thiet ke thap trich ly dau nhon voi dung moi furfurol voi nang suat 400000 tannam

7/28/2019 Thiet Ke Thap Trich Ly Dau Nhon Voi Dung Moi Furfurol Voi Nang Suat 400000 Tannam

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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurol

M U

Trn th gii hin nay du nhn vn l cht bi trn ch yu trong cc

ngnh cng nghip v dn dng. Vi vai tr quan trng ca mnh, du nhn tr thnh mt loi vt liu cng nghip khng th thiu. Cng vi s phttrin ca x hi cc loi my mc, thit b, Cng c c a vo ng dngtrong cng nghip v dn dng ngy cng nhiu dn n mc tiu th dum bi trn tng ln khng ngng trong nhng nm qua. Theo thng k,mc tiu th du m bi trn trn th gii hin nay khong 40 triu tn minm v nc ta tuy mc tiu th du m bi trn thp hn rt nhiu so vicc nc pht trin nhng cng t mc khong 100.000 tn mi nm ivi mc tng trng 4 8 % / nm. y qu l mt con s khng nh. Ton

b lng du nhn ny hu nh l nhp t nc ngoi di dng thnh phnhoc di dng du gc cng vi cc loi ph gia ri t pha ch.

Khoa hc k thut ngy cng pht trin th nhiu cng c my mcmi cng pht trin. Khi th nhng my mc ny i hi du m bi trnngy cng tt ch s nhn cao v ch s nhn phi t thay i theonhit nht l phi p ng c yu cu: Chng mi mn bo v kimloi, chng oxy ho .

nc ta theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia du kh, thit hi gio ma stmi mn v cc chi ph bo dng hng nm khong vi triu la. Tn thtgio ma st v mi mn c nhiu nguyn nhn, nhng gio thiu du bi trnv s dng du bi trn v nhn v phm cp khng ph hp chim 30%. V vy s dng u bi trn c cht lng ph hp vi quy nh ca chto my thit b, k thut bi trn ng c vai tr ln m bo thit blm vic lin tc, n nh, gim chi ph bo dng nhm nng cao tui thng c, hiu sut s dng v tin cy ca my mc. Tuy nhin snxut du nhn m bo nhng yu cu trn, cn tch cc cu t khng mongmun trong sn xut du nhn c thc hin nh qu trnh tch lc du s

cho php sn xut du gc c cht lng cao.Qua y ta thy rng cng ng chng ct chn khng sn xut dunhn gc t du th gm cc phn oan ch yu sau:

- Chng ct chn khng t nguyn liu cn mazut.- Chit tch, trch ly bng dung mi- Tch hydrocacbon rn- Lm sch cui cng bng hydro

Qu trnh trch ly du nhn bng dung mi chn lc l mt qu trch sdng mt dung mi ho tan cu t cn tch khi du nhn m nhng cht

ny lm cho cht lng du nhn km i. ng thi qua ta tch ra nhng

Sv : Bi Thnh Ti Lp : Ho du1_K49

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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolcu t c li cho du nhn. Trch ly l mt phng php lm sch rt ph

bin hin nay nht l trch ly bng dung mi chn lc to ra loi du nhntt cho cng nghip.

PHN I : TNG QUAN L THUYT

CHNG I .THNH PHN TNH CHT V CNG DNG CA DU NHN

I.1. Mc ch v ngha ca vic s dng du nhn .Du nhn c tm quan trng rt ln trong vic bi trn cc chi tit chuyn

ng, gim ma st, gim mi mn v n mn cc chi tit my, ty sch b mt

trnh to thnh cc lp cn bn, tn nhit lm mt v lm kht cc b phncn lm kht

Trong i sng hng ngy, chng ta lun i mt vi lc ma st chngxut hin gia cc b mt tip xc ca tt c mi vt v chng li s chuynng ca vt ny sang vt khc .Mt khc i vi s hot ng ca cc mymc, thit b, lc ma st gy ra cn tr ln. Trn th gii hin nay xu th cax hi s dng my mc cng i hi my mc phi bn nhng nguyn nhngy ra hao mn cc chi tit my mc vn l s mi mn .Khng ch ccnc pht trin, tn tht do ma st v mi mn gy ra chim ti vi phn

trm tng thu nhp quc dn . cng Ho Lin Bang c thit hi do mast mi mn cc chi tit my hng nm t 30 n 40 t, trong ngnh cngnghip l 8,3 n 9,4 t, ngnh nng lng l 2,67 n 3,2 t. Ngnh giaothng vn ti l 17 n 23 t. Canaa tn tht loi ny hng nm ln ti 5 t la Canaa. Chi ph sa cha bo dng thit b tng nhanh chim 60% chi

ph u t ban u. nc ta theo c tnh ca chuyn gia c kh, thit hido ma st, mai mn v chi ph bo dng hng nm ti vi triu USD chnhv vy vic lm gim tc ma st lun l mc tiu quan trng ca cc nhsn xut ra cc loi my mc thit b,cng nh nhng ngi s dng

chng . thc hin iu ny ngi ta s dng ch yu du hoc m bi trn.Du nhn hoc m bi trn lm giam ma st gia cc b mt tip xc bngcch cch ly.Cc b mt ny chng li s tip xc trc tip gia hai b mtkim loi khi du nhn c t gia hai b mt tip xc nn to ra mt mngdu rt mng sc tch ring ra hai b mt khng cho tip xc trc tip vinhau. Khi hai b mt ny chuyn ng, ch c cc lp phn t trong lp dugia hai b mt tip xc trt ln nhau to nn mt lc ma st chng li lctc dng gi l ma st ni ti ca du nhn, lc ma st ny nh v khng ngk so vi lc ma st sinh ra khi hai b mt tip xc kh vi nhau .Nu hai bmt ny c cch ly hon ton bng mt lp mng du ph hp th h s mast gim i n 100 n 1000 ln so vi khi cha c lp du ngn cch. Du


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolnhn cho ng c l loi du quan trng nht trong cc loi du bi trn ,tnhtrung bnh chng chim khong 40% tng cc loi du bi trn sn xut trnth gii . Vit Nam du nhn ng c chim 60% du nhn bi trn. S adng ca kch c ng c v i tng s dng dn n cc yu cu bi trn

khc nhau. Cng vi vic lm gim ma st trong chuyn ng, du nhn cnc mt s chc nng khc gp phn ci thin nhin liu, nhc im ca mymc, thit b chc nng ca du nhn c trnh by nh sau:

- Bi trn lm gim lc ma st v cng mi mn, n mn cc bmt tip xc, lm cho my mc hot ng m ,qua m bo cho mymc c cng sut lm vic ti a v tui th ng c c ko di.

- Lm sch, bo v ng c v cc thit b bi trn, chng li s mimn, m bo cho my mc hoat ng tt hn .

- Lm mt ng c, chng li s qu nhit ca chi tit.

- Lm kht ng c do du nhn c th lp kn c nhng ch h khngth no khc phc c trong qua trnh ch to v gia cng my mc .- Gim mc tiu th nng lng ca thit b, gim chi ph bo dng,

sa cha cng nh thi gian cht do hng hc thit b.I.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca du nhn.

Du m l thnh phn chnh sn xut du nhn,thnh phn chnhca n l hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon. Nguyn liu ch yu snxut du nhn l phn ct nhit si trn 3500c t du m (Phn ongazoil chn khng ). V vy hu ht cc hp cht c mt trong phn on

ny u c mt trong thnh phn ca du nhn. Trong phn on ny,ngoi thnh phn ch yu l hn hp ca nhm hydrocacbon cha ccnguyn t xy, lu hunh, niken v kim loi (niken, vanadi) nhng hpcht ni trn c nhng tnh cht khc nhau.C nhng phn c li cho dunhn, song cng c nhng thnh phn c hi cn phi loi b.

I.2.1. Cc hp cht hydrocacbon naphten v paraphin.Cc nhm hydro cacbon ny c gi chung l cc nhm hydrocacbon

Naphten-paraphin. y l nhm hydrocacbon ch yu c trong du gc, tdu m. Hm lng ca nhm ny tu thuc vo bn cht ca du m v

khong nhit si chim t 41 n 86 %. Nhm hydro cacbon ny c cutrc ch yu l hydro cacbon vng naphten (vng 5-6 cnh), c kt hp ccnhnh ankyl hoc izo ankyl v s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t c th t 20n 70 cu trc vng c th hai dng : cu trc khng ngng t ( phn t cth cha t 1-6 vng). Cu trc ngng t ( phn t c th cha t 2-6 vngngng t). Cu trc nhnh ca cc vng Naphten ny cng rt a dng chngkhc nhau bi mt s mch nhnh ,chiu di ca mch, mc phn nhnhca mch v v tr th ca mch trong vng. Thng thng ngi ta nhn thyrng:

-Phn on nhn nh c cha ch yu l cc dy ng ng ca xyclohexan, xyclo pentan.


