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THE TRANSITION TO PBNTHE TRANSITION TO PBNPBN SEMINAR PBN SEMINAR
Ian MallettIan Mallett
Hong Kong Hong Kong
FREE OFFER!FREE OFFER!
�� CASA Training DVDsCASA Training DVDs
–– GNSSGNSS
–– ADSADS--BB
–– Safety Management System (SMS) BookletSafety Management System (SMS) Booklet
�� CASA Shop ItemsCASA Shop Items
�� See See www.casa.gov.auwww.casa.gov.au Online StoreOnline Store
1928
1983
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
�� The need for rules?The need for rules?
�� ICAO and StateICAO and State
�� Technology StatusTechnology Status–– GNSSGNSS
�� GPS AcceptanceGPS Acceptance
–– AircraftAircraft
–– Service ProvidersService Providers
�� PBN is not ATMPBN is not ATM
�� Safety ConcernsSafety Concerns–– Transition to PBNTransition to PBN
–– Data Base IntegrityData Base Integrity
–– Vertical Guidance??!!Vertical Guidance??!!
�� APAC PBN IssuesAPAC PBN Issues��Flight Planning Flight Planning –– 20122012
��DME/DME use in APAC?DME/DME use in APAC?
��Specification ConfusionSpecification Confusion
��Approach ClassificationApproach Classification
��APV vs 2D/3DAPV vs 2D/3D
��Prediction RequirementsPrediction Requirements
��Regional SBASRegional SBAS
�� Australian PBNAustralian PBN
Questions and Questions and
DiscussionDiscussion
PERFORMANCE BASED PERFORMANCE BASED
NAVIGATION (PBN)NAVIGATION (PBN)
�� 3636’’th ICAO Assembly (Montreal, 2007) Resolved that:th ICAO Assembly (Montreal, 2007) Resolved that:–– Regional Planning Groups implement PBN Implementation Plan by Regional Planning Groups implement PBN Implementation Plan by
2009 2009 ‘‘to achieve:to achieve:’’
�� RNAV and RNP (PBN Manual) operations where requiredRNAV and RNP (PBN Manual) operations where required
�� APVs as primary or backup approach by 2016APVs as primary or backup approach by 2016
�� Result:Result:–– PBN Task Force, Regional Plan, State Plans, SeminarsPBN Task Force, Regional Plan, State Plans, Seminars
�� Advantages of complying Advantages of complying ……–– Safety ,Capacity, Efficiency, EnvironmentSafety ,Capacity, Efficiency, Environment
–– Harmonisation with other StatesHarmonisation with other States
THE NEED FOR RULESTHE NEED FOR RULES
�� Why have any???Why have any???
–– Safety Safety
–– InteroperabilityInteroperability
–– Level playing field for operatorsLevel playing field for operators
�� ICAO RulesICAO Rules
–– Largely in place but still a work in progressLargely in place but still a work in progress
�� State RulesState Rules
–– Mostly Mostly notnot in place to support PBN transitionin place to support PBN transition
Airspace ConceptAirspace Concept
COM NAV SUR ATM
NAVIGATION APPLICATION
NAVAIDINFRASTRUCTURE
NAVIGATION SPECIFICATION
Nav Spec- Function,
- System,
- Procedures
PBN Concept - Safety
- Capacity- Efficiency
- EnvironmentNav Appl’n
- Routes, SEP
- SIDs / STARs
- Approaches
Nav Infr- Navaids (terr / celest)
- (Surv)
- (Comms)
PBN IS NOT ATMPBN IS NOT ATM
�� PBN is a navigation standardPBN is a navigation standard
�� Need the other elementsNeed the other elements
–– CommunicationsCommunications
–– SurveillanceSurveillance
�� Common PBN based separation standardsCommon PBN based separation standards
�� Regional implementationRegional implementation
–– Cannot be Cannot be ‘‘State onlyState only’’
STATE RULE CONTENTSSTATE RULE CONTENTS
�� Aircraft airworthiness requirementsAircraft airworthiness requirements
�� Pilot, engineer and ATC training and Pilot, engineer and ATC training and
endorsementendorsement
�� Instrument approach design standardInstrument approach design standard
�� ATC route design, separation standardsATC route design, separation standards
�� Data control and regulationData control and regulation
�� GNSS recording and reportingGNSS recording and reporting
GPS ACCEPTANCEGPS ACCEPTANCE
�� Formal US Formal US –– ICAO agreementICAO agreement
–– ICAO Annex 10, PANS OPS, PBNICAO Annex 10, PANS OPS, PBN
–– Universally used but often not regulatedUniversally used but often not regulated
–– Back up?Back up?
