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Page 1: THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE MEDICAL PRESS

1478 THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE MEDICAL PRESS.

-and found that the child, a six and a half months’ one,had been born two hours, but that the placenta was stillundelivered. This latter was expelled without any difficulty,but on finding the uterus still flaccid I asked for the

ergotine. To my astonishment I discovered that a neighbourin attendance had mistaken the husband’s instructions "to

give two of these at once " and had instead given the tubeitself and wondered where another one was. The patienthad taken it in good faith, thinking it a new form of drugand wondering only why it was so long. Of course therewas nothing to do but to wait. Castor oil was given freelyand on the afternoon of May 5th-four days later-the tubearrived, without any pain and with the cork still in situ. I

may add that the tube was half full of ergotine, so that themany risks of a foreign body in the intestine were muchaugmented by the fact of that body containing a poison.The patient is very well now and able to laugh over her.adventure.-I am, Sirs, yours faithfully,

W. HERBERT GREGORY, M.D.Edin.Beverley, May 16the,1903.

ASPECTS OF LIFE ASSURANCE.

To the Editors of THE LANCET.

SIRS,- With reference to a leading article which appearedin THE LANCET of May 9th, p. 1313, calling attentionto the provision which may be made for the future bythose who insure their lives, I observe that considerablestress is laid upon the certainty attending this formof investment. Indeed, the fact that a sure provisionis made for the survivors of the assured, owing to thefinancial soundness of life assurance companies, is one

always dwelt upon by those who recommend them. Isnot, however, this certainty of provision considerablylessened by the fact that many or most life assurance

societies issue policies which are in express terms madevoid by the suicide of the assured ? 2 It is, of course,contemplated by them that a man might insure his lifeat a high figure, pay a premium or two, and then kill him-self in order to pay his debts or to provide for his wife andfamily. I am, I believe, right in saying that suicide is thusexcepted in the conditions usually made. If I am wrongyou will, no doubt, correct me. My point is that suicide is

very frequently the result of what is substantially disease andas much a cause or form of death to which all are liable astyphoid fever or a railway accident. Speaking from my ownlimited experience I can recall, among others, three personsin particular with whom I was personally acquainted whocommitted suicide. Two were lawyers with moderate pro-fessional incomes and private means ; the third was engagedin commerce and his assets at his death amounted to not farfrom f:lOO,OOO. Of the two former, one became depressed,I do not know why, and before anyone recognised the factthat his brain was affected took his own life ; and the other,as everyone knew, after a severe attack of influenza foundhimself less able to work than before, got worried, andshot himself. Each of these was precisely the sort of manwho might well have insured his life. There was nothing todistinguish him in health from his fellow men ; each had afamily and was earning enough to have been able to havedone so. At all events neither was in embarrassed financialcircumstances, any more than the third, whose brain, Ibelieve, was affected by a succession of hunting accidents.I think, however, that I am right in saying that the majorityof policies which would have held good had these men diedfrom pneumonia or in the hunting-field would have beenrendered void by suicide for which influenza or a huntingaccident was directly responsible. Can life assurance, if itis ineffective in case of a death which (as I contend) is asmuch beyond the power of the assured to avoid as anyresulting directly from disease, be regarded as a certain andsafe provision for a professional man to make ’?

I am, Sirs, yours faithfully,May 18th. 1903. N. M. R.

PRESENTATION TO A MEDICAL PRACTITIONER.-At Orediton (Devon) on May 9th Mr. Leslie Powne,M.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A., was presented with a pair of goldcuff links by the members of the ladies’ class of the St.John Ambulance Association, in appreciation of his servicesas honorary lecturer.

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSOF THE MEDICAL PRESS.

(FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT.)

THE OPENING CEREMONY.Madrid, May 6th.

IT seems a long way now to hark back to April 20th whenthe International Congress of the Medical Press held its

inaugural sitting in the great hall of the Central Universitybuildings of Madrid. But this congress, instead of ter-

minating its labours on April 22nd, continued its work up tothe very last minute on April 23rd, giving its members onlyjust time to rush from the closing sitting of the one congressto assist at the opening ceremony of the other. This latter

Congress, the Fourteenth International Congress of Medicine,affording greater general interest than the more specialisedquestions that concern medical journalism as a profes-sion, it seemed to be better to describe the more importantcongress first in spite of the fact that it was held last. The

inauguration of the Medical Press Congress was a ceremonywell worthy of the occasion. Senor Allende Salazar, Ministerof Public Instruction, presided, sitting by the side of Dr.Cortezo, the President of the International Congress of the

Dr. Carlos M. Cortezo. President of the International Congress ofthe Medical Press.