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-Phn on nhn trung bnh ch yu cc vng naphten c cc mchnhnh ankyl,izo ankyl vi s vng t 2-4 vng .

-Phn on nhn cao pht hin thy cc hp cht cc vng ngng t t2-4 vng .

Ngoi hydro cacbon vng naphten, trong nhm ny cn c cchydrocacbon dng n-paraphin v iso paraphin. Hm lng ca chng khngnhiu v mch cacbon thng cha khng qu 20 nguyn t cacbon v nus nguyn t cacbon ln hn 20 th paraphin s dng rn v c tch ratrong qua trnh sn xut du nhn.I.2.2. Nhm hydro cacbon thm v hydro cacbon naphten-thm.

Loi ny ph bin trong du chng thng nm phn on c nhit si cao. Thnh phn cu trc ca nhm hydrocacbon ny c ngha quantrng i vi du gc. Mt lot cc tnh cht s dng ca du nhn nh tnh

n nh chng oxy ho, tnh nhn nhit, tnh chng bo mn, tnh hp th phgia ph thuc vo tnh cht v hm lng ca nhm hydro cacbon ny. Tuynhin hm lng v cu trc ca chng cn tu thuc vo bn cht du gc vnhit si ca cc phn on.

-Phn on nhn nh (350-4000C) c mt ch yu cc hp cht cc dyng ng benzen v naphtalen .

- Phn on nhn nng hn (400-4500C) pht hin thy hydro cacbonthm 3 vng dng n hoc kp .

- Trong phn on c nhit si cao hn c cha cc cht thuc dy

ng ng naphtalen, phenatren, antraxen v mt s lng ng k loi hydrocacbon a vng .Cc hydro cacbon thm ngoi khc nhau v s lng vng thm, cn

khc nhau bi s nguyn t cacbon mch nhnh v v tr ca nhnh trongnhm ny cn pht hin s c mt ca vng thm ngng t a vng. Mt

phn ca chng tn ti ngay trong du gc vi t l tu theo ngun gc cadu m cn mt phn c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chng ct do phn ngtrng ngng, trng hp di tc dng ca nhit. Mt thnh phn na trongnhm hydrocacbon thm l mt hydro cacbon hn hp naphten aromat.Loi hydrocacbon ny lm gim phm cht ca du nhn thng phm vchng c tnh nht nhit km v rt d b oxy ho to ra cc cht keo nhatrong qua trnh lm vic ca ng c v my mc.I.2.3. Nhm hydrocacbon rn .

Cc hydrocacbon rn c trong nguyn liu sn xut du i khi ln ti 40%50 tu thuc bn cht ca du th. Phn ln cc hp cht ny c loi

khi du bi trn nh quy trnh lc tch parafin rn. Tu theo k thut lc mnhm hydrocacbon rn c tch trit hay khng, nhng d sao chng vncn tn ti trong du vi hm lng rt nh. S c mt ca nhmhydrocacbon ny trong du nhn lm tng nhit ng c, gim kh nng


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurols dng du nhit thp nhng li lm tng tnh n nh ca nht theonhit v tnh n nh oxy ho.

Nhm ny c hai loi hydrocacbon rn l parafin rn (c thnh phn chyu l cc ankal c mch ln hn 20) v xerezin (l hn hp ca cc

hydrocacbon naphten c mch nhnh ankyl dng thng hoc dng nhnh vmt lng khng ng k hydrocacbon rn c vng thm v alkyl).

Ngoi nhng thnh phn ch yu ni trn, trong du bi trn cn chp cht hu c nh : lu hunh, Nit, oxy, tn ti dng cc hp cht nha,asphanten. Nhn chung y l nhng hp cht c nhiu thnh phn lm gimcht lng ca du bi trn, chng c mu sm, d b bin cht, to cn trongdu khi lm vic nhit v p sut cao, chng c loi khi du nh qutrnh tch lc v lm sch .

I.3. Cc tnh cht c bn ca du nhn .I.3.1 Khi lng ring v t trng . Khi lng ring l khi lng ca mt n v th tch ca mt cht nhit tiu chun, o bng gam/cm3 hay Kg/m3. T trng l mt t s giakhi lng ring ca mt cht cho nhit qui nh v khi lng ringca nc nhit qui nh . Do vy t trng c gi tr ng bng khilng ring khi coi trng lng ca nc 40c bng 1. Trong th gii tn ti

cc h thng o t trng nh sau :20

4d ,15

4d ,6,15

6,15d . Trong cc ch s trn dl nhit ca du hay sn phm du trong lc th nghim, cn ch s di lnhit ca nc khi th nghim. Ngoi ra trn th trng du th gii cns dng API0 thay cho t trng v API0 c tnh nh sau :

API0 = 6,156,15

5,141

d-131,5

Khi lng ring l mt tnh cht c bn v cng vi nhng tnh cht vt lkhc n c c trng cho tng loi phn on du m cng nh dng nh

gi phn no cht lng ca du th. i vi du bi trn ,khi lng ringt c ngha nh gi cht lng. Khi lng ring ca du qua sdng khng khc nhau l my so vi du cha qua s dng. Tuy nhin mtgi tr bt thng no ca khi lng ring cng c th gip ta phn onv s c mt trong du mt phn nhin liu. S dng ch yu ca khi lngring l dng chuyn i sang th tch v ngc li trong lc pha trn, vnchuyn, tn cha, cung cp hc mua bn du nhn.I.3.2. nht ca du nhn.

nht ca mt s phn on du nhn l mt i lng vt l ctrng cho tr lc do ma st ni ti ca n sinh ra khi chuyn ng. Do vy nht c lin quan n kh nng bi trn ca du nhn.


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thc hin nhim v bi trn, du nhn c nht ph hp, bm chcln b mt kim loi v khng b y ra ngoi c ngha l ma st ni ti nh.

Khi nht qu ln s lm gim cng xut my do tiu hao nhiu cng thng tr lc ca du, kh khi ng my, nht l vo ma ng nhit mi

trng thp, gim kh nng lm mt my, lm sch my do du lu thngkm.

Khi nht nh, du s khng to c lp mng bn vng bo v bmt cc chi tit my nn lm tng s ma st, a n ma st na lng na khgy h hi my, gim cng xut, tc dng lm kn km, lng du hao htnhiu trong qu trnh s dng.

nht ca du nhn ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn ha hc. Cchydrocacbon parafin c nht thp hn so vi cc loi khc. Chiu di v phn nhnh ca mch hydrocacbon cng ln nht s tng ln. Cc

hydrocacbon thm v Naphten c nht cao.c bit s vng cng nhiuth nht cng ln. Cc hydrocacbon hn hp gia thm v Naphten c nht cao nht.

nht ca du nhn thng c tnh bng Paoz (P) haycentipaoz(cP). i vi nht ng lc c tnh bng stc (st) hoc centistc (cS t).I.3.3. Ch s nht.

Mt c tnh c bn na ca du nhn l s thay i ca nht theonhit . Thng thng khi nhit tng nht s gim. Du nhn c coi

l du bi trn tt khi nht ca n t thay i theo nhit , ta ni rng du c ch s nht cao. Ngc li nu nht thay i nhiu theo nhit ,c ngha l du c ch s nht thp. Ch s nht (VI) l tr s chuyndng nh gi s thay i nht ca du bi trn theo nhit . Quy cdu gc parafin nht t thay i theo nhit , VI=100.

H du gc naphten c nht thay i nhiu theo nhit VI =0. nhvy ch s nht c tnh quy c .

ch s nht VI c tnh nh sau:

VI = HL

UL

100Trong :

U:l nht ng hc 400C ca du c ch s nht cn phi tnh,mm2/s.

L: l nht ng hc 400C ca mt du c ch s nht bng 0v cng vi nht ng hc 1000c vi du cn tnh ch s nht ,mm2/s.

H:l nht ng hc o 400C ca mt loi du c ch s nhtbng 100v cng vi nht ng hc 1000C vi du m ta cn o ch s nht, mm2/s.


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Ta thy rng:Nu U-L >0 th VI s l s m, du ny c tnh nhit km.Nu L>U>H th VI trong khong 0 n100.Nu H-U>0 th VI>100, du ny c tnh nhit rt tt.

Hnh1: S thay i nht ca du bi trn theo nhit , l gii vtr s nht (VI)


7

VI ca du =

L-H

U

H(VI=10)

L-U

nh

tng

hc

40 10 Nhit 0

VI ca du =

L-H

U

H(VI=10)

L-U

nh

tng

hc

40 10 Nhit 0

L (VI=0)


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Bng 1: Nhng gi tr L-H ng vi nht ng hc 1000C

Nu nhn ng hc 1000C ln hn 70 mm2/s th gi tr L-H c tnhnh sau:

L=0,8353Y2+14,57Y-216H=0,1684Y2+11,85Y-97

Trong :

Y: l nht ng hc 1000

c ca du cn tnh ch s nhtmm2/s.


nht ng hc 100oC mm2/s Gi tr L Gi tr H

2,0 7,994 6,3942,1 8,64 6,894

5,0 40,23 28,49

5,1 41,99 29,49

15,0 296,5 149,7

15,1 300,0 151,2

20,0 493,2 229,520,2 501,5 233

70,0 490,5 1,558

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Da vo ch s nht, ngi ta phn du nhn gc thnh ccloi nh sau:

- Du gc c ch s nht cao HVI.

