the united states of america 英语国家概况. chapter 9 history the united states of america

The United The United States of States of AmericaAmerica

英语国家概况英语国家概况

Chapter 9Chapter 9 HistoryHistory

The United States of America

英语国家概况

英语国家概况

Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press

America in the Colonial EraI

The War of IndependenceII

The Civil WarIII

America in the 20th CenturyIV

America in the 21st CenturyV

CONTENT


America in the Colonial EraI

1.2 Boston Tea Party

1.3 The First Continental Congress

1.1 Pilgrim Fathers


1.1 Pilgrim Fathers

In 1620, Puritans—the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for Virginia aboard the ship Mayflower.

Reason to flee from England:to avoid the religious persecution

Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.


1.2 Boston Tea Party

The independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed, and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.

In 1773, patriots staged the “Boston Tea Party” in response to the tea tax.

British Parliament then passed The Intolerable Acts:

They boarded British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.


1.3 The First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress—September, 1774

A meeting of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression was held in Philadelphia. They urged Americans to disobey The Intolerable Acts and to boycott ( 抵制 ) British trade. At the same time, the colonists began to defend themselves.


The War of IndependenceII

2.1 The Shot of Lexington

2.2 The Second Continental Congress

2.3 Declaration of Independence

2.4 Process of the War

2.5 The Establishment of the Constitution


On April 19, British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen.

The first shot in the American War of Independence.

2.1 The Shot of Lexington



Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 Assume the functions of a national government

• Founding Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington.

• Printing paper money and opening diplomaticrelations with foreign

powers.


George Washington, a wealthy Virginia planter, was respected as a man of ability and integrity.

• Once a colonel in the French and

Indian War;

• One of the few Americans with

considerable military experience;

• Led the continental army to the

victory of the Independence War.

George Washington




On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of

Independence was signed.

Q.What does the Q.What does the Declaration Declaration of Independence of Independence tell us? tell us?

A:A: It tells of the theory of politics, which latter is central to the Western political tradition:

• Men has a natural right to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”.

• Government can rule only with “the consent of the governed”;

• Any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the right of the people.


The Declaration of Independence was draft by Thomas Jefferson.

It had two parts:

The first part justified the right of people to rebel against a government that denied them their natural rights.

The second part was a detailed indictment of King George for cruelties, crimes and illegal political acts against humanity and America.



After being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.

The document greatly encouraged the struggling people, making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty.

They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause.

Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well.



It dragged on for seven years. Obstacles for the continental army:

No enough supplies. Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and well-

equipped. By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution

seemed lost.

The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning point.

Watch the video clip

Q. How did the war develop? And which Q. How did the war develop? And which battle marked the turning point of the war?battle marked the turning point of the war?


Process of the War


The assistance from France

Benjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.

The French King made two agreements with Franklin:

•France would take part in the war against England.

•They agreed to trade with each other.

Spain and Holland joined France against England—a quick end to the war.



In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in Virginia

On October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis

was forced to surrender, the war came to an end.

The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—

America won its independence



2.5 The Establishment of Constitution

On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.

In June 1789, the constitution came into effect

in nine states.

Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were

added to the Constitution in 1791.


The Civil WarIII

3.1 Causes of Civil War

3.2 Comparison of Power

3.3 The Fierce War

3.4 Influence of the Civil War


3.1 Causes of Civil War

3.1.1 Economic reason: two different economic systems

3.1.2 Political reason The North—Federal Government as a union The South—The Confederate Government: the independence of each state

Q. What was the essential cause of Q. What was the essential cause of the Civil War? the Civil War?


Two different economic systems existed side by side

In the South—slavery was the foundation

• The slave economy—an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion

In the North—commerce and industry led the economy

• Industrial economy required the restriction of slavery and territory for raw materials, markets and labor supply

Economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between North and South.

3.1.1 Economic reason


Southern Cotton Plantation

Whitney's Cotton Gin

3.1.1 Economic reason



The North: twenty-three states, 22 million population abundant facilities to manufacture arms and

ammunition, clothing, and other suppliesmerchant marines and the navy remained in Union

hands federal government was better able to raise fund for

war


The South: eleven states, 9 million population

military advantages:

•actively preparing for war

•in possession of many federal forts and arsenals

•superior military leadership: a third of the regular army's officers were from the South

•fighting on its own soil



The eastern arena—Virginia.

the western Arena—areas west to the Appalachian Range and the Mississippi River area

Confederate army won many battles on the Eastern Arena while they were defeated again and again on the Western Arena.

3.3 The Fierce War


3.3 The Fierce War

On Feb 4,1861, Abraham Lincoln took office

Abraham Lincoln

a young man & lawyer in Illinois began his political career by serving

four terms in the state legislature and then one term in the House of Representatives

He insisted slavery was evil and should be restricted and ultimately abolished


Challenges Abraham Lincoln faced:

first priority—keeping the United States one country

•11 southern states seceded from Federal Union proclaimed an independent nation

freedom for black people—secondary objective

•issued the Emancipation Proclamation ( 解放宣言 ), granting freedom to all slaves.

3.3 The Fierce War


Gettysburg—turning point of the war Union army defeated one Confederate army later all other Confederate forces soon surrendered

On April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth.

3.3 The Fierce War


The Lincoln Memorial, made of marble from Colorado and Tennessee and limestone from Indiana, stands in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C.

3.3 The Fierce War


A.A. 1) abolished the slave system

2) swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production

3.4 Influence of the Civil War

Q. What was the significance of Q. What was the significance of the Civil War? the Civil War?


America in the 20th CenturyIV

4.1 World War I

4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s

4.3 World War II

4.4 Post WWII Years


Outbreak of the First World War

Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers:

•Allies—Britain, France, and Russia

•The Central European Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.