–– GPS modernisationGPS modernisation
�� GNSS evolvingGNSS evolving
–– GLONASS, GALILEO, CompassGLONASS, GALILEO, Compass�� AugmentationsAugmentations
�� Future Future –– a a ‘‘hybridhybrid’’ system, receiverssystem, receivers
GNSS RISKSGNSS RISKS
�� INTERFERENCEINTERFERENCE
–– DeliberateDeliberate
–– Unintentional Unintentional -- GNSS Panel GNSS Panel –– ““no riskno risk””
–– Report any interference Report any interference
�� Availability? Availability? –– RAIM holesRAIM holes
�� INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL
–– No State ControlNo State Control
–– US Funding US Funding –– GAO Report >21 satellitesGAO Report >21 satellites
�� CNS now all dependent on GNSSCNS now all dependent on GNSS
�� SINGLE THREAD FAILURE?SINGLE THREAD FAILURE?
PBN TASK FORCEPBN TASK FORCE
SAFETY CONCERNSSAFETY CONCERNS
PBN TRANSITIONPBN TRANSITION
�� PBN Task Force concernsPBN Task Force concerns–– Cannot go directly to RNPCannot go directly to RNP--ARAR
�� Pressure by equipped operatorsPressure by equipped operators
�� Approval has taken 2Approval has taken 2--3 years in advanced States3 years in advanced States
�� High levels of regulatory oversightHigh levels of regulatory oversight
�� Airlines have selfAirlines have self--imposed restrictionsimposed restrictions
–– Need basics firstNeed basics first�� WGSWGS--8484
�� Basic GNSS acceptance and useBasic GNSS acceptance and use
–– Significant early benefitsSignificant early benefits
�� Data controlData control
�� Pilot, engineer, ATC training and endorsementPilot, engineer, ATC training and endorsement
DATA CONTROLDATA CONTROL
�� European studyEuropean study
–– 1 bit in 1000 in error in modern a/c data base!!1 bit in 1000 in error in modern a/c data base!!
–– Puts PBN implementation at riskPuts PBN implementation at risk
�� AIS TransitionAIS Transition
�� RNPRNP--AR needs special data oversightAR needs special data oversight
–– Pilots cannot detect data base errorsPilots cannot detect data base errors
VERTICAL GUIDANCE ??VERTICAL GUIDANCE ??
�� Vertical AdvisoryVertical Advisory–– From FMSFrom FMS
–– May be pilot or data base generatedMay be pilot or data base generated
–– NO tolerances or integrityNO tolerances or integrity�� Must monitor altitudes eg Cessna CJ3Must monitor altitudes eg Cessna CJ3
�� >400>400’’ error in B737error in B737--800s!!800s!!
�� RNAV (GNSS) from data base RNAV (GNSS) from data base
–– Considerable Industry ConfusionConsiderable Industry Confusion�� Receivers/data bases/system capabilitiesReceivers/data bases/system capabilities
�� ““No need for APV No need for APV –– I already have it!I already have it!””
�� Vertical GuidanceVertical Guidance–– System generated System generated –– Augmented GPS, BaroAugmented GPS, Baro--VNAVVNAV
–– Has design requirements for a/c and approachHas design requirements for a/c and approach
–– Fly maximum of Fly maximum of ½½ scale vertical (FTE)scale vertical (FTE)
APAC PBN ISSUESAPAC PBN ISSUES
2012 FLIGHT PLAN2012 FLIGHT PLAN
�� New Flight Plan Format New Flight Plan Format –– Nov 2012Nov 2012
–– * = PBN/* = PBN/
–– Item 18 annotationItem 18 annotation�� Acceptable to ATS?Acceptable to ATS?