- Du gc c ch s nht trung bnh MVI- Du gc c ch s nht thp LVI.

Hin nay cng cha c quy nh r rng v ch s nht ca cc loidu gc ni trn. Trong thc t chp nhn l ch s nht (VI ) ca dunhn cao hn 85 th c gi l du c ch s nht cao. Nu ch s nhtthp hn 30 th du xp vo loi du c ch s nht thp, cn du(MVI) nm gia hai gia hai gii hn th c ch s nht trung bnh.

Nhng trong ch bin du, t cng ngh hydro cracking c th to ra du gcc ch s nht cao (>140). Cc loi du ny c xp vo loi c ch s

nht cao (VHVI) hay siu cao(XHVI). Du (LVI) c sn xut t h du mNaphten. N c _ing khi m ch s n nh oxy ho khng phI l ch tiuchnh c ch trng nhiu. Du gc (MVI) c sn xut t du chng ct

Naphten Parafin, nhng khng cn tch chit su. cn du gc (HVI)thng c sn xut t h du Parafin qua tch chit su bng dung mIchn lc v tch sp.I.3.4. im ng c, mu sc.

im ng c l nhit thp nht m du bi trn khng gic tnh linh ng v b ng c, nhit nht nh no s ng li v

lm cho ng c kh khi ng. Khi sn phm em lm lnh trong nhngiu kin nhit nht nh, n bt u vn c do mt s cu t bt u kttinh.

Mu sc l mt tnh cht c ngha i vi du nhn. Du c th cnhiu mu sc khc nhau nh : vng nht, vng thm, .

Trong mt s trng hp mu sc c coi l du hiu nhn bit snhim bn hoc oxy ha sn phm, nu bo qun du khng tt gy ra schuyn mu sc nu, en v n biu th cht lng gim st.

Hu ht du nhn u cha mt s lng sp khng tan v khi du clm lnh, nhng sp ny bt u tch ra dng tinh th an sen vi nhau tothnh cu trc cng, gi du trong cc ti rt nh ca cc cu trc , khicu trc tinh th ca sp ny to thnh y th du khng lun chuync na. gim nhit ng c ca du ngi ta dng ph gia h nhit ng c.Yu cu du nhn c nhit ng c v im c khng thp hn gii hncho php, ch tiu v cht lng ny c bit quan trng i vi loi du sdng vng gi rt. nc ta yu cu nhit ng c ca du khng qu -90C.I.3.5. Nhit chp chy ca du nhn .


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c trng cho kh nng an ton chy n ca du nhn l nhit btchy v chp chy .

Nhit bt chy l nhit thp nht m ti hi du thot ra trn bmt du, khi c mi la li gn th bt chy .

Nhit chp chy l nhit thp nht m ti lng hi thot ra trnb mt du c th bt chy, khi mi la li gn v chy t nht trong thi gian5 giy.

Nhit bt chy v chp chy ca mt s loi du bi trn thng khcnhau t 5 600c ,tu thuc nht ca du, nht cng cao th cch bitcng ln .

Vic nghin cu v hiu bit v nhit chp chyv bt la c nghaquan trng vic nh gi phm cht du nhn .Nhit chp chy v btchy thp l c trng cho tnh an ton ca du nhn.

I.3.6. Tr s axit ,tr s kim ,axit-kim tan trong nc.Tr s axit chnh l tr s trung ho v c dng xc nh axit v kim ca du bi trn .

Tr s trung ho l tn gi chung cho tr s axit tng ( TAN )v tr skim tng ( TBN) .

Trong du nhn gc qua ch bin vn cha mt lng nh axit nhaxit naphtenic, axit oxy cacbonxilic sau mt thi gian di s dng, hmlng cc hp cht ny tng ln do tc dng oxy ho ca khng kh i vicc hp cht d phn ng trong du. Ngoi ra cng c th c mt lng nh

axit hu c nhim vo du nhn t cc hp cht cha lu hunh, tng nhinliu iezen hoc ph gia cha clo pha vo xng. Tnh axit cn do mt s loiph gia mang tnh axit pha vo du .

Tr s axt tng (TAN) l ch tiu nh gi tnh axit ca du, c trng bis mg KOH cn thit trung ho ton b lng axit c trong mt (g) du .

Tr s tan trong nc biu hin s c mt ca axit v c, c pht hinnh tnh theo s i mu ca cht ch th i vi lp nc tch khi dunhn khi lm kim nghim. Quy inh tuyt i khng c c axit v ctrong du.

Tr s kim tng (TBN) l lng axit tnh chuyn s mg KOH tng ng,cn thit trung ho lng kim c 1 g mu. Tnh kim trong du to ra bicc ph gia c tnh ty ra, ph gia phn tn, l nhng hp cht c kimnh phenollat, sunfonat Tnh kim l ch tiu cn thit tin on chtlng du m, nhm bo m trung ho cc hp cht axit to thnh trong qutrnh s dng ,chng hin tng g st trn b mt cc chi tit kim loi. ngoira tr s kim tng cn dng nh ga kh nng ty ra ca du ,gi cho bmt kim loi khng b cn bn ,trnh mi mn.I.3.7. Hm lng tro v tro sun fat trong du bi trn.


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Tro l phn cn li sau khi t chy c tnh bng (%)khi lng ccthnh phn khng th chy c n sinh ra t ph gia cha kim loi,t cht

bn v mt kim loi b mi mn .Hm lng tro c th nh ngha l lng cn khng chy hay cc

khong cht cn li sau khi t chy du .Tro sunfat l phn cn cn li sau khi than ho mu ,sau phn cn c

x l bng H2 SO4 vnung nng n khi lng khng i . tro ca du gc ni ln mc sch ca du ,thng thng trong du

gc khng tro. i vi du thng phm khng ph gia hoc c ph giakhng tro, mt lng nh tro c xc nh thy s phi xem xt li chtlng du .I.3.8. Hm lng cn cacbon ca du nhn.

Cn cacbon l lng cn cn li sau khi cho bay hi v nhit phn du

nhn trong nhng iu kin nht nh cn khng ch cha hon ton cacbonca du .Cn cacbon ca du bi trn l lng cn cn li, c tnh bng phn

trm trng lng sau khi du tri qua qu trnh bay hi, crackinh v cc hotrong nhng iu kin nht nh .

Cc loi du khong thu c t bt k loi du th no u c lng cntng theo nht cu chng. Cc loi du ct lun c lng cn cc bon nhhn cc loi du cn c cng nht. Cc loi du parafin thng c hmlng cn cacbon thp hn cc loi du naphten .

C th coi trong mt chng mc no , cn cacbon c trng cho xuhng to mui ca du nhn trong ng c t trong .I.3.9. n nh oxyho ca du bi trn .

n nh ca du bi trn biu hin kh nng cu du chng li nhngtc ng bn ngoi lm thay i cht lng ca du. Du c n nh cao khithnh phn ho hc v tnh cht ca n t thay i. Thc t nu nhit khng vt qu 30-400 C th c th bo qun du t 5-10 nm m cht lngca du khg thay i. S thay i xy ra trong iu kin s dng ng c.Di tc ng ca khng kh, nhit cao 200-3000Cc tc dng xc tckim loi, nhng thnh phn km n nh ca du s tng tc vi oxy to nnnhng sn phm khc nhau v tch lu trong du, lm gim cht lng cadu nh tng tr s axit tng (TAN) lm tng hm lng nha, to nhiu chtnha bm bung chy. S thay i thnh phn s lm thay i nht vlm gim ch s nht ca du.I.4. Cng dng ca du bi trn.I.4.1. Cng dng lm gim ma st.

Mc ch c bn ca du nhn l bi trn cc b mt tip xc ca ccchi tit chuyn ng nhm gim ma st .My mc s mn ngay nu khng cdu bi trn. Nu chn ng du bi trn th h s ma st s gim t 100-1000 ln so vi ma st kh. Khi cho du vo my vi mt lp du dy, du


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurols xen k gia hai b mt, khi chuyn ng, ch c cc phn t du nhn trtln nhau. Do my mc lm vic nh nhng, t b mi mn, gim c cngtiu hao v ch .I.4.2. Cng dng lm mt.

Khi c ma st th b mt kim loi nng ln, nh vy mt lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh lm vic, lng nhit ln hay nh ph thuc vo h sma st, ti trng ,tc . Tc cng ln th lng nhit sinh ra cng nhiu,kim loi s b nng lm cho my mc d b hng trong khi lm vic. Nhtrng thi lng, du chy qua cc b mt ma st em theo mt phn nhittruyn ra ngoi lm cho my mc lm vic tt.I.4.3. Cng dng lm sch.