4.1 World War I

World War I


4.1 World War I

Q. Why did America enter World Q. Why did America enter World War I?War I?

Germans’ submarines sank ships going to England— injuring American trade.

Germany promised the Mexicans a chance “to regain its lost territory by the war against the US”.

After two years’ fighting, both sides grew weary—a good chance for America to enter the war.


4.1 World War I

US entered the war in 1917

More than 4 million Americans went to the battlefield—playing an important role in turning the tide of the war:

– broke German defense line

– helped the British break German submarine blockade

The German Government appealed to President Wilson for peace settlement

An armistice ( 停火协议 ) was concluded in November 1918



The booming 1920s

The 1920s election—the first for women voted for a presidential candidate.

prevailing prosperity, conservative governmental policy

private business received substantial encouragement


The Great Depression

In 1929 the stock market crashed, wiping out 40 percent of the paper values of common stock. •Depression deepened, many lost their life savings

•By 1933 the value of stock on the New York Stock Exchange shrank by over 4/5

Core of the problem—immense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consume


Withdrawal of CashHoover Village

People Waiting for Relief


Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal

In 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as the “New Deal”. It helped the country get out of

the depression


“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

—Franklin D. Roosevelt


World War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945.

Background of the war

The World Spread economic crisis •Germany and Italy began their ways of fascism

and military expansion.

•Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.

4.3 World War II


A sit-on-the-fence policy •do trade with the warring countries, including the

aggressors

•believe in “glorious isolation”

Its negative effect:

• Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US.

• Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.

4.3 World War II

Q. What is America’s foreign policy Q. What is America’s foreign policy in in the early stage of World War II? the early stage of World War II?


On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.

4.3 World War II


Conference at Potsdam

Heads of the US, British and Soviet Union met at Potsdam, to discuss operations against Japan, the peace settlement in Europe, and a policy for the future of Germany.

Agreement at the conference:•Need to assist in the reeducation of a German

generation reared under Nazism, and to define principles governing the restoration of democratic political life to Germany

•Agreed to the trial of Nazi leaders accused of crimes against humanity

4.3 World War II

4.3 World War II


End of WWII

The US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.

On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.

4.3 World War II


The Cold War United Nations in 1945—a new and better world

would emerge from World War II. The conflict between the two superpowers Russia

and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.

4.4 Post WWII Years

Truman Doctrine

In the Spring of 1947, President Truman declared the “Truman Doctrine” so as to expand American sphere of influence and establish the US hegemony ( 霸权 ).

This marked the beginning of the Cold War.


NATO

In 1949, the United States—in company with 11 other powers—entered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The Korean War

The US aggressed Korea in June 1950

A ceasefire agreement was signed in the summer of 1953—marked the US’ failure and the end of the war.

4.4 Post WWII Years

Korean War Memorial


The Vietnam War

A long-time suffering for the US

Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnson

•In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failure

•In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control.

4.4 Post WWII Years


Two other diplomatic breakthroughs:

Re-establishing US relations with the People’s Republic of China

Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union

4.4 Post WWII Years


•Table Tennis Foreign Policy

•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.

•The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy: – there was one China; – Taiwan was part of China; – a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the

Chinese themselves was in American interest.

Q. What contributions did Richard Q. What contributions did Richard Nixon make in promoting the Nixon make in promoting the Sino-US relationship? Sino-US relationship?

4.4 Post WWII Years


Richard Nixon & Premier Zhou Enlai

4.4 Post WWII Years


America Since 1980’s

4.4 Post WWII Years

Bill Clinton

George Herbert Walker Bush Ronald Reagan


Ronald Regan

At sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.

• Economic program

– reductions in income taxes and business taxes

– deep cuts in federal spending in every area except defense

Reagan proposed a wide-ranging program of legislation.

4.4 Post WWII Years


George H. W. Bush

Bush concentrated on social and economic problems.

Two Wars

• The Gulf War

—On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait & seized downtown Kuwait City

• Desert Storm

—Bush rallied the United Nations and Congress and sent troops to Iraq.

—Destruction of Iraqi Army: weeks of air and missile bombardment & 4 days ground attack

4.4 Post WWII Years


4.4 Post WWII Years

Bill Clinton

the third youngest person ever elected as president at forty-six.

Economic recovery•When he was elected, unemployment—7.4 %.

•When voters went to choose his successor in 2000, unemployment—3.9 %.

NAFTA—the North American Free Trade Agreement among the US, Canada and Mexico

Called for ending restrictions on the flow of goods, services and investment

Called for the elimination of most import taxes


America in the 21st CenturyV

5.1 George W. Bush Period

5.2 The War against Terrorism

5.3 Invasion of Iraq


George W. Bush Period

George W. Bush: The 43rd president of the US elected in 2000

During his first term, three major tax cuts

Since 2003, America has had the fastest-growing economy

•Under his leadership, the economy growing at rate as fast as any in nearly 20 years. Homeownership rate—at a record high.

•Interest and mortgage rates—near historic lows.

•The core rate of inflation over the past year ranks among its lowest in 40 years.

America in 21st century


The war against terrorism

Terrorist Event on September 11, 2001 Invasion of Iraq

On March 19, 2003 an invasion of Iraq by American and British troops started, supported by small contingents from several other countries.

•“Trial of century”—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.

•Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.

America in 21st century

英语国家概况

英语国家概况

the united states of america 英语国家概况. chapter 9 history the united states of america

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