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The West and the The West and the Changing World Changing World Balance Balance C15 C15 EQ: How did the balance of world EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of the 1400s? end of the 1400s?

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Page 1: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

The West and the Changing The West and the Changing World BalanceWorld Balance

C15C15

EQ: How did the balance of world power shift EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west from east (Middle East and Asia) to west

(Europe) by the end of the 1400s?(Europe) by the end of the 1400s?

Page 2: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

Themes: It’s a Hodgepodge Chapter!!!Themes: It’s a Hodgepodge Chapter!!!

1400 – a shift in balance occurs between world 1400 – a shift in balance occurs between world civilizationscivilizations

The world-wide role of Islam was in declineThe world-wide role of Islam was in decline China made one last attempt to influence the China made one last attempt to influence the

world before falling into isolationworld before falling into isolation Western Europe was become the dominant Western Europe was become the dominant

world region (Italy, Spain and Portugal)world region (Italy, Spain and Portugal) The Americas and Polynesia also experienced The Americas and Polynesia also experienced

significant changessignificant changes

Page 3: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

A Change in the Middle EastA Change in the Middle East Byzantium and the Abbasid dynasty were gone…Byzantium and the Abbasid dynasty were gone…

Byzantium was crushed by the Ottomans, the Abbasids by Byzantium was crushed by the Ottomans, the Abbasids by the Mongolsthe Mongols

Religious leaders began to dominate artistic Religious leaders began to dominate artistic endeavors…most Islamic thinkers (like Averroes) had to endeavors…most Islamic thinkers (like Averroes) had to practice beliefs outside of the Islamic heartland (Greek practice beliefs outside of the Islamic heartland (Greek rationalism)rationalism)

Sufis still ran around emphasizing mystical contact with Sufis still ran around emphasizing mystical contact with GodGod

Economic power was in decline…agricultural Economic power was in decline…agricultural productivity diminished as feudalism found its way into productivity diminished as feudalism found its way into Muslim societyMuslim society

European traders overtook and avoided Muslim traders European traders overtook and avoided Muslim traders and tax revenues from trade declined (Mediterranean)and tax revenues from trade declined (Mediterranean)

The Ottomans did not help the economic situation…they The Ottomans did not help the economic situation…they did not focus on overland trade (which fell into the hands did not focus on overland trade (which fell into the hands of the Mongols), rather spent their existence conquering of the Mongols), rather spent their existence conquering and expanding territory…their empire would be solely and expanding territory…their empire would be solely based on agriculture (leading to their decline during the based on agriculture (leading to their decline during the industrial revolution)industrial revolution)

The Ottomans did, however for a short period, along with The Ottomans did, however for a short period, along with the Safavids maintain an Indian Ocean trading network the Safavids maintain an Indian Ocean trading network that would become the basis for trans-oceanic trade in that would become the basis for trans-oceanic trade in the coming centuriesthe coming centuries

Page 4: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

Chinese Thrust and WithdrawChinese Thrust and Withdraw The Ming dynasty replaced the Yuan dynasty in The Ming dynasty replaced the Yuan dynasty in

1368 and pushed to regain China’s previous 1368 and pushed to regain China’s previous bordersborders

The Ming (under the leadership of Hongwu) The Ming (under the leadership of Hongwu) reasserted themselves over their neighboring reasserted themselves over their neighboring states and began to “explore” surrounding areasstates and began to “explore” surrounding areas

China had at this point what was perhaps the only China had at this point what was perhaps the only large scale system of product manufacture in the large scale system of product manufacture in the world, producing such items as weapons, world, producing such items as weapons, gunpowder, silk clothes, ships and porcelaingunpowder, silk clothes, ships and porcelain

Under the leadership of Yongle, the great navigator Under the leadership of Yongle, the great navigator Cheng Ho (Zheng He) sailed the south seas to Cheng Ho (Zheng He) sailed the south seas to Africa, India, the Indies and possibly other areas Africa, India, the Indies and possibly other areas with the Ming Treasure fleetswith the Ming Treasure fleets "1421: The Year China discovered the World" "1421: The Year China discovered the World"

The Ming halted Zheng’s expeditions in 1433The Ming halted Zheng’s expeditions in 1433 Bureaucrats in the scholar gentry began to see Bureaucrats in the scholar gentry began to see

interaction as both costly and dangerous to Chinainteraction as both costly and dangerous to China China became isolated once again, as bureaucrats China became isolated once again, as bureaucrats

claimed that since internal economic production claimed that since internal economic production was dominant, there was no need for foreign tradewas dominant, there was no need for foreign trade

NOTE: We will hear all of this again in Chapter 22NOTE: We will hear all of this again in Chapter 22

Page 5: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

Rise of the WestRise of the West Many small states in the West were still Many small states in the West were still

backward in the 14backward in the 14thth and 15 and 15thth centuries…the centuries…the Catholic church was under attack…kings were Catholic church was under attack…kings were self-indulgent…population were growing too self-indulgent…population were growing too fast and famines were widespread…so let’s fast and famines were widespread…so let’s have a plague and kill them all off (Black have a plague and kill them all off (Black Death)…1/3 of the population was killedDeath)…1/3 of the population was killed

Warfare was a dominant part of life for Warfare was a dominant part of life for EuropeansEuropeans 100 Years War features England vs. 100 Years War features England vs.

France, demonstrating a new NON-feudal France, demonstrating a new NON-feudal form of solicitation of warfare, draft and form of solicitation of warfare, draft and pay your troops…this gave the central pay your troops…this gave the central monarchy greater authoritymonarchy greater authority

Spain and Portugal spend the better parts Spain and Portugal spend the better parts of 200+ years driving the Muslims off of of 200+ years driving the Muslims off of Iberia…this drive for freedom leads both Iberia…this drive for freedom leads both to seek a greater position in world tradeto seek a greater position in world trade

Mongols had brought an era of prosperity to Mongols had brought an era of prosperity to Europe as trade contact with the east Europe as trade contact with the east exploded…however, their decline put Europe exploded…however, their decline put Europe in a bind…as a result, the hunger for gold and in a bind…as a result, the hunger for gold and Eastern luxuries put a strain on the newly Eastern luxuries put a strain on the newly emerging Western economyemerging Western economy

The ultimate message was clear, find a way to The ultimate message was clear, find a way to bypass the Muslims to trade with the eastbypass the Muslims to trade with the east

Page 6: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

Spain…“Nobody Expects the Spain…“Nobody Expects the Spanish Inquisition”Spanish Inquisition”

Religious fervor in Spain Religious fervor in Spain helped to drive out the helped to drive out the Muslims for good in the 15Muslims for good in the 15thth centurycentury

The kingdoms of Castile and The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon married in1469, and Aragon married in1469, and the result was Ferdinand and the result was Ferdinand and Isabella…they set forth a Isabella…they set forth a clear agendaclear agenda Persecute/expel the “heathens” Persecute/expel the “heathens”

(Muslims, Jews) and purify (Muslims, Jews) and purify their kingdom into a Catholic their kingdom into a Catholic statestate

Develop the military and begin Develop the military and begin to expand Iberian control into to expand Iberian control into EuropeEurope

Explore the world, compete Explore the world, compete with their rivals in Portugal for with their rivals in Portugal for dominance of sea tradedominance of sea trade

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Rise of the West - RenaissanceRise of the West - Renaissance Internal change was critical to the western surge…the Internal change was critical to the western surge…the

Renaissance was just that, a cultural and political movement Renaissance was just that, a cultural and political movement grounded in urban vitality and expanding commercegrounded in urban vitality and expanding commerce

Begun in the 14Begun in the 14thth century, it started out as a literary and century, it started out as a literary and artistic movement…art imitated life and was more friendly to artistic movement…art imitated life and was more friendly to the secular worldthe secular world

Florence, Italy became the center of the movement, and Florence, Italy became the center of the movement, and realistically, the Renaissance really made little headway out realistically, the Renaissance really made little headway out of Italy to the rest of the world in its early stages…Italy of Italy to the rest of the world in its early stages…Italy benefited solely from its developments of art, high culture, benefited solely from its developments of art, high culture, goal of personal glory etc…but the rest of Europe would goal of personal glory etc…but the rest of Europe would soon take noticesoon take notice

Commercial states sought new markets and city states Commercial states sought new markets and city states emerge as trading states (Venice, Hanseatic League)emerge as trading states (Venice, Hanseatic League)

NOTE: This will also be discussed further in Chapter 17 and NOTE: This will also be discussed further in Chapter 17 and AP European HistoryAP European History

Page 8: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

The Exploration ExperimentThe Exploration Experiment Atlantic Exploration began…Portugal Atlantic Exploration began…Portugal

vs. Spain in a battle royale for vs. Spain in a battle royale for dominance of the seadominance of the sea