Khi lm vic, b mt ma st sinh ra ht kim loi mn, nhng ht rn ny slm cho b mt b xc, hang. Ngoi ra ,c th c ct, bi tp cht ngoi ri

vo b mt ma st, nh du nhn lu chuyn tun hon qua b mt mast,cun theo cc tp cht a v cacte du v c lng lc .I.4.4.Cng dng lm kn.

Trong cc ng c, c nhiu chi tit truyn ng cn phi kn v chnhxc nh pittng - xi lanh, nh kh nng bm dnh to mng du nhn c thgp phn lm kn cc khe h, khng cho hi b r r, bo m cho my mclm vic bnh thng .I.4.5. Bo v kim loi.

B mt my mc, ng c khi lm vic thng tip xc vi khng kh,

hi nc b thi lm cho kim loi b n mn c th lm thnh mng mngph kn b mt kim loi nn ngn cch c vi cc yu t trn ,v vy kimloi c bo v .


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CHNG II.CNG NGH SN XUT DU NHN GC

II.1.Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nguyn liu sn xut dugc. Nguyn liu sn xut du nhn trong nn cng nghip ch bin dum v kh, trc y ngi ta thng dng cn mazut qua chng ct chnkhng ta thu c cc phn on du nhn ri qua cc bc lm sch tiptheo mi thu c du nhn gc. V sau ny ngnh ch to my pht trin ,vcng nghip nng pht trin i hi chng loi du nhn ngy cng phong

ph v i hi s lng cng nh cht lng ngy cng cao, nn cc nh cngngh nghin cu v tn dng phn cn gudron lm nguyn liu sn xut

phn on du nhn cn c nht cao. Nh vy nguyn liu ch yu snxut du nhn l cn mazut v cn gudron.Cc hp cht c mt trong nguyn liu gm cc loi sau:

- Parafin mch thng v mch nhnh.- Pydrocacbon naphten n vng hay a vng c hoc khng cha mch

nhnh ankyl.-Hydrocacbon thm n vng hay a vng c hoc khng cha mch

nhnh ankyl.- Cc hp cht lai hp m ch yu l loi lai hp gia naphten v

parafin,gia naphten v hydrocacbon thm .-Cc hp cht d nguyn t cha oxy nit,lu hunh.


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolII.2. Cng ngh sn xut du nhn gc.II.2.1 S cng ngh truyn thng sn xut du nhn .

Vic tch cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong sn xut du gcc thc hin nh cc qu trnh lc du s cho php sn xut du gc ccht lng cao, ngay c vi phn on du nhn ca du th cha thch hpcho sn xut du nhn ,s cng ngh sn xut du nhn gc t du m

bao gm cc cng on sau:- Chng chn khng nguyn liu ma zut- Chit tch, trch li bng dung mi- Tch hydrocacbon rn( sp hay prolactrum)- Lm sch ln cui bng hydro ho

II.2.2. Chng ct chn khng nguyn liu cn mazut .


Mazut Chng chnkhng

Ductnh

Du cttrung

Du ctnng

Cngudron

ChitbngDungmi

Tchasphantenbng propan

Du ctnh

Du cttrung

Du ctnng

Ducn

Tch sp

Ln sch bnghydro

Du gc

Asphan

Sp

Phnchit

Hnh 2 : S cng ngh sn xut du gc .

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nhn cc phn on du ct, cc qu trnh u tin nhm sn xut dunhn l qu trnh chng chn khng ma zut nhn cc phn on du nhnct v cn gudron. Mc ch ca qu trnh l nhm lm phn chia hon thincc phn on du nhn c gii hn si v tch trit cc cht nha v

asphanten ra khi phn du nhn ct.

II.2.3. Cc qu trnh trch ly, chit tch bng dung mi.Mc ch ca qu trnh trch ly l chit tch cc cu t khng mong

mun cha trong cc phn on du nhn m bng chng ct khng th loib c. Cc cu t ny thng lm cho du nhn sau mt thi gian boqun hay s dng b bin i mu sc tng nht ,xut hin cc hp cht ctnh axit khng tan trong du, to thnh cn nha v cn bn trong du.

Nguyn l ca qu trnh tch bng dung mi v da vo tch cc cht

ho tan chn lc ca dung mi c s dng, khi trn dung mi vi iukin thch hp, cc cu t trong nguyn liu s c phn thnh hai nhm:Nhm cc cu t ho tan tt vo dung mi to thnh pha ring vi tn

gi l pha chit ( estrak), cn phn khng ho tan hay ho tan rt t vo dungmi gi l rafinat. Sn phm c ch nm trong pha chit (estrak) hay pharafinat tu theo dung mi s dng. Nhng trong thc th ngi ta quen gi

pha cha sn phm l pha rafinat cn pha cn phi loi l pha l pha (estrack).Da vo bn cht ca dung mi m ngi ta chia thnh dung mi c cc vdung mi khng c cc hay dung mi hn hp, nhng d l loi no, dung

mi c chn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:Phi c tnh ho tan chn lc, tc l phi c kh nng phn tch thnh hainhm cu t l nhm c li v nhm khng c li cho du gc. Tnh cht nyc gi l chn lc ca dung mi ,thm na dung mi phi bn v hohc,khng phn ng vi cu t ca nguyn liu ,khng gy n mn v d sdng, c gi thnh r v d kim.

C nhit si khc xa so vi cc cu t cn tch, d dng thu hidung mi, tit kim c nng lng.

Ba loi dung mi c cc tch phn hydrocacbon thm v cn nha rakhi cc phn on du nhn ct hin nay ang s dng ph bin l

phenon, furfurol v, N-metylpirolydon. Cn tch cc hp chn nhaasphan trong phn on gudron ph bin l dng prophan lng.

II.2.3.1. Qu trnh kh asphan trong phn cn gudron .1.Mc ch v ngha ca qu trnh:

Trong gudron c th cha cc cu t khng c li cho du gc nu atrc tip vo trch ly s khng cho t cht lng hiu qa mong mun, chnhv th ngi ta thng tin hnh kh asphan trc. Trong qu trnh sn xutdu nhn, ph bin l dng propan lng kh cht nha asphan trong phn

on gudron .


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Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l ngoi vic tch cc hp cht nha asphancn cho php tch cc hp cht thm a vng lm gim nht, ch skhc x, cc ho v nhn ng du nhn nng c nhn cao cho dugc .

2.C s l thuyt ca qu trnh.C s l thuyt ca ca qu trnh l cc hp cht nha, asphan chim

phn ch yu trong cn gudron, chng l cc hp cht c kh nng ho tankm trong dung mi khng cc. Nh tnh cht ny, ngi ta chn dung mi

parafin tch chng.Dung mi to iu kin cho qu trnh ng t cc chtnha asphan v ho tan chn lc hydrocacbon. Trong dung mi

pharafinic,kh nng ho tan cc hp cht hydrocacbon c th sp xp theo th

t gim dn sau:Naphaten > parafin>Hydrocacbon thm mt vng > Hydrocacbonthm a vng.

Do vy, trong qu trnh kh asphan, ng thi xy ra hai qu trnh lng t, lng cc cht nha asphan v trch ly cc hp cht Hydrocacbon.

Nu tng dn trng lng phn t ca dung mi khng cc s lm tng khnng ho tan ca dung mi v nh vy s lm gim chn lc. Chnh v thm trong thc t, prophan lng l dung mi thch hp ca qu trnh ny.

II.2.3.2. Cc qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi chn lc.a. Cng dngCc qu trnh ny c nhim v tch cc hydrocacbon thm a vng,

cc cht nha asphan bng cc dung mi c cc nhm ci thin thnh phnho hc ca du nhn. Cc qu trnh ny c xem nh l cc qu trnhlm sch chn lc ca du nhn.b. C s l thuyt.

Cc hp cht nha v hydrocacbon thm a vng l cc hp cht chi, khng mong mun c trong du nhn. S c mt cu chng khng nhnglm cho cht lng du km i, ch s nht thp m chng cn lm chomu du rt xu. Cc hp cht ny bng phng php chng ct khng thloi b c. Lm sch da vo tnh cht ho tan chn lc ca dung mi ccc, cho php sn xut ra du gc cht lng cao t bt c du th no. Vaitr quan trng trong qu trnh lm sch chn lc l chn lc v kh nngho tan ca dung mi.

chn lc l kh nng phn tch r rng cc cu t nguyn liu vorafinat bao gm cc hp cht c ch izo parafin, naphten lai hp parafin naphten v cc hp cht thm mt vng, cn phn trch ly ch c cc cu tc hi nh l cc hp cht a vng, nha asphan v mt lng rt nh cc

hp cht c li.


