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The skull Forensic anthropology

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Page 1: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The skull

Forensic anthropology

Page 2: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The Skull Total # - 22

8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Calvarium – cranium without face Sutures: serrated and interdigitated The only moveable (synovial) joints

Occipital condyles and C1 TMJ

Page 3: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The Frontal Bone

Unpaired Recognizable by the sinuses Articulations?

Individual identification: unfused frontal (called metopic suture), variable sinuses

2 growth centers (R&L)

Page 4: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Is the frontal useful?

Yes!

Age – the metopic suture fuses ~2-4 years

Sex determination Supercilliary arch / frontal boss Supraorbital margin Temporal line

Page 5: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The Parietals Paired Rectangular shaped

Articulations?

Individual ID: variable sutures and foramen placement

Growth – single growth center

Page 6: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Are the parietals useful?

Mostly for age

General thickness becomes more uniform with adulthood

Fuses with parietal only with advanced age

Page 7: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The occipital Unpaired Ovoid with a big hole in it… Articulations?

Individual ID: Inca bone p. 50 (usually triangular or rectangular)

Growth - 4 parts: squamous, 2 laterals, basial (pars basilaris usually survives)

Page 8: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Is the occipital useful? Yes!!!

Age Pars basilaris

Fuses to squamous portion at 1-3 years Fuses to the rest at 5-7 years Fuses to sphenoid during mid teens

Sex External occipital protuberance Superior and inferior nuchal lines

Page 9: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The temporals

Paired Circular (with a large process for ear canal) Articulations?

Individual ID: suture variation

Growth – 3 parts: petrous, squamousal, tympanic ring)

Page 10: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Are the temporal useful?

Age The 3 parts are joined by ~5 years old

Sex Mastoid process

Page 11: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The sphenoid

Unpaired Butterfly shaped Articulations?

Growth – many centers fuse by birth into 3 parts (wings separated by body) which fuse by 1 year old

Page 12: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The zygomatics

Paired facial bones Triangular with maxillary, frontal, and temporal

processes Forms lateral wall of orbit Articulations?

Individual ID: variable sutures

Growth – 1 center,

Page 13: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Are the zygomatics useful?

Age Zygomatics fully formed by 2-3 years old

Race Suture pattern of the zygomaxillary junction

generally related to race

Page 14: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The ethmoid Found at the base of the frontal, anterior to the

sphenoid Very uniquely shaped Forms part of the orbit (medial wall)

Need to know Crista galli Perpendicular plate

Page 15: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Other bones of the face Not typically found,

not particularly useful in ID

The NASALS

The inferior nasal conchae (found in nasal aperture internally, posterior to the nasal bones

The lacrimals –tear ducts

The palatines – at back of mouth, found behind palatine process of maxillae

Vomer – small wedge of bone btw pterygoid processes of sphenoid (bisects nasal cavity)

Page 16: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The teeth

Page 17: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The Maxillae

Paired, facial Contribute to structure of eyes, nose, mouth 3 processes; frontal, zygomatic, palatine Articulations?

Individual ID: dental arch, teeth, prominence of mouth and nose

Page 18: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Are the maxillae useful?

Yes!

Age – TEETH!!!

Race: Width of nasal aperature Projection of nose and mouth Dental arch shape

Page 19: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The Maxillae Paired, facial Contribute to

structure of eyes, nose, mouth

3 processes; frontal, zygomatic, palatine

Articulations?

Individual ID: dental arch, teeth, prominence of mouth and nose

Page 20: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Are the maxillae useful?

Yes!

Age – TEETH!!!

Race: Width of nasal aperature Projection of nose and mouth Dental arch shape

Page 21: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The mandible Single bone U-shaped with vertical processes Contains teeth: functions largely as muscle

attachments (chewing muscles and tongue) and holds teeth

Individual ID: variable shape of jaw, teeth

Growth – 2 centers

Page 22: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Is the mandible useful?

YES!!

Age 2 halves fuse by 6-8 months

Sex Mental protuberance Gonial angle

Page 23: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

The mandible Single bone U-shaped with vertical processes Contains teeth: functions largely as muscle

attachments (chewing muscles and tongue) and holds teeth

Page 24: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Is the mandible useful? YES!!

Individual ID: variable shape of jaw, teeth

Growth – 2 centers

Age 2 halves fuse by 6-8 months

Sex Mental protuberance Gonial angle

Page 25: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Teeth!!!!!

Directional terminology Labial: toward lips Buccal: toward cheek Lingual: toward tongue

Mesial: toward midline Distal: toward back of mouth, away from midline

Page 26: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium
Page 27: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Teeth We talk about teeth in

quadrants (RU, RL, LU, LL), 8 in each

Short hand examples… Upper, lower, left, right

4 types Incisors (2) Canines (1) Premolars (2) Molars (3)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor

Page 28: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

4 typesIncisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar

www.dkimages.com

Page 29: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Incisors

8 total

Anterior teeth Single straight edge with no cusps Single root

http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v203/n10/thumbs/bdj.2007.1059-f1.jpg

Page 30: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Canines

4 total

Distal to incisors Single cusp Single root

www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/CanMand.gif

Page 31: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Premolars 8 total

Distal to canine

2 cusps Buccal root larger

1-2 roots

http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/PreMandTwo.gif

Page 32: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

Molars

12 total

Multiple cusps Multiple roots

Complex morphology for chewing and grinding

Upper molars generally have more roots

Page 33: The skull Forensic anthropology. The Skull Total # - 22 Total # - 22 8 paired, 6 unpaired 8 paired, 6 unpaired Cranium – skull without mandible Cranium

www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/MolarDownOne.gif

http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/MOLARS%20upper.htm www.tpub.com


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