From 60’s to now

Zhong JinyunDe Smet OlivierAndré Abel

1The Story of Internet

before the word ‘Internet’ is invented. The world’s 10,000 computers are primitive, although they cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. They have only a few thousand words of magnetic core memory, and programming them is far from easy.

By 1992, when the timeline endsthe Internet has one million hosts the ARPANET has ceased to exist computers are nine orders of magnitude faster network bandwidth is twenty million times greater.

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How did the story of internet begin?

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BackgroundBackgroundIn the 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the widespread

inter-networking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the network.

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The real story began in 1962.It’s all about the war!

There’s a name to be remembered----ARPA

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What’s ARPA?What’s ARPA?This agency is part of U.S.

Department of Defense, a future-oriented funder of ‘high-risk, high-gain’ research, lays the groundwork for what becomes the ARPANET and, much later, the Internet.

"In the Beginning, ARPA created the ARPANET. And the ARPANET was without

form and void. And darkness was upon the

deep. And the spirit of ARPA moved upon the face of the network and ARPA said, 'Let there be a protocol,' and there was a protocol. And ARPA saw that

it was good. And ARPA said, 'Let there be more protocols,' and it was

so. And ARPA saw that it was good.

And ARPA sad, 'Let there be more networks,' and it was

so." -- Danny Cohen

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1967: ARPA initiates planning of the ARPANet. Design objectives of ARPANet included

interconnecting different research computerssharing data between networksload sharing of processing power (where one mainframe

was busy, processing could be shifted to a different mainframe with available capacity)

communications between different research centers (minor objective that became a major benefit and use).

Birth of ARPANetBirth of ARPANetThe initiazalitionThe initiazalition

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packet-switchingBy the late 1960s, computer scientists were experimenting with non-linear "packet-switched" techniques to enable computers to communicate with each other.29 Using this method, computers disassemble information into variable-size pieces of data called "packets" and forward them through a connecting medium to a recipient computer that then reassembles them into their original form.

Birth of ARPANetBirth of ARPANetThe factors that led to APRAnetThe factors that led to APRAnet

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Distributed Network Designed

Birth of ARPANetBirth of ARPANetThe factors that led to APRAnetThe factors that led to APRAnet

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ASCIIA joint industry-government committee develops ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), the first universal standard for computers. It permits machines from different manufacturers to exchange data.

Birth of ARPANetBirth of ARPANetThe factors that led to APRAnetThe factors that led to APRAnet

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In the fall of 1969, right after the summer of love, ARPANet began with the successful linking of four computers known as Interface Message Processors (IMPS).

The next few years were spent developing core protocols for ARPANet. Steve Crocker, a graduate student at UCLA, led what was called the Network Working Group on the development of "host protocols." Network Control Protocol (NCP) was the first such protocol.

Birth of ARPANetBirth of ARPANetThe first ARPANet and the first protocolThe first ARPANet and the first protocol

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Birth of ARPANetBirth of ARPANetFirst emailFirst email 1971: Ray Tomlinson sends

himself an email between two computers in his office.

1972: The initial "hot" application, electronic mail was introduced.

March: Ray Tomlinson wrote the basic email message send and read software.

July, Lawrence Roberts expanded its utility by writing the first email utility program to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages.

October: Roberts Kahn organized a demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC).

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Birth of ARPANet Birth of ARPANet Ethernet:Ethernet: Xerox's motivation for the

computer network was that they were also building the world's first laser printer and wanted all of the PARC's computers to be able to print with this printer.

Robert Metcalfe had two challenges: the network had to be fast enough to drive the very fast new laser printer.

Robert Metcalfe left Xerox in 1979 to promote the use of personal computers and local area networks (LANs). He successfully convinced Digital Equipment, Intel, and Xerox Corporations to work together to promote ethernet as a standard.

Now an international computer industry standard, ethernet is the most widely installed LAN protocol.

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Birth of ARPANet Birth of ARPANet TCP/IPTCP/IP1973-1978: researchers

led by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) which solved the network connection problems

Vinton Cerf has been labeled the "Father of the Internet“.

TCP/IP became the core protocol, it is what's used today, and in 1983 replaced NCP entirely.

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Birth of ARPANet Birth of ARPANet MITS Altair 8800MITS Altair 8800

1975, the MITS Altair 8800 is released, which was the first personal computer.

the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC.

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Network Everywhere:Network Everywhere:Specific and closed

to the general public: MFENet by the

Department of Energy for its researchers in Magnetic Fusion Energy

SPAN for NASA Space Physicists

CSNET for the Computer Science community

BITNET, which linked academic mainframe computers.

Numerous local area networks (LANs) due to Metcalfe's Ethernet

technology

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Network Everywhere:Network Everywhere:DNSDNS1983: At the University of Wisconsin, the

name server was developed1984: The first domain name server (DNS)

was introduced in.

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Bring on the WebBring on the Web80's to early 90's80's to early 90's

60's HyperText idea developed in 80's by Tim Berners-Lee (CERN searcher)

Proposal from Berners-Lee to CERN board (89): introduction to World Wide Web

Berners-Lee's browser and editor program on a NeXT machine, showing how to use HyperText to display information

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November 92 : WWW project has 26 servers.

Bring on the WebBring on the Web80's to early 90's80's to early 90's

January 93 : Development of several browsers on differents platforms (Unix, Mac) + around 50 HTTP servers.

September 93 : NCSA released working versions of Mosaic browser for X, Windows and Mac.

October 93 : around 200 HTTP servers running.

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ExplosionExplosion93 to now93 to nowMarch 94 : creators of Mosaic browser

founded Netscape Communications.

April 94 : 2 students at Stanford University started a guide to keep track of their personal interests on the web : Yahoo !

Late 95 :Microsoft released browser Internet Explorer 1.0, after their release of Windows 95 in August.

April 95 : Sun released Java Development Kit, a programming language tailored for the web.

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ExplosionExplosion93 to now93 to now

January 96 : 2 Ph.D. students at Stanford University hypothesized a new search engine for browsers.

September 97 : The domain google.com was registered.

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ExplosionExplosion93 to now93 to now

Global Internet Map2007

1 node = 1 public server

Half 2008 : 571,937,778 of internet hosts are registered.

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