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Kh nng ho tan ca dung mi l i lng c th hin bng lngdung mi cn thit ho tan mt lng xc nh cc cu t ca nguyn liu,hay ni cch khc l trong iu kin nhn rafinat c cht lng xc nh,lng dung mi cn thit cng t nhn c cng mt lng rafinat cht

lng tng ng th kh nng ho tan ca dung mi cng ln. V nguynl chn lc v kh nng ho tan l hai i lng ngc nhau, tng ch tiuny s dn ti gim ch tiu kia.

ho tan ca hydrocacbon trong dung mi c cc khng ch ph thucvo cc cu trc hydrocacbon m cn ph thuc vo nhit v thng tuntheo quy lut sau:

- Khi tng s vng trong phn t hydrocacbon th ho tan tng.- Khi rng chiu di mch ankyl ho tan gim xung.- ho tan gim khi tng s nguyn t cacbon trong nguyn t naphten.

- ho tan ca hydrocacbon thm s ln hn naphten khi c cng snguyn t cacbon trong vng.-Hydrocacbon farafin c ho tan nh nht.

Cc u im khi lm sch du nhn bng dung mi chn lc .+ Khng tc dng ho hc vi nguyn liu, trnh c mt mt cc cu

t cn thit.+ Dung mi c kh nng ti sinh li c nn chi ph dung mi t hn,

dn n lm tng hiu qu kinh t ca qu trnh.+ Qu trnh c tin hnh trn thit b mt cch lin tc, nn cng sut

ln.Bng 2: Mt s tnh cht ca cc dung mi .


ch tiu Phenol FuRfurol NMPKhi lng ring 200c 1060 1159 1033

Nhit si 0c 181 162 254Nhit nng chy 0C +41 -39 -24Nhit ti hn 0C 419 396Nhit cc h0C 79 59

p sut ti hn Mpa 6,07 5,3 1,04 nht ng hc 500C, Pa .s 32,4 11,5 10,4Nhit bay hi KJ/Kg 445,9 450 493,1Nhit nng chy KJ/Kg 121,4Nhit dung KJ/Kg 0K 2039 1,59 1,67

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II.2.4. Qu trnh tch sp.Sp l hn hp ch yu l cc parafin phn t lng ln v mt lng

nh cc hydrocacbon khc c nhit nng chy cao ( chng d kt tinh nhit thp) v km ho tan vo du nhn nhit thp. V th chng cn

phi tch ra khi du.II.2.4.1. Qu trnh tch sp bng phng php kt tinh.

Khi tin hnh lm lnh phn on du nhn, sp c tch ra do chng bkt tinh. Nh vy bng cch kt tinh c th x l du nhn cha sp. Qutrnh ny da vo nguyn l kt tinh parafin rn bng cch lm lnh. Sau tch chng khi du nhn lc. Trong cc dy chuyn sn xut trc y, duc lm lnh cc dn lnh, sau hn hp c cha du v sp cchuyn qua b phn lc p p sut. Ti y nhng tinh th sp c gi li,cn du nhn c chy qua. Khi lp sp dy, x p v tho cc bnhsp ra. Phng php ny c cc nhc im sau :

- lm vic gin on v nhiu khu phi dng ti p sut.

- nht ca du tch sp ln gy tr ngi cho qu trnh lc, c bit lcc loi du c nht cao.- Khng p dng cho nguyn liu l du cn v tch sp khng trit ,

do cc vi tinh th parafin c to ra trong qu trnh khng th tch rabng lc.

II.2.4.2 Tch bng dung mi chn lc. khc phc cc nhc im trn ngi ta s dng dung mi tng

linh ng ca du nhn. Do sp cng c th ho tan vo dung mi, nn phitin hnh nhit thp v phi chn dung mi thch hp. Vi dung mi c chn lc cao, c th thu c phn lc nhit thp, ngay nhit kttinh sp. Nh vy c th kt tinh c mi th loi sp v d tch ra bng lc. nht ca hn hp thp cn cho php thay qu trnh lc gin on bng qutrnh lc chn khng lin tc c hiu qu kinh t cao. Mt dung mi tch sptt phi tho mn cc yu cu sau :

- t hay khng ho tan sp .- - Ho tan tt du nhn nhit kt tinh sp .

- Sp dng tinh th ln d tch bng lc.- C nhit si thp d tch khi du, tit kim nng lng.- Dung mi phi d kim, r khng c hi v khng gy n mn.- T l dung mi trn nguyn liu du thp gim chi ph vn hnh.


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II.2.4.3. Qu trnh lm sch bng hydro:Qu trnh tinh ch sn phm du tch sp l qu trnh cn thit nhm

loi b cc cht hot ng v mt ho hc, c nh hng n mu ca du

gc. V d, cc hp cht nit c nh hng rt mnh n mu sc cng nh bn mu ca du gc, v th phi loi b chng v chnh l yu cu caqu trnh tinh ch bng hydro.

Tnh cht ca du nhn sau khi hydro ho lm sch c thay i nh sau - Lm gim nht 0 - 2

- Lm tng ch s nht 0 2

- H thp nhit ng c, 0C 0 - 2

- Tng sng mu () 1 - 2

II.2.5.Qu trnh tch asphan bng prophan. Thng thng sn xut du gc c th a thng thng cc phn onu ct nh sang cc thit b chit tch bng dung mi, nh cc phn on ducn thp chng ct chn khng i hi phi tch asphan loi tr cc loinha n khi qua khu tch chit. Nh vy cc nguyn liu ny phi a quaqu trnh tinh ch loi asphan tch cc hp cht nha, asphan l mt

hydrocacbon thm a vng. Nh qu trnh ny m du thu c c nhnthp v gim xu hng to cn dng gc.Propan c mt tnh cht c bit l t 40-60 oC n ho tan parafinr rt tt,

nh kh nng ny gim khi nhit tng cho n khi t n nhit ti hnca propan (96,8oC), tt c cc hydrocacbon tr nn khng tan. Trong khong40 n 96,8oC cc hp cht nha v asphan c phn t lng cao hu nhkhng tan trong propan. Propan thng c dng lm dung mi cho qutrnh tch asphan nhng cng c th dng etan v butan.

Qu trnh tch bng cc phn on ch yu da vo trng lng phn t,

cn chit tch bng dung mi th da vo chng loi phn t. Qu trnh tchasphan nm v tr trung gian hai qu trnh ny, v tch asphan ph thuc voc trng lng phn t v chng loi cu trc phn t. S n gin ca qutrnh tch asphan bng prophan dc trnh by hnh 11

Nguyn liu tip xc vi prophan lng ln gp 5 - 8 ln theo th tch nhit thch hp. Rafinat gm dung mi cha 15 - 20 % (trng lng) du.Du cng nng th prophan dng cng phi ln. Pha chit cha t 30 - 40 %

prophan (theo th tch). khng hn l dung dch m l mt dng nh tngca cc hp cht asphan trong propan hnh 11 cho thy propan c avo thp chit, cn nguyn liu (phn cn chng ct chn khng) c avo nh thp. V propan chuyn ng ngc ln nh thp, n ho tan du t


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolnguyn liu v mang chng theo ln nh. Cc loi cht nha asphan i ra ty thp, cn hn hp du propan i ra t nh l phn rafinat. Propan sau khithu hi li a vo chu trnh s dung tip.


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CHNG III.

CNG NGH SN XUT DU NHN GC

DNG PHNG PHP TRCH LY BNG FURFUROL

III.1. Mc ch v ngha ca qu trnh trch ly bng dung mifurfurol.

Mc ch ca qu trnh trch ly l chit tch cc cu t khng mong muncha trong cc phn on du nhn m chng ct khng th loi ra c. Cccu t ny thng l cc cht nha, phi hydrocacbon, cc hydrocacbon thmmch bn ngn ngng t cao thng lm cho du nhn sau mt thi gian

bo qun hay s dng li bin i mu sc, tng nht, xut hin cc hpcht c tnh axit khng tan trong du, to cn nha v cn bn trong du.

Nguyn l ca qu trnh tch bng dung mi chn lc l da vo tnh chtho tan c chn lc ca dung mi c s dng. Khi trn dung mi vonguyn liu iu kin thch hp, cc cu t ca nguyn liu s phn thnhhai nhm: nhm ho tan tt trong dung mi to thnh pha ring gi l phatrch (extrack); cn phn khng ho tan hay ho tan rt t trong dung mi gil rafinat. Sn phm c ch c th nm trong pha trch hay rafinat tu thuc

vo loi dung mi s dng. Vi dung mi furfurol th sn phm c chkhngho tan vo dung mi ny, nn ch yu trong pha trch l nhng cu t c hii vi du nhn.

Do qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi chn lc c bit c ngha trongvic sn xut du nhn. Qu trnh ny lm tng n nh, chng oxy hocho du nhn, tng ch s nht, gim t trng, gim nht, gim ccho, lm sng mu cho du nhn. Tuy nhin, nhit ng c ca du nhnli tng ln.

III.2. Dung mi furfurol.Dung mi furfurol c cng thc phn t l :C4H3CHO, furfurol l mthp cht tinh khit, l mt cht lng khng mu ho tan rt tt trong dungmi hu c t tan trong nc dung mi ny l dung mi rt quan trng ,dng sn xut nha, tinh ch du nhn...