It was actually explorers from Italy who It was actually explorers from Italy who first sailed out the straits of Gibraltar first sailed out the straits of Gibraltar down the African coast in the 14down the African coast in the 14thth century…Portugal and Spain followed century…Portugal and Spain followed suit, though these exploits were suit, though these exploits were hindered by poor technologyhindered by poor technology

All learned better shipbuilding All learned better shipbuilding techniques and use of techniques and use of compass/astrolabe form Muslim compass/astrolabe form Muslim explorers and sailors…Prince Henry explorers and sailors…Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal led the charge the Navigator of Portugal led the charge in improving sea faring activitiesin improving sea faring activities

Portugal and Spain began to settle the Portugal and Spain began to settle the Canary Islands, Madeiras and Canary Islands, Madeiras and Azores…the royalty set up land grants Azores…the royalty set up land grants on these islands and they experimented on these islands and they experimented with the plantation economy, growing with the plantation economy, growing cash cropscash crops

Page 9: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

Americas and PolynesiaAmericas and Polynesia The Aztec and Inca empires of the The Aztec and Inca empires of the

late 1400s began a period of late 1400s began a period of decline…internal warfare and civil decline…internal warfare and civil uprisings occurred frequently…uprisings occurred frequently…eventually, European invasion eventually, European invasion would take advantage of itwould take advantage of it

In Polynesia, In Polynesia, explorations/colonization of South explorations/colonization of South Pacific Islands from the original Pacific Islands from the original hearth (map 347) occurred from the hearth (map 347) occurred from the 77thth century into the 1400s…Hawaii century into the 1400s…Hawaii was settled, then cut off form the was settled, then cut off form the rest of Polynesia by 1400…a rest of Polynesia by 1400…a distinct agricultural society distinct agricultural society developed…kingdoms and warring developed…kingdoms and warring states emerged on the individual states emerged on the individual islands…a social order of priests, islands…a social order of priests, nobles and peasants was also nobles and peasants was also established…rich oral traditions established…rich oral traditions (stories) and the Hawaii language (stories) and the Hawaii language (13 letter alphabet) preserved (13 letter alphabet) preserved cultural valuescultural values

Page 10: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

Maori New ZealandMaori New Zealand Parallel to the development of Hawaii, Parallel to the development of Hawaii,

Polynesians settled New Zealand in the 8Polynesians settled New Zealand in the 8 thth century and became isolated as the Maoricentury and became isolated as the Maori

New Zealand provided a different climate New Zealand provided a different climate and larger amount of territory and the and larger amount of territory and the development of Maori society was more development of Maori society was more complexcomplex

Similar political institutions were Similar political institutions were established, with military leaders and established, with military leaders and priests, but differences existed in that each priests, but differences existed in that each held slaves gained in warfareheld slaves gained in warfare

The Maori were highly skilled artists, but The Maori were highly skilled artists, but they had no skill at metallurgy…the they had no skill at metallurgy…the economy also was based on agricultural economy also was based on agricultural developmentdevelopment

Lastly, the Maori too compiled rich oral Lastly, the Maori too compiled rich oral traditions of their society traditions of their society

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Summing up the ChangesSumming up the Changes Clearly, there are a series of events that make the Clearly, there are a series of events that make the

1400s a great period of transition in world history1400s a great period of transition in world history The collapse of Muslim empiresThe collapse of Muslim empires The transition of technological knowledge and learning The transition of technological knowledge and learning

from east to westfrom east to west The drive for sea-born exploration, spurred by The drive for sea-born exploration, spurred by

competition between regional kingdomscompetition between regional kingdoms These transitions created lasting impacts (next These transitions created lasting impacts (next

unit)unit) The conquest of the AmericasThe conquest of the Americas The conquest and subjugation of AfricaThe conquest and subjugation of Africa The move towards mercantilism and global tradeThe move towards mercantilism and global trade The first vestiges of Imperialism in the EastThe first vestiges of Imperialism in the East

Page 12: The West and the Changing World Balance C15 EQ: How did the balance of world power shift from east (Middle East and Asia) to west (Europe) by the end of

This WeekThis Week

Tuesday: Document Analysis Pg. 342Tuesday: Document Analysis Pg. 342Wednesday: Change AnalysisWednesday: Change AnalysisThursday/Friday: Unit 2 EXAMThursday/Friday: Unit 2 EXAM

Chapters 6 thru 15 are on this examChapters 6 thru 15 are on this exam30 MC30 MCMust do both the Compare/Contrast AND Must do both the Compare/Contrast AND

Change/Continuity EssayChange/Continuity Essay