Medical Press, and Dr. Calleja, President of the InternationalMedical Congress. At the presidential table France was

represented by Professor Cornil of Paris, president ofthe International Association of the Medical Press, andEngland by Dr. Frank Pope of Leicester, delegate ofthe Association of the British Medical Press. The rectorsof the Universities of Madrid and of Barcelona were

also in the place of honour at the presidential table.Dr. Larra y Cerezo, as general secretary of the Congress,was first called upon to make a statement and to explain theposition of affairs. As a medical journalist Dr. Larra cannotbe accused of being wanting in enterprise. He had barelyterminated his studies, devoting himself especially to ques-tions of hygiene and therapeutics, when he founded, in 1882,the Therapeutical Review, and not content with this he evenpublished a daily medical paper called the Diario Medico.This was the fruit of youthful enterprise. Dr. Larra was

only 23 years old at the time, nevertheless his daily paperlived ten months, and his review still exists though it wasmerged into La Medicina Militaire Española in 1895. Dr.

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1479THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE MEDICAL PRESS.

Larra, whose portrait was recently published in these

columns,l has done much to promote the love of physicalexercise in the schools of Spain and is a correspondingmember of the British Sanitary Institute. He is likewisethe publisher of a Spanish technical medical dictionary, towhich a small supplement is issued every year containingthe new terms that have arisen during the year.

Dr. LARRA explained that the Congress was attended byrepresentatives of the medical press of the ArgentineRepublic, Belgium, Cuba, France, Germany, Great Britain,Greece, Holland, Italy, Norway, the United States, and

Spain. It was for him a great honour to have assisted inbringing together the thinkers and writers of so manynations.

Dr. CORTEZO, as president of the Spanish Committee ofOrganisation and of the Congress, now rose to welcome themembers and delegates, wishing them to consider themselvesat home in Spain. The science which they advocatedand taught did not recognise the fictitious differences and

antagonisms created between nations. They rose above thefrontier lines and in this Congress were all merely membersof the same family. To be better understood, Dr. Cortezo

spoke in French, German, and Italian as well as in Spanish.He pointed to the libraries that contained works from authorsof all these countries. He alluded to the noble initiatives sooften taken by France, even at the cost of the lives of herchildren, to the German profundity of thought and investi-gation, to the British love of freedom, and to the similarblue sky, history, and race that united Italians andSpaniards.The MINISTER of PUBLIC INSTRUCTION next rose to speak,

and in the name of the King and the Government welcomed (the members of the Congress. He alluded to the help givenby the medical press in connexion with those great dis-coveries which had revolutionised the practice of surgery.Further the medical press helped to weld together men ofscience from all parts of the world into one great brother-hood. In the name of the King and of the Government, in

Dr. Rafael Ulecia, Delegate of Spain to the Monaco MedicalPress Conference.

the name of the entire Spanish people, he saluted all thedelegates, especially those who from d;’s’;a.nt countries hadhonoured Spain by their presence, and declared that theywere heartily welcome.

Professor CORNIL then spoke on behalf of the Frenchmedical journalists and expressed his gratitude to the Kingand the Government for their hospitality and for havingrendered the meeting of the Congress possible. He recalledthe origin of the International Association of the MedicalPress, how it had been talked about at Rome, neglected at

1 THE LANCET, May 2nd, p. 1270.

Moscow, and, how, with the active aid of the German andFrench medical press associations, a congress had actuallybeen held in Paris in 1900. The medical press, he main-tained, governed the medical profession just as other formsof human activity were governed by their respective journals.Virchow, Pasteur, Brown-Sequard, all had their "annals" "or " archives." But they had now the medical journal, whichlike other journals, gave the latest professional news and,treated all allied interests. The object of these journals wasto preserve men from all that was unwholesome, to relieveand to cure mankind in the accomplishment of its mission.For this end medical journals had proclaimed that humanityhad a right to pure air and water and that these were as im-portant as daily bread. So the medical press while confinedto its special task was yet helping all other sections off thecommunity. Professor Cornil then alluded to the confererceheld last year at Monaco where the international committeewas treated to the most generous hospitality. The result ofthe work there accomplished, the constitution which hadbeen drawn up at Monaco, would now be submitted to theMadrid Congress. Having paid a graceful tribute to thememory of the late Dr. Laborde, who had so largely helpedin drawing up a constitution for the Association, ProfessorCornil concluded by pointing out that such congresses helpedto refine and to elevate our thoughts.