Ngy nay ngi ta ang s dng ph bin 3 loi dung mi c cc tchcc hp cht nha v thm a vng ra khi nguyn liu du nhn l phenol,furfurol v N metylphirolidon (NMP).

Cc nh my Lin Bang Nga, dung mi ch yu dng cho qu trnh lmsch chn lc l phenol. Phenol c kh nng ho tan cao, to iu kin thun


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolli cho lm sch nguyn liu du nhn, nht l loi c cha nhiu cn v c nhn cao, ng thi dung mi ny cng r tin v d kim.

Nhng cc nh my khc trn th gii li hay dng qu trnh lm schbng dung mi chon lc furfurol do t c hi hn so vi phenol. V tuy c

kh nng ho tan km hn phenol, nhng dung mi ny c chon lc caohn. iu ny s cho hiu qu ln hn khi dng furfurol lm sch phn ctcha nhiu hidrocacbon thm.Tnh xy ho mnh v d to nha khi c mtkhng kh v nc l nhc im chnh ca dung mi furfurol. trnh qutrnh oxy ho, trong cng nghip ngi ta hay dng cc bin php sau:

Bo qun furfurol trong mi trng kh tr. Kim tra cht ch nhit trong h thng un nng v ti sinh dung mi hay kh kh s b ca nguynliu trc khi tin hnh trch ly, hoc c th thm cc cht chng oxy ho c

bit vo furfurol.

Do kh nng ho tan cc cht nha ca furfurol km nn cc dung miny ch p dng i vi nguyn liu du nhn c cht lng cao, ngh lnguyn liu cha t nha v cc hp cht a vng. Nhng ngy nay ngi tac th thay th bng dung mi NMP c kh nng ho tan tt hn, c chnlc cao hn v nht l c c hi nh hn.III.3. La chon s cng ngh v ch ca qu trnh.III.3.1. La chn s cng ngh .

Furfurol c tnh chn lc nn tch trit cc cu t du nhn ra khiphn thi v vy lm tng hiu sut sn phm rafinat c kh nng gi chnh

lch nhit cao theo chiu cao ca thp trch ly, nh vy, m lm tng nhit ho tan ti hn ca nguyn liu .Furfurol s dng c hiu qu cao i vi nguyn liu l cc phn on

du nhn thu c t du m lu hunh.Khi dng lm sch nguyn liu du nhn cn nng thu c t qu trnh

kh asphan trong gudron bng furfurol v phenol (vi t l nh nhau ) th tathy hiu sut sn phm rafinat khi dng dung mi furfurol cao hn

phenol .T ta thy rng vic la chn s cng ngh sn xut du nhngc bng dung mi chn lc furfurol v chn cc nguyn liu t phn ondu nhn ct ca qu trnh chng ct t mazut .


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolIII.3.2.S trch li bng dung mi furfurol.


23

3

VI I

XI

2

1

I

I5

I

6IV+II

V3

1

8

3

0

4

2

9

910VI II

III

II

III +

II

III+I

III

7

1

1II

III +

II

12

13

VII+

II

I

X

IV +

IIIV +

II

14

1

5

II + VII

17

16

2

1

IV +

II2

8

18

IV +

II

II

II

VI +

II

IV+II

II

II

1920VI

IV

21V

I

VII

VIII + II

VII + II

25

22 23

24

26 VII+

II

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III.3.3.Thuyt minh s .

Nguyn liu (du nhm ct hay cn). Bm (1) bm vo thit b trao i

nhit (2) y n c t nng n nhit 130 n 140 0C ri i vo phntrn ca thp tch khng kh (3). Thit b ny l hnh tr thng ng c b trcc a bn trong. Thit b tch khng kh (3) lm vic p sut chn khng(p sut d khong 9,5 10 KPa). Nhit kh kh l 120-130 0C. Khng khc tch cng vi hi nc i ra khi nh thp. Sau nguyn liu khkh song c bm (4) bm vo thit b gia nhit (5) c t nng ri i vo

phn di ca thp trch ly (6) ti y dung mi u v dung mi hi lu i ttrn xung t pha trn ca thp trch ly. Vo thit b trch, khi trong thptrch ly phn ra hai lp l mt lp l estrack v lp kia l rafinat. Phn rafinat

sau khi trch ly ra nh thp dn qua thit b trao i nhit (1) c ly nhit y ri i vo l ng (8) hn hp c un nng n nhit 260-290 0Cri sau c dn ra khi l t ri i vo phn gia ca thp bay hi (4) thp ny phn ln furfurol tch ra dng hi. Hi i ra nh thp c lmlnh nh thit b lm lanh (14) ri dn qua b lng (9) sau dung mi lmlnh.

Cui cng hi lu tr li. cn phn rafinat c ln t estreack i ra ythp (4) ri i vo phn trn ca thp (5) phn gi rafinat c i vo phndi ca thp (5). Thp c nhim v tch nt phn estrach cn li trong

rafinat. Sau khi tch xong phn rafinat ra y thp dn qua thit b trao inhit (1) ri i vo b cha sn phn (19). Cn phn estrack v t nc ra phn trn ca thp (5) c a sang thit b lm lnh (14) chy vo b lng(9) tip tc lng ri chuyn vo thit b phn ly (10) .

Cn phn y ca thp trch ly estrack ra y thp i vo thit b lmlnh (14) sn phn sau khi lm lnh tip tc c a vo thit b lng (9) tiy phn gi rafinat c hi lu tr li thp trch ly. Cn t estrack c vo

b cha ca sn phn trung gian (18) nh bm (17) bm qua thit b trao inhit c ly nhit ti y hai ln ri i qua thit b un nng (6) ti ynhit un nng n 250- 2800C sau hp cht ny i vo thp chng (7).Sau khi chng song estrack ra nh thp i qua thit b trao i nhit (1) h nhit xung ri i vo phn gia ca thp chng tip theo ti ydung mi lng y v i ra, c hi lu tr li thp trich. Cn phn yca thp (7) dn qua l t (6) ti y nhit c un nng n 250-2800Csau khi c un nng song c a qua thit b chng tip .Ti y dungmi ra nh dn qua thit b trao i nhit (1).

Kt hp vi phn dung mi ra y thp chng th hai ri dn qua thitb trao i nhit (1) tip tc c lm lnh v hi lu tr li thp trch. Cnphn estrack ra y thp chng th ba dn vo phn trn ca thp bay hi(11) tch dung mi y dung mi ra nh thp dng hi, kt hp vi


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfuroldung mi ra (4) ri c tun hon tr li thp trch ly. Cn phn sn phmy ra thit b (11) ri i vo phn trn ca thp (12) phn trch lng ythp ny c tho chy vo b cha (20) cn estrack cn li ra phn trnca thit b (12) kt hp vi phn estrack ra (5) i s l tip. Cn phn

estrack ra nh ca thp chng th (2) c a vo thit b lm lnh (14)ri chy vo thit b phn ly (10) ti y hn hp trn c dn vo b cha(13) sn phm sau khi chng phn trch c dn vo thit b chng cui sn

phm trch ra y thp ny. Ri dn qua b cha (23) cn estrack ra thpchng cui kt hp vi estrack ra nh thp (7) tip tc qu trnh cho nkhi t c yu cu s dng v an ton cho mi trng


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PHN IICHNG I

TNH TON THIT K

I.1.Cc s liu ban u.

Nng sut yu cu:400.000 tn/nm.

Thi gian lm vic ca dy chuyn trong mt nm l 8.000 gi.

T l gia dung mi furfurol trn nguyn liu l:2:1

Chi ph furfurol-nc % khi lng so vi furfurol l:3%

Hiu sut rafinat % khi lng so vi nguyn liu l :75%

T trng ca nguyn liu l:d420=920(kg/m3)

T trng ca rafinat l d420=902(kg/m3)

Lng du lm sch trong phn rafinat l:80%

Nhit nh thp l t1=1100C

Nhit y thp l t2=600C.

I.2.Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thp trch ly.

nh gi la chn dy chuyn sn xut, ngi ta da vo nhiu ch

tiu nh cc thng s kinh t, k thut, nng lng v linh hot ca cng

ngh.

Cng ngh trch ly du nhn vi nguyn liu t mazut th cho ta cc

phn on du nhn c linh ng v v ch s nhn cao. Nhng ngy

nay vi cng ngh pht trin hin i th dng nguyn liu gudron sn xut

du nhn c nhn cao.V loi thp a quay ny c cnh khu loi a

ph thuc vo s vng quay ca cnh khuy quan h gia chng v quan h

gia hai lu th.