–– APAC Flight Plan Task Force APAC Flight Plan Task Force
�� No carriage but capable aircraftNo carriage but capable aircraft
–– Aircraft PBN Aircraft PBN ‘‘overlayoverlay’’ approvedapproved�� Can do NDB approach but not ADF fittedCan do NDB approach but not ADF fitted
–– How to flight plan?How to flight plan?
DME/DME PBNDME/DME PBN
�� DME/DME RNAV DME/DME RNAV –– defined in PBNdefined in PBN
�� Seen as primary or backup in US and EuropeSeen as primary or backup in US and Europe
�� Significant implementation issuesSignificant implementation issues
–– Impact of single DME unserviceabilityImpact of single DME unserviceability
–– APAC infrastructure cannot support thisAPAC infrastructure cannot support this
�� Do we have a regional back up/Do we have a regional back up/
–– Is it needed?Is it needed?
�� Limit RNP to GNSS?Limit RNP to GNSS?
–– DonDon’’t regulate for DME/DME PBN in APACt regulate for DME/DME PBN in APAC
APV APPROACHESAPV APPROACHES
�� New ICAO Approach ClassificationNew ICAO Approach Classification
�� Endorsed by ANC Endorsed by ANC --11 in 200311 in 2003
�� Now in ICAO Regional PlanNow in ICAO Regional Plan
�� ““minimum level of approach designminimum level of approach design””
�� Achievable using different technologiesAchievable using different technologies
–– BaroBaro--VNAV RNPVNAV RNP
–– Augmented GNSS Augmented GNSS –– US LPVUS LPV
APV vs 2D/3D NAMING? APV vs 2D/3D NAMING?
Not definedRNP AR APCHRNP 0.xxRNAV (RNP)APV
Not definedRNP APCH with
Baro-VNAV att.
LNAV/VNAVRNAV (GNSS)APV
APV I/APV IIRNP APCHLPVRNAV (GNSS)APV
NPARNP APCHLPRNAV (GNSS)NPA
NPARNP APCHLNAVRNAV (GNSS)NPA
Annex 10
terminology
Navigation
Specification
Line of minimaChart designationApproach
Classification
�Conflict arising between PBN SG and AWOP Directions
�APV as per existing documentation, or
�2D/3D naming convention
Satellites in ViewSatellites in View
PBN PREDICTION PBN PREDICTION
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
�� Significant NSSP burden in PBNSignificant NSSP burden in PBN
–– GNSS Status, recording, accident investigationGNSS Status, recording, accident investigation
–– GNSS availability predictionsGNSS availability predictions
�� Primary means enroute, approach availabilityPrimary means enroute, approach availability
�� Flight Planning and ATC requirementsFlight Planning and ATC requirements
�� Many predictions are aircraft basedMany predictions are aircraft based
–– Should be operator requirementShould be operator requirement
�� Based predictions could be Based predictions could be ‘‘RegionalRegional’’
AUGMENTATIONSAUGMENTATIONS
�� AIRCRAFT BASEDAIRCRAFT BASED -- ABASABAS
–– INS/GPS, AIME, RAIMINS/GPS, AIME, RAIM
�� SATELLITE BASEDSATELLITE BASED -- SBASSBAS
–– WAAS (June 2003) EGNOS MSAS GAGANWAAS (June 2003) EGNOS MSAS GAGAN
–– GPS + GLONASS (or GALILEO)GPS + GLONASS (or GALILEO)
–– Regional augmentation Regional augmentation
�� GROUND BASEDGROUND BASED -- GBAS, (GRAS)GBAS, (GRAS)
–– Precision Approach Precision Approach –– ILS,MLSILS,MLS�� GLS GLS –– Sydney B737 and A380Sydney B737 and A380
–– Certified end of 2009Certified end of 2009
What is SBAS?
