’s house

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Harmonious environment of ‘Satoyama’ with well management

Co-existence with natural vegetation is required in/surroundings of economic cultivation to keep biodiversity

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A History of Green Environment through Environmental Crises in Japan

1945 The end of World War II Control under USA, such as education, Japanese constitution, etc. Fuel evolution from fire wood to oil or gas

1960's Remodeling of Japanese Archipelago: Shinkansen, highways, airports, etc.

Nature protection, introduce vegetation maps1970's The natural environmental crisis, pollution,

victims of pollution-related illnessCorporation for anti-pollution measures

Setting Flue Gas Denitrification Facility (NOx), Flue Gas Desulfurization Facility (SOx) in factoriesJuly. 16, 2010

1970’s Beginning of creation of environmental protectionforests around factories, on common space, etc. bycitizen participation

1980's The global crisis1990's Intl. environmental contracts,

restoration and rehabilitation of green environmentKobe earthquake (1995), eruptions, etc.

2000's Globalization of NGO activities

2004 Niigata & Sumatra Earthquake & Tsunami

2005 Pakistan Earthquake 2008 Cyclone in Myanmar,

Sichuan Earthquake in China

Prof. Shibayama reportedJuly. 16, 2010 20

21Land slidingFire, building collapses Jan. 17, 1995July. 16, 2010

22Collapse of houses Kobe City HallJuly. 16, 2010

23High-way collapsesNo damage to green environmentsJuly. 16, 2010

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Ikuta Shinto Shrine

After World War II July. 16, 2010

25Earthquake in Niigata (2004)July. 16, 2010

Yamakoshi Village

Niigata Newspaper

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• Nowadays we have many disasters such as landslides, fire, earthquakes,

tsunamis, etc.

・ How can we avoid, prevent and mitigate them? ‐‐We need prevention technology of civil

engineering, but only technology is not enough. 

・ We still need mitigation methods. Forests, especially natural forests on stable sites, 

are quite stable. 

・ What kind of function does forest have and also how to restore strong forests and ecosystems to mitigate disasters?         

This lecture will improve the restoration of forests based on examples of real disasters.

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Sustainable development and environmental restoration

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Establishment of environmental protection forestsin Yokohama National University:

Message from YNU restoration of native forests

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30３年後

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The history of YNU campus and environmental protection forests

1921 （大正10）The first golf course in Japan ‘Hodogaya Country Club’ was founded.

1970 （昭和45）The decision of unification of campus at YNU council meeting in 1965 and the beginning of construction in 1970.

1973 （昭和48）Establishment of Institute of Environmental Science and Technology.

1976 （昭和51）The first plantation of Environmental protection forests around Inst. Environ. Science & Technology.

1981 （昭和56）Plantation of Environ. Protection forests for thefive-year anniversary of YNU campus.

（contribution from Prof.: 3000 yen, Associate Prof.: 2000 yen, Assistant Prof.: 1000 yen）

1963

1971Resource (YNU Mini museu

1975

2009

abandoned

1997 mowing management

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2000

35Oct. in 2004

March in 1976

1. Plantation of 50-80 cm seedlingsof native canopy species

2. Dense plantation3. Mixed plantation

Environmental protection forests -based on European experiences

and Miyawaki’s theory

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mH

eigh

t

Growth and survival rate at PQ (5x5m2) in the Environ. Protection forest in Yokohama Nat. Univ.

years

July. 16, 2010

Restored species in 28 yearsWoody plants・ Trachycarpus fortunei, Quercus myrsinaefolia, Aucuba japonica, Fantasia

japonica, Euryale japonica, Ligustrum japonicus, Euonymus japonicus, Ardesia crenata, Pittosporum tobira, Viburnum awabuki, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Neolitsea sericea, Nandia domestica, Persea thunbergii, etc. (evergreen)

・ Aphananthe aspera, Celtis sinensis, Cornus controversa, Viburnum dilatatum (deciduous)

Herb plants・ Opiopogon japonicus, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedera rombea,

Liriope muscari, etc. (evergreen)・ Lecanorchis nigricans, Celastrus orbiculatus, Paederia scandens,

Arundinaria chino, Polygonum thunbergii, Cyclosorus parasiticus, Cephalanthus falcata, etc. (deciduous)

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Soil temperature at out side of forest

Soil temp. in the forest

Temp. in the crown Temp. at

1.2m H. in the forest

Temp. at 1.2m H. at outside the forest

crown1.2m

Soil temp.

1.2m

Soil temp.

Temperature is different in and outside of the forest.July. 16, 2010 39

Temperature distribution in YNU (maximum temperature (Nukui 2003)

spring

summer winter

autumn

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PQ1 13/35 individuals planted on flat area in March 1974PQ2 42/45 individuals planted on aslope in May 1980.PQ 3 23/24 individuals planted on flat area in May 1980

(Miyauchi 2004 unpublished)

5m×5m区画あたりの二酸化炭素量(t) 1haあたりに換算した二酸化炭素量(t)区画番1988年 1992年 1996年 2002年 区画番1988年 1992年 1996年 2002年

1 0.33 0.52 0.97 2.03 1 131.70 208.96 387.85 810.242 0.41 0.92 1.47 2.23 2 163.34 367.67 589.07 893.673 0.10 0.40 0.74 1.67 3 38.07 159.46 294.40 666.78

1978 plant. on flat1981 on a slope1981 on a slope

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Map of Vegetation and evaluation of green environment of the YNU campus

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43July. 16, 2010

Keihin Industrial area Kobe after big earsquakeJuly. 16, 2010 44

City environmentPopulation expansion, gaining and distribution of resources and

energy, avoid environmental pollution

safety

amenity convenience

creativity

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Jan. 2005 Jan. 2006

Sept. 2007Shanghai , photo by Prof. DaJuly. 16, 2010

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Planning – strength and weakness

• Strong area‐ How to develop?Make plan with combination of green environment.