Thp trch ly l mt thit b chnh ca qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi

chn lc. Do trong qu trnh thit k ngi ta c th chn nhiu loi thp

a khc nhau th cho ta hiu qu du nhn khc nhau, n gin cho tnh

ton cng nh cng ngh sn xut ngi ta chn thp a quay loi ny nng


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolsut tng i cao ngoi ra cn c cnh khuy tua bin. Loi thp a ny c

ng knh 2,4m - 2,8m hoc 3,4m-3,6m chiu cao ca thp 13m-13,4m

ng knh stato hnh xuyn l 1,6m, ng knh a quay l 1,2m. Tn s

ca roto t 10 n 160 vng/ pht. Tng tc th tch ca nguyn liu v

dung mi vo thp lm tng hiu qu lm sch cc phn on du nhn, gim

chi ph dung mi v tng c hiu sut ca sn phm t 3-5% lm cho du

nhn tt hn.

I.2.1.Dng vo.

Nhit trung bnh lm vic trong thp

ttb=2

60110 +=850C

T trng ca nguyn liu tai nhit 850C

85=1030 (kg/m3)

Thi gian lm vic thc tt ca phn xng trong mt nm l.

365 30 = 335 (ngy )Nng sut lm vic ca thp l 400.000 tn/nm. Vi nng sut lm vic

ca phn xng trong 1h l:

0008

000000400

.

..

=50.000 (kg/h )

V hiu sut du thu c l : 75% trn tng lng nguyn liu vo nn ta

tnh c lng nguyn liu vo thp trch ly l:

G1 = 50.000. 75100

= 66.666,66667 (kg/h)

Lng dung mi a vo thp trch ly l:

G2 = 2. G1= 2. 66666,66667 = 133.333,3333 (kg/h)

Chi ph furfurol nc a vo thp trch ly:


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G3 = 3%. G2 = 0,03. 133.333,3333 = 4.000 (kg/h)

Vy tng lng vt cht a vo thp trch ly l :

Gvo = G1 + G2 + G3 = 66.666,66667 + 133.333,333 + 4.000

= 204.000 (kg/h)

I.2.2.Dng ra.

Lng rafinat thu c sau trch ly l:

Graf = 50.000 (kg/h)

Lng extract thu c sau trch ly l

Gex = G1 - Graf = 66.666,66667 50.000

= 16.666,66667 (kg/h)

V nng trng lng ca rafinat trong phn lm sch l 80% nn

lng dung dch ca rafinat thu c l

4

10050.000. 62.500

80G = = (kg/h)

Lng dung mi furfurol trong dung dch rafinat l:

( )4 62.500 50.000 12.500 /raf

p rafG G G kg h= = =

Lng dung mi trong dung dch extract:

5 2 3133.333,3333 4.000 12.500rafpG G G G= + = +

= 124.833,3333 (kg/h)

Trong lng nc to hn hp ng ph furfurol nc l

Gnc = 91%. G3 = 0,91. 4.000 = 3.640 (kg/h)

Lng dung dch extract l

G6 = Gex + G5 = 16.666,66667 + 124833,3333


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= 141.500 (kg/h)

Lng dung mi furfurol trong dung dch extract l

6exp G=G

- Gnc Gex = 141.500 3640 16.666,66667= 121.193,3333 (kg/h)

Tng lng dng vt cht ra khi thit b:

Gra = Graf +rafpG + Gex +

expG + Gnc

= 50.000 + 12.500 + 16.666,66667 + 121.193,3333 + 3640

= 204.000 (kg/h)Lng vo Lng ra

Tnnguynliu

Khi lng(kg/h)

Phntrm%

Tn snphm

Phi lng(kg/h)

Phntrm%

Nguynliu vo

66.666,66667

32,68% Du 50.000 24,51%

Dung mifurfurolvo

133.333,3333

65,36% Furfurolra

12.500 6,13%

Chi ph

ncfurfurol

4.000 1,96% Du ln 16.666,66667 8,17%

Nc 3.640 1,78%Furfurol 121.193,3333 59,41%

Tngcng

204.000 100 Tngcng

204.000 100

I.3. Cn bng nhit lng .I.3.1.Tnh cn bng nhit lng cho thit b trch ly .

Gi : Q1: Nhit lng do nguyn liu mang vo (Kcal/h)Q2: Nhit lng do dung mi furfurol mang vo (Kcal/h)Q3: Nhit lng do nc mang vo l (Kcal/h)Q4: nhit lng do sn phm mang ra l (Kcal/h)Q5: nhit lng do pha chit mang ra l(Kcal/h)Q6: Nhit lng tn tht ra mi trng l : (Kcal/h)

1.3.2. Nhit lng do nguyn liu mang vo l .

Q1=G1.t1.C


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolTrong :G1: Lng nguyn liu vo thp trch ly trong thi gian mt gi

t1 :nhit ti nh thp l t1 =1100CC: Nhit dung ringp dng cng thc tnh nhit dung ring ca mt s cht lng

C=( )

( ) 5,032.5/9886,11625

t

td

t++

Trong :dt :khi lng ring tng i ca cht lng 15,60Ct: nhit ca cht lng .Gii hn p dng c phng trnh ny O0C


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Nhit lng do nc mang vo l Q3 = 242400 kcal/hI.3.5. Nhit lng do sn phm mang ra l.

Q1 = G1 x C x t1

G1 l : lu lng thu c trong thp trch lyT1 nhit lm vic ti y thp t1 = 1100C

Q1 = 62.500 x 110 x 0,0298 = 204875( kcal/h)

I.3.6.Nhit lng do du ln mang ra.

Q2 = G5 x t2 x C

G5 : la lng du ln trong pha chitt2 :Nhit lm vic ca thp ti nhit t2 =600CC: Nhit dung ring ca pha chit C = 0,0281 (kcal/kg )

Q2 = 166.666,66667 x60 x 0,0281 = 28100 (kcal/h)

I.3.7.Nhit lng do nc mang ra

Q3

= Gnc x t2 x CGnc : lu lng hn hp ng ph furfurol ncC: Nhit dung ring ca nc C = 1,01(kcal/kg )t2 : Nhit lm vic ti y thp t2= 600C

Q3 = 3640 x 60 x 1,01 = 220584( kcal/h)

I.3.8. Nhit lng do furfurol mang ra pha chit.

Q4 = G8 t2 C

G8 : lu lng dung mi furfurol ln trong pha chitC: Nhit dung ring ca furfurol C = 0,5605 (kcal/kg )t2: Nhit lm vic ca thp ti t 2 = 600C

Q4 = 5606,06058000 = 1950888 (kcal/h)

I.3.9.Nhit lng furfurol mang ra pha rafinat.


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Q5=Graf Ct 1

Graf: Lu lng furfurol trong dung dch rafinatC: Nhit dung ring ca furfurol C= 0,5606(Kcal/kg)t1: Nhit lm vic ca thp ti nhit t1=1100CVy nhit lng do furfurol mang ra l

)/(8125,2890075606,01105,4687/5 hKcalQ ==

Vy nhit lng do sn phm mang ra l : 289007,8125(Kcal/h)1.3.10 : Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh

654321QQQQQQ ++=++

101406,25+ 2102250+ 112500=234468,75+2066322,375+Q6

Nhit lng do sn phm mang ra l Q4=234468,75(Kcal/h)Nhit lng do pha chit mang ra l Q5=2066322,375(Kcal/h)Vy nhit mt mt ra mi trng l : Q6=15365,125(Kcal/h)

Bng : Bng cn bng nhit lng

Nhit lng vo thp (Kcal/h)

Nht lng do nguyn liu mang vo 101406,25Nhit lng do dung mi furfurol mang vo 2102250Nhit lng do nc mang vo 55312,5

Tng cng 2316156,25Nhit lng ra khi thit b lNhit lng do sn phm mang ra 234468,75Nhit lng do pha chit mang ra 2066322,375Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh 15365,125

Tng cng 2316156,25


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CHNG II.TNH TON C KH CHI TIT CH YU CA THIT B

II. 1. ng knh ca thp trch ly.

)(:285

2

85

1 mvGG

Dfmp

+=

Trong :G1: Lng nguyn liu a vo thp trch ly trong thi gian mt gi

G2: lng dung mi furfurol a vo thp trch ly trong thi gian mt gimp

85 T trng ca dung mi furfurol ti nhit 850C

V : Tc ca hn hp i trong thp trch lyChn v=10 m3/h

D=2 )1014,3(:1030

3333,133333

885

66667,66666

+ = 5,1062(m)

D =5,1062(m)=5,1(m)

T trng ca pha rafinat trong thp ti nhit 1100C

raf

110 = 855(Kg/m3)

T trng ca pha rafinat trong thp ti nhit 600C

raf

60 = 1040(Kg/m3)

T trng ca pha chit trong thp ti nhit 1100C

ex

110 = 990(Kg/m3)

T trng ca pha chit trong thp ti nhit 600C

ex

60 = 970(Kg/m3)


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Lng phn lm sch

Vraf= rafG

110

4

+ exx

xG

110

4

.

)1(

Trong :G4: Lng du lm sch sau khi ra khi thp trch ly(Kg/m3)

raf

110 : T trng du lm sch ti nhit nh thp(Kg/m3)

ex

110 : T ca dung mi chn lc ti nhit inh thp (Kg/m3)

x: Nng trng lng ca du lm sch i vi phn lm sch rafinat.