A REGIONAL SBAS?A REGIONAL SBAS?
�� APAC cannot meet ICAO APV resolutionAPAC cannot meet ICAO APV resolution
–– Limited number of BaroLimited number of Baro--VNAV aircraftVNAV aircraft
–– Need 100% LPV = Need SBASNeed 100% LPV = Need SBAS
�� (or wait for enhanced constellations/equipment)(or wait for enhanced constellations/equipment)
�� How to progress a Regional SBASHow to progress a Regional SBAS
–– PBN Task ForcePBN Task Force
–– APEC GNSS Implementation Team (GIT)APEC GNSS Implementation Team (GIT)
�� Successful SBAS trialSuccessful SBAS trial
AUSTRALIAN PBN AUSTRALIAN PBN
ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES
AUSTRALIAN PBN EXPERIENCEAUSTRALIAN PBN EXPERIENCE
�� Basic Navigation Regulations in placeBasic Navigation Regulations in place
�� Very high level of industry acceptanceVery high level of industry acceptance
�� Significant safety and financial benefitsSignificant safety and financial benefits
�� Transition to GNSS expected by industryTransition to GNSS expected by industry
�� Significant work requiredSignificant work required
–– Internal standards developmentInternal standards development
–– ASTRA Industry BodyASTRA Industry Body
�� Technology before the Regulations!Technology before the Regulations!
–– eg B737 eg B737 –– 800 RNP800 RNP
FIRST IFR GPS RECEIVER
WAAS Satellite
Initial Initial
Approach Approach
WaypointWaypointIntermediate
Approach Waypoint
Initial Approach Waypoint
Missed Approach
Point
Final Approach
Waypoint
Initial Approach
Waypoint
Missed ApproachTurning Point(if required)
Missed Approach
Holding Point
70°
70°5 nm 5 nm 5 nm
RNAV (GNSS) APPROACHES25 times safer than circling approach
RNP RNP -- ARAR
�� The area under the fog is Lake The area under the fog is Lake
Wakatipu, which after the fog Wakatipu, which after the fog
cleared looks like this.. cleared looks like this..
Sydney GLSSydney GLS
�� SafetySafety–– Runway aligned DA Runway aligned DA –– almost anywherealmost anywhere
–– Lateral & vertical guided approachesLateral & vertical guided approaches
–– CFIT risks reduced CFIT risks reduced
–– Use of automaticsUse of automatics
–– Engine INOP solutionsEngine INOP solutions
�� OperationsOperations–– Departure upliftDeparture uplift
–– Low minimaLow minima
–– Cost benefitCost benefit
RNPRNP--AR BENEFITSAR BENEFITS
NEW AIRCRAFTNEW AIRCRAFT
NEW AIRCRAFTNEW AIRCRAFT
�� TSO C145/6 Receivers or MMRTSO C145/6 Receivers or MMR
–– GPSGPS
–– VORVOR
–– ILSILS
�� Not fitted with ADFNot fitted with ADF
–– Includes airline aircraftIncludes airline aircraft
�� RNP RNP ““primary meansprimary means’’ or or ‘‘overlayoverlay’’ approvalapproval
–– Only aid requiredOnly aid required
WebsitesWebsites
�� www.icao.int/pbnwww.icao.int/pbn
�� www.gps.faa.govwww.gps.faa.gov
�� www.navcen.uscg.milwww.navcen.uscg.mil
�� www.casa.gov.auwww.casa.gov.au -- GPS approvalsGPS approvals
�� www.airserviceaustralia.comwww.airserviceaustralia.com
–– GPS information GPS information -- status messages NOTAMs, NPA status messages NOTAMs, NPA
RAIM predictionsRAIM predictions
�� www.garmin.comwww.garmin.com
CONTACTCONTACT
�� Ian MallettIan Mallett
–– +61 2 6217 1736+61 2 6217 1736
–– +61 2 6217 1700 fax+61 2 6217 1700 fax
–– +61 2 418 259 626 Mobile+61 2 418 259 626 Mobile
–– [email protected]@casa.gov.au
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
&&
DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION