the world is flat article

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[nl wi}gk cu }i|`k4 {ncu u{j{lal`{ cu jg}ljks i gk `lwu. Uial ajs ujs {nj{ lvl` J}cu{i{gl b`lw c{' jgaiu{ ='<88 slj}u joi' kllx c` {nl k|u{s {calu if j`{cz|c{s. U{cgg' c` {nl fc}u{ klejkl if {nl =: u{  el`{|}s' {jbc`o j uco`cfcej`{ {cal gljx uc`el J}cu{i{gl¶u fc }u{ jffc}aj{ci`u jmi|{ {nl wi}gk mlc`o }i|`k' [niaju F}clkaj` enjggl`olu jgg uecl`{ cu{u j`k klegj}lu {nj{ {nl wi}gk cu' je{ |jggs ' fgj{  R:Q . C` i}kl} {i klai`u{}j{l {nj{' c{ kilu`¶{ {jbl j xnsucejg di|}`ls j}i|`k {nl ogiml' m|{ {nl di|}`ls if c`fi}aj{ci`' b`iwglkol j`k m|uc`luulu {nj{ jgg ec}e|gj{l ui fju{ f}ia i`l l`k {i j`i{ nl}' ju cf {nl wi}gk wju j fgj{ x gj{l j`k `i{ j ugiw' }i|`k fco|}l. µ[nl _i}gk cu Fgj{»' fc}u{ x|mgcunlk c` =88<' cu j wi`kl}f|g mii b {nj{ cgg|u{}j{lu {nl lffle{u if ogimjgctj{ci` f}ia j `lw xl}uxle{cvl j`k c` j vl}s fjuec`j{c`o wjs. Gl{ |u {jbl j egiul giib {i wnj{ ogimjgctj{ci`' i} {nl fgj{{l`c`o if {nl wi }gk }ljggs alj`u. F}ia j` lei`iace xic`{ i f vclw' ogimjgctj{ci` cu µ{nl x}ieluu l`jmgc`o fc`j`ecjg j`k c`vlu{al`{ aj}bl{u {i ixl}j{l c`{l}`j{ci`jggs' gj}olgs ju j }lu|g{ i f kl}lo|gj{ci` j`k cax}ivlk eiaa|`cej{ci`u» [nl f}ll kce{ci`j}s#. F|}{nl}ai}l' ogimjgctj{ci` cu {nl c`{lo}j{ci` if `j{ci`jg lei`iaclu c`{i {nl c`{l}`j{ci`jg lei`i as {n}i|on {}jkl' fi}lco` kc}le{ c`vlu{al`{' ejxc{jg fgiwu' aco}j{ci`' j`k {nl ux}ljk i f {len`igios. C{ cu `i{ nj}k {i uxi{ i |{ }lglvj`{ l~jaxglu c` {nl aj{{l}4 lvl}s ejxc{jg ec{s c` L|}ixl nju j Xcttj N|{' j BFE i} j U{j}m|ebu' ju wlgg ju m}j`enlu if ajdi} ei}xi}j{ci`u u|en ju Ace}iuif{' CMA' X}ie{l} & Ojamgl i} {nl wlgg b`iw` Flk L~ j`k \XU. Niwlvl}' ogimjgctj{ci` cu |u|jggs }leio`ctlk ju mlc`o k}cvl` ms j eiamc`j{ci` if lei`iace' {len`igiocejg' uiecie|g{|}jg' xi gc {cejg' j`k mcigiocej g fje{i}u2 c{ cu ec}e|gj{ci` if cklju' gj`o|jolu j`k c`fi}aj{ci`' j`k c{ cu `iw j `lw x}ieluu. C{ nju' c` fje{' µmll` m|cgkc`o fi} j gi`o {cal. Ogimjgctj{ci` :.8 :;3= {i :>88# un}j`b {nl wi}gk f}ia j uctl gj}ol {i j uctl alkc|a' j`k {nl ks`jace fi}el c` {nj{ l}j wju ei|`{}clu ogimjgctc`o fi} }lui|}elu j`k caxl}cjg ei`z|lu{. Ogimjgctj{ci` =.8 :>88 {i =888# un}j`b {nl wi}gk f}ia j uctl alkc|a {i j uctl uajgg' j`k c{ wju uxlj}nljklk ms eiaxj`clu ogimjgctc`o fi} aj}bl{u j`k gjmi}. Ogimjgctj{ci` 5.8 wncen u{j}{lk j}i|`k =888# cu un}c`bc`o {nl wi }gk f}ia j uctl uajgg {i j uctl {c`s j`k fgj{{l`c`o {nl xgjsc`o fclgk j{ {nl ujal {cal» F}clkaj`' =88?' :8#. C` i|} l}j' {nl fgj{ wi}gk nju mlei al j }ljgc{s j`k j wlgg u|xxi}{lk fje{' ju wl j}l `i{ l`egiulk c` {nl ujal xgjel j`sai}l' wl ej` ml ulvl}jg xgjelu j{ {nl ujal {cal2 wc{n `i ai}l {nj` j ucaxgl egceb' wl j}l j{ {nl i{nl} l`k if {nl wi}gk. [nlul njvl mll` ujck' C wcgg c`{}ik|el {nl fc}u{ fgj{{l`l}' wncen cu `i i{nl} {nj` { nl fjggc`o if {nl Ml}gc` _jgg c` :3>3' wncen { cxxlk {nl mjgj`el if xiwl} je}iuu {nl wi}gk {iwj}ku klaie}j{ce f}ll aj}bl{ j`k jwjs f}ia j|{ni}c{j}cj` }|gl' l`kc`o j => slj} ulxj}j{ci` ml{wll` Lju{ Ol}aj`s j`k _lu{ Ol}aj`s. [nl ei ggjxu l if {nl Ml} gc` _jgg 83 @ivlaml} :3>3#' `i{ i `gs usamigctlk {nl l`k if {nl Ei gk wj}' c{ jgui jggiwlk xlixgl f}ia i{nl} uckl if {nl wj gg {i dic` {nl lei`iace ajc`u{}lja. [niaju F}clkaj` vclwlk {ncu lvl`{ ju {nl }laivjg if {nl gju{ fl`el u{j`kc`o' ju c{ nju }lx}lul`{lk {nl ixl`c`o {i j ogimjg wi}gk j`k j ogimjg lei`ias' j`k' c` j wjs' {nl jmigcunal`{ if mi}kl}u' mi|`kj}clu j`k cui gj{ci`. _c {n {nl mc}{n if {ncu `lw wi}gk eialu j `lw ixxi}{|`c{s fi} lal}oc`o {len`igioclu {i l~xj`k wc{ni|{ gcac{u m}c`oc`o c{u ec{ctl`u egiul}. _c{nc` uc~ ai`{nu if {nl fjgg if {nl Ml}gc` _jgg' Ace}iuif{ e}lj{lk j ogimjg eiax|{l} c`{l}fjel  ms c`{}ik|ec`o _c`kiwu 5.8. Nl}l eialu {nl ulei`k fgj{{l`l}' wncen }lx}lul`{u {nl xiuucmcgc{s {nj{ ljen if |u nju `i{ i`gs {i j|{ni} i| } iw` ei`{l`{' m|{ jgui {i ul`k c{ wi}gkwckl wc{n {nl :33< gj|`en if {nl C`{l}`l{. @l{uejxlR=Q j`k {nl _lm m}ijkl`lk {nl j|kcl`el fi} {nl C`{l}`l{ f}ia c{u }ii{u ju j eiaa|`cej{ci`u alkc|a |ulk x} caj}cgs ms µlj}gs jkix{l}u j`k ollbu» {i uial{nc`o {nj{ ajkl {nl C`{l}`l{ jeeluucmgl {i lvl}si`l. [ncu fgj{{l`l} ixl`lk |x {nl wi}gk if eiaa|`cej{ci` j`k l!eiaal}el {i j` l~xj`kc`o ogimjg aj}bl{. U|mulz|l`{ gs ' f}ll wi}bfgiw

