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The Visual Arts : Paintings and Painters Human100: Introduction to Humanities

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HUMAN100: Introduction to Humanities --- The Visual Arts: Painting. This Includes the ff: 1. History of Painting 2. Styles/ Art Movements in Painting 3. Famous Painters (Renaissance to Modern Art)

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Page 1: The Visual Arts: Painting

The Visual Arts:

Paintings and PaintersHuman100: Introduction to Humanities

Page 2: The Visual Arts: Painting

Painting: Definition and HistoryPart 1 – Introduction

Page 3: The Visual Arts: Painting

PaintingThe practice of applying paint, pigment, color or

other medium to a surface (support base). The mediumis commonly applied to the base with a brush but otherimplements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes,can be used. Paintings may have for their support suchsurfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer,clay, leaf, copper or concrete, and may incorporatemultiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, goldleaf as well as objects.

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PaintingIt is a mode of creative expression, and the forms

are numerous. It can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be political in nature.

A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes.

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History of Painting

Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Page 6: The Visual Arts: Painting

History of Painting

Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.

The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations is the mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.

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History of PaintingThe invention of photography had a major impact on

painting. In the decades after the first photograph was producedin 1829, photographic processes improved and became morewidely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historicpurpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world.

A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20thcenturies— Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism,Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism —challenged theRenaissance view of the world. Eastern and African painting,however, continued a long history of stylization and did notundergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.

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Renaissance to Modern Art

Part 2 – The Styles and Movements

Page 9: The Visual Arts: Painting

Painting Styles

Realism

Impressionism

Expressionism

Fauvism

Abstractionism

Dadaism

Pointillism

Cubism

Futurism

Surrealism

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RealismRealism (or naturalism) in the arts is the attempt to

represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

Realism as a style or movement needs to be distinguished from "realism" as a term to describe the very precise, detailed and accurate representation in art of the visual appearance of scenes and objects.

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Lord Leighton's Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna of 1853-55

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RealismA recurring trend in Christian art was "realism" that

emphasized the humanity of religious figures, above all Christ and his physical sufferings in his Passion.

Renaissance theorists opened a debate, which was to last several centuries, as to the correct balance between drawing art from the observation of nature and from idealized forms, typically those found in classical models, or the work of other artists generally.

All admitted the importance of the natural, but many believed it should be idealized to various degrees to include only the beautiful.

Page 13: The Visual Arts: Painting

Trinity of Great Masters: The Renaissance Period

Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo

Page 14: The Visual Arts: Painting

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian

Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.

His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".

He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.

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Leonardo da VinciLeonardo was, and is, renowned primarily as a painter.

Among his works,

1. The Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait, and

2. The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time,

with their fame approached only by Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam.

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Page 17: The Visual Arts: Painting

The Last Supper, ca. 1520, by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli, called Giampietrino - an accurate,

full-scale copy that was the main source for the twenty-year restoration of the original.

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MichelagneloMichelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.

Page 19: The Visual Arts: Painting

Michelangelo also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of

Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the

altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

Page 20: The Visual Arts: Painting

The Creation of Adam found at the Sistine Chapel

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The Last Judgment is a fresco

found on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel

in Vatican City.

It is a depiction of the Second

Coming of Christ and the final and eternal

judgment by God of all humanity.

The souls of humans rise and

descend to their fates, as judged by Christ

surrounded by prominent saints including

Saints Catherine of Alexandria, Peter,

Lawrence, Bartholomew, Paul, Sebastian,

John the Baptist, and others.

Page 22: The Visual Arts: Painting

RaphaelRaffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known simply

as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.

Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his death at 37, leaving a large body of work.

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The School of Athens is considered as Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance.

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ImpressionismImpressionism is a 19th-century art movement that

originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France.

Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.

Page 25: The Visual Arts: Painting

Claude Monet,

Haystacks, (sunset),

1890–1891, Museum

of Fine Arts, Boston

Page 26: The Visual Arts: Painting

Vincent Van GoghVincent Willem van Gogh was a post-Impressionist

painter of Dutch origin whose work—notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold color—had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.

After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness, he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found). His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.

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The work Wheatfield with Crows serves as a compelling and poignant expression of the artist's state of mind in his

final days, a painting Hulsker discusses as being associated with "melancholy and extreme loneliness," a painting

with a "somber and threatening aspect", a "doom-filled painting with threatening skies and ill-omened crows."

Page 29: The Visual Arts: Painting

Trinity of Masters: 2oth Century Revolution

Duchamp Picasso Matisse

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ExpressionismExpressionism was a modernist movement, initially in

poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it "overlapped with other major 'isms' of the modernist period: with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism and Dada."

Page 31: The Visual Arts: Painting

The Scream (Norwegian: Skrik) is the popular

name given to each of four versions of a composition,

created as both paintings and pastels, by the

Expressionist artist Edvard Munch between 1893 and

1910.

“I was walking along the road with two friends –

the sun was setting – suddenly the sky turned blood red

– I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence

– there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-

black fjord and the city – my friends walked on, and I

stood there trembling with anxiety – and I sensed an

infinite scream passing through nature.”

Page 32: The Visual Arts: Painting

DadaismDada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of

World War I. This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition.

The movement is primarily concentrated in anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. In addition to being anti-war, Dada was also anti-bourgeois and had political affinities with the radical left.

Page 33: The Visual Arts: Painting

Marcel DuchampMarcel Duchamp was a French-American painter,

sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Dadaism and conceptual art, although not directly associated with Dada groups.

Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.

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FauvismFauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild

beasts"), a loose group of early twentieth-century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only a few years, 1904–1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain.

Page 36: The Visual Arts: Painting

Henri MatisseHenri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was a French

artist, known for his use of color and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter. Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.

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CubismCubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art

movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture.

Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century.

The movement began between 1907 and 1911. Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work

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Pablo PicassoPablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo

Picasso was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France.

As one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore.

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The

Young Ladies of Avignon, and originally

titled The Brothel of Avignon) is a large oil

painting created in 1907 by the Spanish

artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973). The work

portrays five nude female prostitutes from a

brothel on Carrer d'Avinyó (Avinyó Street) in

Barcelona.

The proto-cubist work is widely

considered to be seminal in the early

development of both cubism and modern

art. Demoiselles was revolutionary and

controversial, and led to wide anger and

disagreement, even amongst his closest

associates and friends.

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Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals,

particularly innocent civilians. This work has gained a monumental status,

becoming a perpetual reminder of the tragedies of war, an anti-war symbol, and

an embodiment of peace. Upon completion, Guernica was displayed around the

world in a brief tour, becoming famous and widely acclaimed. This tour helped

bring the Spanish Civil War to the world's attention.

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SurrealismSurrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early

1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality."

Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself and/or an idea/concept.

Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris.

Page 43: The Visual Arts: Painting

The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

It epitomizes Dalí's theory of "softness"

and "hardness", which was central to

his thinking at the time. As Dawn Ades

wrote, "The soft watches are an

unconscious symbol of the relativity of

space and time, a Surrealist meditation

on the collapse of our notions of a fixed

cosmic order".

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References:- http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl- http://www.bbc.com- http://en.wikipedia.org- http://www.history.com

Fin.