Dr. PosNER (Berlin) spoke on behalf of the Germanmedical press and that of the German-speaking part ofAustria. He alluded to the great work of Virchow as apublicist and said that they would endeavour to follow inhis footsteps and he hoped that the progress of science thuspromoted would help to bring about international con-

fraternity.Dr. DEJACE spoke briefly for the medical press of Belgium

-that little country which had accomplished great things.Dr. SANTOS FERNANDEZ (Cuba) explained how he had

striven to keep a medical press alive in that island, in spiteof all the troubles and struggles which had afflicted hispeople. He expressed his gratitude to Spain for the helpwhich it was giving in this great work of scientific progress.

Dr. CRYER (Philadelphia) said a few words on behalfof the medical press of the United States which had takenspecial pains to obtain full information concerning the con-gresses to meet in Madrid.

Dr. BLONDEL, ,as Secretary-General of the InternationalAssociation of the Medical Press, alluded to the work doneby the late Dr. Laborde who, he regretted, was not there towitness the crowning of the edifice which he had given him-self so much trouble to raise.

It was now the turn of England and Mr. ADOLPHESMITH rose to speak on behalf of the Association of theBritish Medical Press. He spoke in French and afterexpressing his gratitude for the royal patronage and thecordiality of the reception given, added that he had beenthree times in Spain. On the first occasion the country wasdevastated by a most terrible and widespread cholera

epidemic, complicated by numerous earthquakes. On thesecond occasion war had just broken out with the UnitedStates. On the third and present occasion the country wasin the throes and distracting cares of a general election.Nevertheless, and in spite of these trying and disturbingcircumstances, the people and the Governments of Spainhad invariably and with unruffled courtesy assisted him inthe performance of his duty as a journalist and as an

investigator on behalf of the scientific press.Dr. ASCOLI having said a few words on behalf of Italy, the

MINISTER of PUBLIC INSTRUCTION rose to reply. After

expressing his satisfaction at what had been said byvarious delegates and thanking Professor Cornil for hiscordial words, the Minister turned and addressing Mr,Adolphe Smith by name said he could assure him thatnotwithstanding all the viscissitudes through which Spainhad passed and might still have to face the SpanishGovernment was always alive to the importance, indeed,was perfectly aware, of the great part played by themedical press in the cause of humanity. It was the meansof diffusing knowledge to the remotest corners of the world.Medical men were, by the very nature of their duties, oftencalled upon to live in distant parts, in rural districts andother places where it would be impossible for them to follow,and to keep abreast with, modern progress but for the factthat it was brought to their doors by the medical press.Therefore he could promise the British representatives thatthe Government would afford the press every facility toaccomplish its high mission, particularly as it was so worthily

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represented. He was grateful, from the very depths of hisheart, to those gentlemen who had come from such greatdistances to cooperate in the Congress and to awaken thespirit of progress. It was for the medical press to recordand to make known all the progress that science achieved.In the name of His Majesty Don Alfonso XIII. he declaredthat the Second International Congress of the Medical Presswas now open.The military band then played the Royal March and this

concluded the opening ceremony.

THE FIRST DAY.Madrid, May 7th.

On the morning of April 21st the Congress held itsfirst business meeting, having been duly inaugurated on theprevious afternoon. Those members of the internationalcommittee who were present met in a private room to

arrange the order of procedure. It was generally felt thatthose who had reports to read and speeches to make on

general topics should be heard first and that then the moreserious work of coming to a definite agreement and accept-ing the rules drawn up at Monaco would be more easilyaccomplished. It was no slight matter to select a judiciouscourse, for there were present a large number of Spanishjournalists who, it was quite evident, knew little of thereal purpose for which we had met but were neverthelessanxious to deliver speeches or to read papers on what