Vraf=855

62500+

990.8,0)8,01(62500

= 88,88(m3/m2.h)

Vex= rafrafex xxGGG

60

4

60

2

60

5

.

)1(

++

Trong :G5: Lng du trong thp trch lyG2: Lng dung mi furfurol a vo trong thi gian 1 gi.G3: Lng du lm sch trong dung dch rafinat l

ex

60 : T trng dung mi chn lc ti y thp l.

raf

60 : T trng ca du b trch ly ti nhit y thp l.

Vex= 1040.8,0)8.01(62500

1040

3333,133333

970

3333,124833 ++

Vex= 128,694 + 128,205 + 30,048 = 271,92 (m3

/m2

.h)

II.2.Chiu cao thp trch ly.1.Chiu cao t a trn cng n nh thp l.

h1= 2114

F

tVraf

Trong :Vraf: Lng phn lm sch l.


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolT11: Thi gian lng ca phn phn lm sch trong thp trch ly l.Vi t11= 5,12,1 (h)F: tit din ngang ca thp l .chn F= 6(m).

h1= )(4,4614,34,188,884

2m=

2.Chiu cao t y thp ln a trn cng l.

h3= 212

4

F

tVex

Trong :Vex: Lng phn trch lyt12: Thi gian lng ca phn trch ly trong thpVi t12= 0,5 n 1(h)

F: Tit din ngang chn F= 6(m)h3= )(2,7614,3

75,092,27142

m=

h3= 7,2(m)

3.Khong cch t a di cng n a trn cng l.

h2= (n-1) h

Trong :

n:S a thc t chn n= 9 a.

h: L khong cch gia cc a chn h= 0,5(m)

h2= (9-1) 0,5= 4(m)

4.Chiu cao ca thp trch ly tnh theo cng thc sau.

H=h1+h2+h3+h4

h4: L h chn h4= 1,2(m)

H=4,4+4+6,2+1,2=16,8(m)

H=17(m)

Quy chun H=17(m)Vy chiu cao thp trch ly l 17(m)

II.3.ng knh ca ng dn nguyn liu vo.Ta c lu lng th tch ca nguyn liu trong mi gi l:

V=

m

Trong :m :Lng nguyn liu i vo thp trch ly trong thi gian 1 gi l:


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: khi lng ring ca nguyn liu 885 (kg/m3).

V=885

66667,66666=75,3296(m3h)

V=75,3296(m3h)=0,02(m3/s).

Vy ng knh ca ng dn nguyn liu vo thp trong thi gian 1 gi l:

D=.785,0

v

Trong :V:Lu lng th tch nguyn liu I vo thp trong 1 gi. :Tc cht lng trong ng t chy vo thit b chnh

Do ta chn =0.2(m/s).

D=2,0.785,0

02,0=0,357(m).

Quy chun D=400 (mm).

II.4.ng knh ca ng dn furfurol vo thp.Ta thi lu lng ca furfurol i vo thp trong 1 gi

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca furfurol 1060 (kg/m3)

V=1060

3333,133333=125,786 (m3/h)

V=3600

786,125=0,03494 (m3/s)

ng knh ca ng dn furfurol vo thp l:

D=2,0.785,0

03494,0=0,472 (m)

Quy chun D=500 (mm)


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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurolII.5.ng knh ca ng dn dung dch rafinat ra khi thp.

Lu lng th tch ca ng ng dn rafinat l

V= m

Khi lng ring ca dung dch rafinat l 902 (kg/m3)

V=902

62500=69,29 (m3/h)

V=3600

29,69=0,01925 (m3/s)

Vy ng knh ca ng dn dung dch rafinat ra khi thp l:

D=2,0.785,0

V

D =2,0.785,0

01925,0=0,35 (m)

Quy chun D =350 (mm)

II.6.ng knh ca ng dn dung dch pha chit .

Lu lng th tch ca ng ng dn dung dch chit l:

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca dung dch chit l 970 (kg/m3)

V =970

3333,124833=128,694 (m3/h) = 0,03575 (m3/s)

ng knh ca ng dn dung dch pha chit l:

D=.785,0

V


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D=2.0.785,0

03575,0=0,228 (m)

Quy chun D= 250 (mm)

II.7.ng knh ca ng dn hi nc vo.

Lu lng th tch ca ng ng dn hi nc l

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca hi nc l 1983 (kg/m3)

V=1983

141500=71,356 (m3/h) = 0,01982 (m3/s)

Vy ng knh ca ng dn hi nc vo thp l

D=.785,0

V

D=2,0.785,0

01982,0=0,36 (m)

Quy chun D =350 (mm)

II .8.ng knh ca ng tho cn.

Lu lng th tch ca ng dn cn ra ngoi l

V=

m

Khi lng ring ca cn l: 970 (kg/m3)

V=970

66667,16666=17,182 (m3/h) = 0,00477 (m3/s)

Vy ng knh ca ng tho cn l


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D=.785,0

V

D= 2,0.785,000477,0

=0,174 (m)Quy chun D= 200 (mm)

KT LUNQua mt thi gian lm n, c s gip tn tnh ca thy c gio

trong b mn c bit l thy gio TS. L Vn Hiu, cng vi s c gng cabn thn, nay em hon thnh phn n c giao. ti: Thit k thp trch ly du nhn vi dung mi furfurol vi nng sut400.000 tn/nm.

Vi nhng ni dung chnh sau:1.Tng quan v l thuyt.2.Tnh ton v phn thit b.

+Tng quan v l thuyt:-Ni ln thnh phn ngun gc ca du khong, tnh cht vt l tnh cht

ho hc v cng dng ca du nhn.-Cng ngh sn xut du nhn gc v a ra phng php sn xut v

cng ngh trch ly du nhn bng dung mi chn lc furfurol.+Ni v s cng ngh.a ra dy chuyn cng ngh so snh v la chn dy chuyn cng ngh mtcch hp l. y cng ngh c la chn l dy chuyn cng ngh trch ly

du nhn bng dung mi chn lc furfurol.+Tnh ton thit b chnh.

-Tnh ton cn bng vt cht ca thit b chnh.-Tnh ton cn bng nhit lng ca thit b chnh.-Tnh ton thit b chnh.

Trong qu trnh lm n ny em hiu thm rt nhiu v vic thit k, tnhton mt thp sn xut, tnh ton v thit k cho mt d n i hi phi vndng nhiu kin thc tng hp ca nhiu ngnh, nhiu lnh vc khc nh :

khoa hc, x hi, kinh t Tuy nhin khi a mt thnh qu ca vic nghincu vo sn xut thc t l mt qu trnh ht sc phc tp. Qu trnh lm bnSv : Bi Thnh Ti Lp : Ho du1_K49

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n mn hc : Thit k thp trch ly du nhnbng dung mi furfurol n ny gip em cng c li nhng kin thc m em hc trong nhtrng t trc n nay c th l nm c l thuyt v cc tnh cht canguyn liu v sn phm, hiu c cc c ch, bit cch tnh ton c ccthit b .

Trong khun kh bn n ny c th c nhng thiu st do vic tnh tonch yu da trn c s l thuyt v bc u lm quen vi cng tc thit kthp trch ly. Mt d thi gian c gii hn v trnh nghin cu cn nhiuhn ch nn bn v n ny khng trnh khi nhng sai lm v thiu st.Vy em mong c s ng gp kin gip ca cc thy gio v cc bnng nghip bn n c hon thnh v hon chnh hn

TI LIU THAM KHO1. L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m. NXB khoa hc v k

thut H Ni, nm 2001

2. PGS. TS. inh Th Ng. Ho hc du m v kh. NXB khoa hck thut H Ni nm 1999.

3. V Th Lin. Cng ngh ch bin du m v kh. i hc Bch

Khoa H Ni nm 1980

4. Huy nh. Hi tho du bi trn (ln th hai) H Ni 1993.

5. C. Kaijdas. Du m bi trn; nh xut bn khoa hc k thut,1993

6. Phm t bng gio trnh cng ngh lc du. NXB xy dung HNi 2002

7. Kiu nh Kim. Cc sn phm du m v ho du NXB KhoaHoc K Thut H Ni 1999

8. Cc sn phm du m thng phm.petrolimex,1992

9. Dng Vn Tu, Nguyn Hu Khu, Vn nh , Nguyn thminh nguyt. Th nghim ho hu c; HBK H Ni 1993

10. V Tam Hu. Nguyn Phng Tng. Hng dn s dng nguynliu m du NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut H Ni; 2000


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11. S tay qu trnh thit b cng ngh ho hc. Tp 1 NXB KhoaHc V K Thut H Ni 1978

12. S tay qu trnh thit b cng ngh ho hc. Tp 2 NXB Khoa

Hc V K Thut H Ni 1978

13. B mn ho l. S tay tm tt cc i lng ho l Koa H TiChc THBK H Ni 1972

thiet ke thap trich ly dau nhon voi dung moi furfurol voi nang suat 400000 tannam

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