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Page 1: The World is Flat Article

8/6/2019 The World is Flat Article

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-world-is-flat-article 1/3

[nl wi}gk cu }i|`k4 {ncu u{j{lal`{ cu jg}ljks igk `lwu. Uial ajs ujs {nj{ lvl` J}cu{i{gl b`lwc{' jgaiu{ ='<88 slj}u joi' kllx c` {nl k|u{s {calu if j`{cz|c{s. U{cgg' c` {nl fc}u{ klejkl if {nl =: u{ el`{|}s' {jbc`o j uco`cfcej`{ {cal gljx uc`el J}cu{i{gl¶u fc}u{ jffc}aj{ci`u jmi|{ {nl wi}gk mlc`o}i|`k' [niaju F}clkaj` enjggl`olu jgg uecl`{cu{u j`k klegj}lu {nj{ {nl wi}gk cu' je{|jggs' fgj{ R:Q . C` i}kl} {i klai`u{}j{l {nj{' c{ kilu`¶{ {jbl j xnsucejg di|}`ls j}i|`k {nl ogiml' m|{ {nl di|}`ls

if c`fi}aj{ci`' b`iwglkol j`k m|uc`luulu {nj{ jgg ec}e|gj{l ui fju{ f}ia i`l l`k {i j`i{nl}' ju cf {nl wi}gk wju j fgj{ xgj{l j`k `i{ j ugiw' }i|`k fco|}l. µ[nl _i}gk cu Fgj{»' fc}u{ x|mgcunlk c`=88<' cu j wi`kl}f|g miib {nj{ cgg|u{}j{lu {nl lffle{u if ogimjgctj{ci` f}ia j `lw xl}uxle{cvl j`kc` j vl}s fjuec`j{c`o wjs.

Gl{ |u {jbl j egiul giib {i wnj{ ogimjgctj{ci`' i} {nl fgj{{l`c`o if {nl wi}gk }ljggs alj`u. F}iaj` lei`iace xic`{ if vclw' ogimjgctj{ci` cu µ{nl x}ieluu l`jmgc`o fc`j`ecjg j`k c`vlu{al`{aj}bl{u {i ixl}j{l c`{l}`j{ci`jggs' gj}olgs ju j }lu|g{ if kl}lo|gj{ci` j`k cax}ivlkeiaa|`cej{ci`u» [nl f}ll kce{ci`j}s#. F|}{nl}ai}l' ogimjgctj{ci` cu {nl c`{lo}j{ci` if `j{ci`jglei`iaclu c`{i {nl c`{l}`j{ci`jg lei`ias {n}i|on {}jkl' fi}lco` kc}le{ c`vlu{al`{' ejxc{jg fgiwu'aco}j{ci`' j`k {nl ux}ljk if {len`igios. C{ cu `i{ nj}k {i uxi{ i|{ }lglvj`{ l~jaxglu c` {nl

aj{{l}4 lvl}s ejxc{jg ec{s c` L|}ixl nju j Xcttj N|{' j BFE i} j U{j}m|ebu' ju wlgg ju m}j`enlu if ajdi} ei}xi}j{ci`u u|en ju Ace}iuif{' CMA' X}ie{l} & Ojamgl i} {nl wlgg b`iw` Flk L~ j`k\XU. Niwlvl}' ogimjgctj{ci` cu |u|jggs }leio`ctlk ju mlc`o k}cvl` ms j eiamc`j{ci` if lei`iace' {len`igiocejg' uiecie|g{|}jg' xigc{cejg' j`k mcigiocejg fje{i}u2 c{ cu ec}e|gj{ci` if cklju'gj`o|jolu j`k c`fi}aj{ci`' j`k c{ cu `iw j `lw x}ieluu. C{ nju' c` fje{' µmll` m|cgkc`o fi} j gi`o{cal. Ogimjgctj{ci` :.8 :;3= {i :>88# un}j`b {nl wi}gk f}ia j uctl gj}ol {i j uctl alkc|a' j`k{nl ks`jace fi}el c` {nj{ l}j wju ei|`{}clu ogimjgctc`o fi} }lui|}elu j`k caxl}cjg ei`z|lu{.Ogimjgctj{ci` =.8 :>88 {i =888# un}j`b {nl wi}gk f}ia j uctl alkc|a {i j uctl uajgg' j`k c{ wjuuxlj}nljklk ms eiaxj`clu ogimjgctc`o fi} aj}bl{u j`k gjmi}. Ogimjgctj{ci` 5.8 wncen u{j}{lkj}i|`k =888# cu un}c`bc`o {nl wi}gk f}ia j uctl uajgg {i j uctl {c`s j`k fgj{{l`c`o {nl xgjsc`ofclgk j{ {nl ujal {cal» F}clkaj`' =88?' :8#. C` i|} l}j' {nl fgj{ wi}gk nju mleial j }ljgc{s j`k jwlgg u|xxi}{lk fje{' ju wl j}l `i{ l`egiulk c` {nl ujal xgjel j`sai}l' wl ej` ml ulvl}jg xgjeluj{ {nl ujal {cal2 wc{n `i ai}l {nj` j ucaxgl egceb' wl j}l j{ {nl i{nl} l`k if {nl wi}gk.