they imagined was, or should be, our motive. To let themdisregard the rules of the association so carefully drawnup at Monaco and about which so many present knewlittle or nothing would be a dangerous proceeding. There-fore the field was thrown open to the readers of papers andthe first to speak was Dr. ESPINA DE CApo. He had a greatdeal to say about tuberculosis and what the medical presscould do to prevent its spread, thus confusing the question oforganising the medical press with the question of what medicaljournals could do to spread knowledge on certain subjects.Dr. SANTOS FERNANDEZ of Cuba described the anti-tubercu-losis league of Havana of which he was president. Then cameDr. TOLOSA-LATOUR, member of the Madrid Royal Academy ofMedicine, who very sensibly urged that it was the mission ofthe press in general, of the daily popular political papers, tospread some knowledge of those sanitary measures whichwere the best preventive of tuberculosis. Dr. AVILEZ havingsaid something about the control of mineral waters in Spainand Professor MARTINEZ VARGUS on the distribution oftracts on sanitation, Dr. TOLOSA-LATOUR rose again to reada lengthy speech which he had had printed in Frenchand in pamphlet form. He appropriately reminded the

Congress that not only the medical press but the generalpress of France had been founded by a medical man-that was, by Theophraste Renaudot-who was a philan-thropist, a doctor, a man of letters and a genial journalist,and whose statue ornamented one of the public squaresof Paris. In Spain they could only show to the Congressthe modest bust of a contemporaneous writer, Dr. Bena-vente, whose fine sense of irony and literary talentshad endeared his memory to the Spanish people and hadbeen transmitted to one of his sons. If the Spanish schoolsand the Spanish press did not display evidence of wealththey were not lacking in ardour and good intentions. But

they had to borrow much from other nations and in theirhaste to translate good foreign works into Spanish they oftencommitted regrettable errors. Then the speaker went on todescribe how much better industrial property was protectedthan was literary property. In regard to the medical pressthey must not have, he argued, too many restrictions,for knowledge must spread. On the other hand, the journalist was ever seeking for a new idea, a new dis-

covery, and to give it a body and a means of pre-sentation. Journalists had thus often the opportunityof strengthening, improving, or rendering more compre-hensible a new idea or discovery. Now, a chemist whomade a new explosive became a millionaire, but a medicalman who discovered a new microbe or how to perform anew and useful operation, or found a new remedy, re-

ceived nothing for his reward unless he was able to givehis discovery a commercial aspect and thus to obtain pro-tection. At best he only received a very feeble rewardand some belated honours. The man of science couldonly claim that his authorship of the discovery shouldbe recognised ; but however widely this discovery mightbe noticed in the press he received nothing for it. If

Krupp made a large fortune why had not Pasteur been

similarly fortunate ? He then went on to urge that the

pure scientific idea, apart from the manner in which it wasclothed and described, should be recognised as a propertyby the International Association of the Medical Press.The man of science sowed and the journalist cultivated thesoil and the two together created a value, a property, whichthey should strive to protect from the charlatan and theadventurer. It was the mission of the medical press toendeavour to secure for the author of the new idea or dis-covery full recognition and adequate reward.

Dr. BLONDEL, speaking next, said he was pleased to seethese generous ideas coming to the front again. But whowas the first inventor or who was first to conceive a new idea ?The most recent inventions were modern adaptations ofwhat was already partially and sometimes completely known.Then such recognitions of the supposed author of ideas wouldlead to terrible conflicts arising out of complex financialinterests. They of the press, said Dr. Blondel, did theiibest to render justice to the authors of new and useful ideasand did not willingly misrepresent the facts. Sometimesthey committed errors, but as a rule justice was generallydone at least in the long run. The author of an idea mightget protection if he formulated and published his idea. Howwas it possible to take into consideration that which had notbeen formulated ?

Dr. FERNANDEZ agreed with Dr. Blondel; it was right in.principle to protect the mere idea but it was not practical.

Dr. ToLOSA-LATOUR replied that he was aware of allthese objections, but were they to leave the idea or discoveryof the man of science at the mercy of the journalist ? The manwho wrote a summary of a lecture in which the new ideahad been propounded acquired a copyright of this summarydescription but the inventor himself had nothing at all,neither copyright nor anything else. A man might make adrawing of the new idea, or if it was an instrument then theinstrument maker might manufacture the instrument, the onesell his drawing, the other the instrument, and both receivedsomething, but the real author got nothing, neither paymentnor protection.

