The War EndsChapter 14Section 5

Key Terms

Hedgerows Battle of the Bulge V-E Day Harry S. Truman Iwo Jima Napalm

Manhattan Project V-J Day United Nations Charted Nuremberg Trials

The Third Reich Collapses

D-Day was a success Many fields had

hedgerows Hedgerows-dirt walls

covered with shrubs They were built to

separate cattle and crops

Germans could hide in them

Third Reich Collapses Tanks could not

drive through them Battle of the

hedgerows ended June 25, 1944

2500 American bombers blew a hole in the German lines

August 23 Paris was liberated

Battle of the Bulge Hitler’s last desperate

offensive Wanted to cutoff

supplies from Antwerp December 16, 1944 American defenders

caught by surprise Battle of the Bulge-As

Germans raced west they caused a bulge outward in the Allies lines

Battle of the Bulge Germans surrounded

the Americans at Bastogne

Bad weather grounded American planes

General Patton’s troops arrived quickly

Weather cleared Allied airpower struck the Germans

Battle of the Bulge On Christmas Eve-out

of fuel and suffering heavy loses Germans stopped

Patton broke through German Lines

United States won the Battle January 8, 1945

Germans had 100,000 causalities and lost many tanks and planes

War Ends in Europe

Americans and British Liberate France

Soviets attack Germans in Russia

Germans driven back to Poland

February 25, 1945 Soviets 25 miles from Berlin

War Ends in Europe February 1945

American troops were at the Rhine River

April 16 Soviets on the outskirts of Berlin

April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide

V-E Day- Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945

Japan is Defeated President Roosevelt

dies April 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman- was

vice president, becomes president

Although Germany surrendered, there was still war with Japan

Truman had to make many difficult decisions

The Battle of Iwo Jima November 24, 1944

bombs fell on Tokyo B-29s flew for 1,500

miles Needed a closed air

base Iwo Jima- island

located half way between Marianas and Japan

Battle of Iwo Jima

Terrain was rugged with cliffs, ravines and caves

Japanese had build vast complex of bunkers

February 19. 1945 40,000 Marines land

Sank to the ankles in the soft volcanic ash

Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese artillery

pounded the invaders Marines used flame

throwers and explosives on the bunkers

6,800 Marines were killed

Admiral Nimitz wrote “uncommon valor was a common virtue

Firebombing Japan

Curtis Lemay orders B-29s to drop napalm

Napalm-jellied gasoline designed to not only explode, but also start fires

If B-29s missed their target the fires would burn it

Firebombing Japan Firebombing very

controversial Killed many civilians Curtis Lemay-thought it

would destroy Japanese war production

March 9, 1945 Tokyo was firebombed

Firestorm started and sucked out all the air

Killed 80,000 people, burned 250,00 buildings

Invasion of Okinawa Despite firebombing

Japan not surrendering

Okinawa invaded to prepare for invasion of Japan

Okinawa only 350 miles from Japan

12,000 Americans died

June 22, 1945 Okinawa captured

Terms of Surrender Emperor urged

government to surrender

America demanded unconditional surrender

Japanese wanted emperor to stay in power

Americans blamed emperor for the war

The Manhattan Project

1939 Leo Sziland learned Germans had split the atom

Worried Germans were working on a atomic bomb

Albert Einstein warns Roosevelt about the powerful bomb

Manhattan Project

Roosevelt gathered scientist to study this

British scientists also working on the bomb

Manhattan Project- Americas secret plan to build a atomic bomb

1942 built the first nuclear reactor

Manhattan Project

Scientist organized secret lab to build atomic bomb

Los Alamos, New Mexico

Robert Oppenheimer detonates first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

William Leahy chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the bomb

Killed indiscriminately

He believe in economic blockade and bombing

Secretary of War Harry Stimson wanted to warn Japanese

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Stimson would let

Japanese keep their emperor

Secretary of State James Byrnes wanted to drop it without warning to shock Japan

Truman was warned of massive casualties if U.S. invaded Japan

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Allies threatened

Japan with “prompt and utter destruction”

August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb

‘Little boy” was dropped on Hiroshima and important industrial city

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bomb destroys 63% of

the city Kills 80,00 to 120,000

people Three days later bomb

dropped on Nagasaki Emperor orders

government to surrender

V-J Day- August 15, 1945 Japan surrenders

Creating the United Nations

Roosevelt believed a international political group could prevent another world war

1944, 39 countries met to discuss the new organization

United Nations- UN a new international organization

Creating the United Nations General Assembly-

every member had one vote

Security council would have 11 members Five countries would be

permanent members United States, Soviet

Union, China, Britain and France

Each member had veto power

Creating the United Nations April 25, 1945 United

Nations was organized

Charter- constitution on how organization would be run

General Assembly given power to make resolutions To choose non

permanent members of the Security Council

Creating United Nations

Investigate any international problem and propose settlements

Take actions to preserve peace

Ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution

Putting Enemy on Trial Allies declared their

intention to punish German and Japanese leaders

United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union formed the IMT

International Military Tribunal

Held trials in Nuremberg Germany

Putting Enemy on Trial Nuremberg trials-

22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted 3 were acquitted Seven given prison

sentences 12 sentenced to death

Lasted till 1949- 24 sentenced to death, 107 given prison sentences

Putting Enemy on Trial IMT held in Tokyo 25 Japanese leaders

were charged Allies did not indict

the emperor 7 sentenced to

death, 18 to prison War crimes trial was

part of trying to build a better world