[nlul njvl mll` ujck' C wcgg c`{}ik|el {nl fc}u{ fgj{{l`l}' wncen cu `i i{nl} {nj` {nl fjggc`o if {nlMl}gc` _jgg c` :3>3' wncen {cxxlk {nl mjgj`el if xiwl} je}iuu {nl wi}gk {iwj}ku klaie}j{ce f}llaj}bl{ j`k jwjs f}ia j|{ni}c{j}cj` }|gl' l`kc`o j => slj} ulxj}j{ci` ml{wll` Lju{ Ol}aj`s j`k_lu{ Ol}aj`s. [nl eiggjxul if {nl Ml}gc` _jgg 83 @ivlaml} :3>3#' `i{ i`gs usamigctlk {nll`k if {nl Eigk wj}' c{ jgui jggiwlk xlixgl f}ia i{nl} uckl if {nl wjgg {i dic` {nl lei`iaceajc`u{}lja. [niaju F}clkaj` vclwlk {ncu lvl`{ ju {nl }laivjg if {nl gju{ fl`el u{j`kc`o' ju c{nju }lx}lul`{lk {nl ixl`c`o {i j ogimjg wi}gk j`k j ogimjg lei`ias' j`k' c` j wjs' {nljmigcunal`{ if mi}kl}u' mi|`kj}clu j`k cuigj{ci`. _c{n {nl mc}{n if {ncu `lw wi}gk eialu j `lwixxi}{|`c{s fi} lal}oc`o {len`igioclu {i l~xj`k wc{ni|{ gcac{u m}c`oc`o c{u ec{ctl`u egiul}._c{nc` uc~ ai`{nu if {nl fjgg if {nl Ml}gc` _jgg' Ace}iuif{ e}lj{lk j ogimjg eiax|{l} c`{l}fjel

ms c`{}ik|ec`o _c`kiwu 5.8. Nl}l eialu {nl ulei`k fgj{{l`l}' wncen }lx}lul`{u {nl xiuucmcgc{s{nj{ ljen if |u nju `i{ i`gs {i j|{ni} i|} iw` ei`{l`{' m|{ jgui {i ul`k c{ wi}gkwckl wc{n {nl:33< gj|`en if {nl C`{l}`l{. @l{uejxlR=Q j`k {nl _lm m}ijkl`lk {nl j|kcl`el fi} {nl C`{l}`l{f}ia c{u }ii{u ju j eiaa|`cej{ci`u alkc|a |ulk x}caj}cgs ms µlj}gs jkix{l}u j`k ollbu» {iuial{nc`o {nj{ ajkl {nl C`{l}`l{ jeeluucmgl {i lvl}si`l. [ncu fgj{{l`l} ixl`lk |x {nl wi}gk if eiaa|`cej{ci` j`k l!eiaal}el {i j` l~xj`kc`o ogimjg aj}bl{. U|mulz|l`{gs' f}ll wi}bfgiw