• Combination area:LandscapeConnection + patch and corridor (urban and rural area road (urban area cultivated), ecological road=eco‐road

• Environmental protection forest• Weakness – avoid: +wet, dry,  +natural area +harmony (landscape area) +hazard area (erosion step sloped, etc)

July. 16, 2010

July. 16, 2010 49Plantation on slope: general schema for planting potted seedlings

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Sewage factory in Yokohama CityJuly. 16, 2010

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Act yourself as you can!Expand YNU forest examples!

Campus of Yokohama City University

1978

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Kenya

Example: Restoration of Kenyan dry forest Based on vegetation ecology

532010/7/15

(カルラDry forest乾燥林)Ochna insculpta-Schrebera alata community

542010/7/15

572010/7/15

582010/7/15

Proposed species in Ngong 植栽樹種候補

592010/7/15

602010/7/15

612010/7/15

622010/7/15

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Restoration of native forest will give peoplhuge benefits and a feeling of contentmen

Ngong in Nairobi, KenyaJuly. 16, 2010

642010/7/15

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Restoration of native forests At the Great Wall in ChinaJuly. 16, 2010

Urban Ecosystem

Green corridor, patchesDecreasing of green environ., soil alkalify, sinking of groundwater, reclamation of coastline

Eco-road, eco-transportation system, river, etc.July. 16, 2010

Natural area →rural area→connect to urban area

Construction of corridor for gene pool, living beings and clean water, air & energConstruction of integrated living environmental system

Strong life and safe environment with ability of regulation and self purification

Life environment of 21 cIntegrated living environmental system

for 21 century

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67 University of Putra Malaysia, Bintulu, Borneo

Sarawak, Malaysia

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68Wangsamaju in Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaJuly. 16, 2010

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70Persea philippinensis forest (800m) Celtis luzoensis forest (200-500

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Yokohama Tire Philippines, Inc.

July. 16, 2010 73Apr. 24, 08

GROUNDS PREPARATION

Prior to Preparations Digging and scraping

Covering

SOIL READY FOR PLANTING

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Fertilization

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P reliminary Species List Recommended for Tree Planting at Yokohama,

Clark, Pampanga 

1. Amugis (Koordersiodendron pinnatum) 

2. Amuyong (Goniothalamus amuyon) 3. Balakat (Ziziphus talanai) 4. Balakat gubat (Balakata luzoniensis)

5. Banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum) 6. Bignai (Antidesma bunius)

7. Bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum) 8. Bolon (Platymitra arborea)

9. Dao (Dracontomelon dao)

10. Duklitan (Pouteria duclitan) 11. Dungon (Heritiera sylvatica)

12. Ilang-ilang(Cananga odorata)

13. Ipil (Intsia bijuga) 14. Kalantas (Toona calantas)

15. Kalingag (Cinnamomum mercadoi) 16. Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa)

17. Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi)18.

18. Lamio (Dracontomelon edule) 19. Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides)

20. Mabunot (Gomphandra luzoniensis) 21. Magabuyo (Celtis luzonica)

22. Makaasim (Syzygium nitidum)

23. Malaipil (Afzelia borneensis) 24. Molave (Vitex parviflora)

25. Palosapis (Anisoptera thurifera)

26. Panglomboien (Syzygium simile) 27. Saplungan (Hopea plagata)

28. Tagotoi (Palaquium foxworthyi) 29. Toog (Petersianthus quadrialatus)

30. White lauan (Shorea contorta)

31. Malabuho (Sterculia oblongata)

32. Balinghasai (Buchanania arborescens)

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July. 16, 2010 77

July. 16, 2010 78Planted in Aug. 23, 08

July 15, 10

July. 16, 2010 79Aug. 23, 08July 15, 10

July. 16, 2010 80

July. 16, 2010 81Jan., 10 July 15, 10

Dec. 6, 09

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Conclusion• 1. Dense plantation promotes fast-growing trees（

even climax species), due to competition for light among the individual saplings

• 2. Mixes of species promote co-existence and permit each species to develop a good growth strategy

• 3. Well-prepared potted saplings, with root systems well developed before planting, permit good growth (photosynthesis) rates

• 4. Growth rate are different in different climatic regions, but restored forests developed from saplings sequester carbon better than do natural forests (effect of the dense plantation)

July. 16, 2010 83

• 5. Species composition recovers as well as in young natural forests (mixed-species effect)

• 6. Mitigation effects are also high after disturbances

• 7. Local participants obtain good experience in environmental education.

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Before applying Miyawaki method

• To understand mechanisms of our ecosystems

• To change our priorities from money to sustainability of resources

• To foster co-existence among amenity, convenience, and harmonious, sustainable green environments

• To foster co-existence among high technology, bio-diversity and ecosystem services

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Thank you very much!