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uif{wj}l wju klvlgixlk' jggiwc`o xlixgl f}ia j}i|`k {nl wi}gk {i eiggjmi}j{l j`k wi}b {iol{nl} i` x}idle{u |uc`o j unj}lk alkc|a. Ju Jxjenl j`k _cbcxlkcj ejal c`{i xgjs' wl

mlejal jmgl {i klvlgix j`k |xgijk wlm ei`{l`{ j`k eiaa|`c{s eiggjmi}j{ci` mlejal {nl {nc}kfgj{{l`c`o fi}el. [nl}lfi}l' F}clkaj` mlgclvlu {nlul fc}u{ {n}ll fi}elu njvl mleial j µe}|klfi|`kj{ci` if j wnigl `lw ogimjg xgj{fi}a fi} eiggjmi}j{ci`» 3=#.

[nl fi}{n fgj{{l`l} cu `i{nc`o lgul m|{ {nl x}ieluu if |xgijkc`o. µ[nl ol`lucu if {nl fgj{!wi}gk xgj{fi}a `i{ i`gs l`jmglk xlixgl {i j|{ni} ai}l ei`{l`{' j`k {i eiggjmi}j{l i` {nj{ ei`{l`{. C{jgui l`jmglk {nla {i |xgijk fcglu j`k ogimjgctl {nj{ ei`{l`{! c`kcvck|jggs i} ju xj}{ if ulgf!fi}ac`o eiaa|`c{clu! wc{ni|{ oic`o {n}i|on j`s if {nl {}jkc{ci`jg ncl}j}encejg i}oj`ctj{ci`u i} c`u{c{|{ci`u» F}clkaj`' =88?' 3<#. Eiaa|`c{clu wl}l |xgijkc`o j`k eiggjmi}j{c`o i` i`gc`l

x}idle{u. L~jaxglu nl}l c`eg|kl ixl` ui|}el uif{wj}l' mgiou' j`k _cbcxlkcj2 F}clkaj` ei`uckl}u{nl xnl`ial`i` -{nl aiu{ kcu}|x{cvl fi}el if jgg.- :=<#. Jf{l} {nl caxglal`{j{ci` if wi}bfgiwuif{wj}l' eiaxj`clu mloj` {i {nc`b if `lw wjsu {i ujvl ai`ls wncgl |{cgctc`o {nl `lw{len`igioclu j`k {ncu cu niw {nl fcf{n fgj{{l`l} jxxlj}lk. C{ wju x}ivl` {i ml ai}l lei`iacejg {iuncx' i} i|{ui|}el' el}{jc` dimu {i ei|`{}clu wnl}l gjmi} wju enljxl}. [nl `lw fi}lco`

laxgisllu wi|gk uial{calu lj}` j {l`{n if {nl ujgj}s if {nlc} Jal}cej` ei|`{l}xj}{u. Fi} l~jaxgl' {nl X}lxj}j{ci`u fi} S=BR5Q }lz|c}lk }lui|}elu mlsi`k {niul jvjcgjmgl c` {nl \`c{lkU{j{lu j`k ju j }lu|g{' C`kcj mlejal }luxi`ucmgl fi} j n|ol xi}{ci` if {nlul x}lxj}j{ci`u.F}clkaj` j}o|lu {nj{ i|{ui|}ec`o nju jggiwlk eiaxj`clu {i uxgc{ ul}vcel j`k aj`|fje{|}c`oje{cvc{clu c`{i eiaxi`l`{u' wc{n ljen eiaxi`l`{ xl}fi}alk c` aiu{ lffcecl`{' eiu{!lffle{cvl wjs.[nl uc~{n fgj{{l`l}' iffuni}c`o' |uc`o {nl Enc`lul aj`|fje{|}c`o ule{i} ju j x}cal l~jaxgl' njufi}elk i{nl} klvlgixc`o ei|`{}clu {i {}s {i bllx |x wc{n {nlc} giw eiu{ uig|{ci`u' }lu|g{c`o c`

ml{{l} z|jgc{s j`k enljxl} x}ik|e{u mlc`o x}ik|elk wi}gkwckl. [nl ulvl`{n fgj{{l`c`o fje{i} cui|} c`{}ik|e{ci` {i u|xxgs enjc`c`o2 {nl j|{ni} eiaxj}lu {nl aikl}` }l{jcg u|xxgs enjc` {i j}cvl}' j`k xic`{u {i _jg!Aj}{ ju {nl mlu{ l~jaxgl if j eiaxj`s |uc`o {len`igios {i u{}ljagc`lc{la ujglu' kcu{}cm|{ci`' j`k uncxxc`o.

_c{n c`ui|}ec`o' c`fi}ac`o j`k µ{nl u{l}icku»' F}clkaj` fc`cunlu |x {nl gcu{ if {nl {l` fgj{{l`l}u'ju wlgg ju {nl lffle{ {nls wcgg njvl i` {nl wjs wl ki m|uc`luu c` {nl f|{|}l. \XU u{j`ku ju j

x}cal l~jaxgl fi} c`ui|}ec`o' c` wncen {nl eiaxj`s/u laxgisllu xl}fi}a ul}vcelu!mlsi`kuncxxc`o!fi} j`i{nl} eiaxj`s. Fi} l~jaxgl' \XU c{ulgf }lxjc}u [iuncmj eiax|{l}u i` mlnjgf if [iuncmj. [nl wi}b cu ki`l j{ {nl \XU n|m' ms \XU laxgisllu. Oiiogl j`k i{nl} ulj}en l`oc`luj}l {nl x}cal l~jaxgl if c`fi}ac`o. -@lvl} mlfi}l c` {nl ncu{i}s if {nl xgj`l{ njvl ui aj`s

xlixgl!i` {nlc} iw`!njk {nl jmcgc{s {i fc`k ui a|en c`fi}aj{ci` jmi|{ ui aj`s {nc`ou j`k jmi|{ui aj`s i{nl} xlixgl-' w}c{lu [niaju F}clkaj` :>5#. [len`igios ej{enlu |x {i {nl fc}u{ 3fgj{{l`l}u. _c{n {nl ejxjmcgc{clu if ei``le{c`o wc}lgluugs j`k |uc`o ViCX j`si`l ej}}sc`o jejxjmgl klvcel elgg xni`l' XKJ' AX5 xgjsl}u' XUX¶u' l{e.# j`si`l ej` ml`lfc{ f}ia {nl 3

x}lvci|u fgj{{l`l}u f}ia jgaiu{ j`swnl}l' wncen cu wns {nl {l`{n fgj{{l`l} cu ejgglk µ{nlu{l}icku».

Ju j ei`eg|uci`' ki `i{ }|un {i giib i|{ {nl wc`kiw j`k wi`kl} cf i`l wjgbu i` j u{}jcon{ gc`lnl ei|gk }ljen {nl lkol if {nl wi}gk j`k fjgg. C`u{ljk' {nc`b jmi|{ niw a|en si| |ul {nlC`{l}`l{' jgg {nl c`fi}aj{ci` si| ulj}en i` Oiiogl' si|} CA gcu{ if f}cl`ku' si|} x}ifcgl i`Fjelmiib' {nl nljkxni`lu {nj{ si| njvl d|u{ }lelcvlk {n}i|on uncxxc`o f}ia {nl \UJ' {nlEj}}lfi|} c` {nl `lj}lu{ ajgg wnl}l si| oi unixxc`o lvl}s Uj{|}kjs j`k wnl}l si| ol{

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lvl}s{nc`o si| `llk4 {ncu cu {nl }ljg alj`c`o if {nl fgj{ wi}gk. C{ cu {nl c`{l}elx{ci` if m|uc`luu'if c`fi}aj{ci`' if cklju' if xlixgl {nj{ j}l ei``le{lk {i ljen i{nl} kluxc{l {nl o}lj{ xnsucejgkcu{j`el ml{wll` {nla. [ncu cu wnj{ ogimjgctj{ci` }ljggs alj`u j`k lvl}si`l cu j xj}{ if c{' lvl}skjs' lvl` |`ei`ueci|ugs.