Professor CORNIL said that he was pleased to have heardthis discussion but he thought that the case was fairly metby Article 3 of the statutes as drawn up at Monaco, whichstipulated that the real author should always be recognised.On the other hand, public lectures were public property, justas were the speeches delivered in Parliament. The professor,he maintained, had no right over his lectures ; he could notreserve any portion of his lessons. That had been fullyestablished by the French law courts. Public instructionshould be given to all and belonged to all so that all mightlearn.The Congress then adjourned for lunch, meeting again in

the afternoon, when Dr. LARRA read a report on the Spanishmedical press. It had been in existence some two centuries.There was a military medical paper published in Madrid in1773.

Dr. BLONDEL followed on a professional point-namely,the publication in periodical papers of reports of the pro-ceedings of learned societies. These societies themselvesissued reports of their own proceedings but they appeared atgreater length and at a later date, perhaps weeks or monthsafterwards. From one point of view this was an advantage,but the work was not so carefully done. On the other hand,the great teachers were also more careless than they used tobe. They now contented themselves in going to some

scientific meeting where they made a few extemporeremarks, trusting to the medical press to preserve theirteachings. Some very great men had never given anythingelse to the public. This was a degeneration, for it encouragedcarelessness. Dr. Blondel thought it was a disadvantage tothe press as well as to the publications of the learnedsocieties. As a matter of news it was smart work to givequickly the gist of what had been said, but the more seriousreviews that appeared once a quarter suffered. The greatnames that used to illuminate the pages of such publicationsdid not appear so often and they no longer had so manycareful studies from their pens. Some papers in Francegave six or more columns to reports of meetings of the

Academy of Medicine and many professors were now contentto trust to shorthand writers and had ceased to write any-thing themselves.

Dr. POSNER thought the picture given was exaggerated.In Germany some papers were the organs of the great scientificsocieties and it was their business to give in full all that they

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- could obtain. He could see no danger in this. The object wasto give all news and that as quickly as possible. It was the

professors’ and doctors’ own fault if they did not write long- and carefully- thought-out papers. In Germany the generalcomplaint was that these papers were too long. A littleclever, crisp snmmarising would be very welcome so long asdue credit was given to the authorities quoted.

Dr. BLONDEL replied that reports now appeared in 24 hoursinstead of two months and these reports were often almostverbatim, so that they destroyed all hope of subsequent andmore careful publication.

Professor CORNIL remarked that as opinions seemed todiffer they must give liberty to each to do as he thoughtbest.

Dr. VIDAL said that a sharp line of demarcation should bemade between what was but the bulletin or circular of asociety and what was a bonâ-fide journal.

Dr. AVILEZ remarked that a real transformation was takingplace and Mr. ADOLPHE SMITH insisted that the businessof the Congress was with medical journals and not withpublications that consisted simply of the transactions or

proceedings of some one society.Dr. BLONDEL again spoke, remarking that in Belgium

the medical press was in danger of extinction throughthe competition of bulletins issued by societies andsometimes distributed gratuitously. These publications.commenced merely as records of the proceedings ofthe society by which they were published. Then itoccurred to someone that it would -be useful to have a-few advertisements, and as advertisers preferred journalsscissors and paste were employed, a few leaderettes werewritten, and the bulletin was transformed into what pre-- tended to be a journal. These publications were pushingthe legitimate journals out of the field, at least in Belgium.Now in France there was a medical friendly society,l’Association des Medecins de France, and it had about 8000members. It used to publish a bulletin which containedbalance-sheets, a record of the widows and orphans ofmedical men who had been helped through the agency ofthe association, &c. Now, and so as to recruit more

members, this bulletin was being forwarded gratuitously toall the medical men of France ; then, so that those prac-titioners who did not belong to the association might betempted to read it and perhaps ultimately to join andfurther so that advertisers might likewise be tempted toadvertise, this bulletin had been converted into somethinglike a journal, for it now contained a few original articles.The speaker wanted to know if a bulletin was to be con-sidered a journal.

Dr. VIDAL said that a bulletin was paid for by thesociety it represented, it had neither editor nor staff ; what itpublished was signed by the secretary of the society it repre-sented and for the society. Therefore it was not a journal andthe secretary of the society was not a journalist. ’

Dr. PITALUNGA (Italy) said that the double character ofmedical man and journalist somewhat complicated matters,particularly as there were three different kinds of periodicalpublications to be considered. There was the doubtfulbulletin, the organ of a society ; then there were the archivesor reviews, solemn and ponderous, and appearing perhapsonly once in three months. The merit of such a publicationdepended entirely upon the master by whom it was controlledand who published only careful and elaborate studies. Itwas all a question of the responsibility of the master. Forhis sake, and his sake alone, were such publications bought,and they were useful, for sometimes the master brought outyoung men who otherwise would never get a hearing. Thenthere was the bonâ-jide journal. He thought that it waseasy enough to distinguish between these three very differentcategories of publications.At this stage the Congress adjourned for the day.

THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONALCONGRESS OF MEDICINE, MADRID.

(FROM ONE OF OUR CORRESPONDENTS.)

EXCURSION TO THE SOUTH OF SPAIN.MUCH has been written of the discomfort endured by

some members of the Congress who have lately returnedfrom Spain. In many cases the discomfort was born of an

imperfect knowledge of Spanish combined with a laudable, if

child-like, wish to manage for oneself and not to be helped.It is pleasant, therefore, to record the successful issue ofthe excursions to the south of Spain under the guidance ofcompetent conductors who did not exceed the moderate costat first agreed upon. There were several of these excursionsso arranged in point of time that the caravans," as suchparties are called by the railway officials, worked inde-pendently of each other, visiting the same towns insuccession. In every case the parties had to be small,for the hotel and railway facilities in Spain are notgreat. One through train runs in each direction dailyand on three nights a week there is an express with sleep-ing-cars attached. The track is single and the halts aremany and long. Early breakfast and déjeuner are takenen route at a wayside station with the guard, engine-driver,and fireman, whilst dinner is usually served in the hoteleither before starting or on arrival at the destination.Through carriages are only to be obtained as a special favour,the number of places in each train is as fixed as it used tobe in the diligences, trains cannot be multiplied to suit thetraffic, nor is it usual to add a carriage when the train is full.It is necessary, therefore, to give ample notice when acaravan of even moderate size intends to travel. Seats mustbe booked some days in advance and the heavy luggage maybe required 12 hours before the train starts, a custom whichaffords ample opportunity for an unauthorised and furtiveexamination of the baggage in the early hours of the morning.Passengers are still penned up in stuffy waiting-roomsuntil the train starts and, more irritating than all, the bookingoffice is closed with exemplary punctuality ten minutesbefore the advertised time of departure. There are, how-ever, compensating ad,antages : the carriages are comfortable,all the windows are open, the trains are punctual, and as theaverage speed is about 17 miles an hour the country is seenat leisure.A long night journey of 350 miles intervenes between Madrid

and Seville, but the glories of the latter town amply repay thetraveller for the discomfort of getting there. The magnificentCathedral which overtops all the other buildings in the city,the Alcazar, or ancient royal palace, with its Moorish Hallof the Ambassadors and its lovely hanging gardens throngedwith nightingales, the copy of Pontius Pilate’s house, andthe Torre del Oro where the gold of Mexico was stored on itsarrival in Europe, make Seville the most interesting city inthe south of Spain. The clean and narrow streets, the trimpatios or forecourts of the houses, the shops open to thestreet as in a bazaar, and the dozens of barbers all plyingtheir trade in full view of the passers-by were the firstindications to the caravan that the customs of Paris andMadrid had been exchanged for an older and more pic-turesque civilisation. Three days were spent at Seville, onebeing a Sunday to give an opportunity of attending highmass celebrated most gorgeously and impressively in theCathedral. Part of another day was devoted to visitingItalica which was founded by Scipio Africanus as a sana-torium for his veterans. A fine amphitheatre remains butthere are not even ruins of the town where the emperorsTrajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius first saw the light.

.

Three clear days did not exhaust the charms of Seville,for the whole time might well have been spent inthe picture gallery amongst the Murillos which viewith, if they do not actually excel, the magnificent collec-tion at Madrid. The fourth day was spent in traversingthe 280 miles which separate Seville from Granada. The

party was certainly routed and its individual memberswere nearly destroyed on their arrival by the touts of thedifferent hotels in the town. But rooms had been securedin the Washington Irving Hotel within the grounds of theAlhambra and after a very late dinner most of the caravanwent to bed, preferring to imagine rather than to see thebeauties of the ancient Moorish palace as revealed by thelight of a full moon. The next day was devoted to an ex-ploration of the Alhambra, but it was not seen to the best

advantage, for the weather was cold and dull, whilst the

beggars were noisy and importunate. The beautiful gardensof the Generalife were visited and as a point of honour adrive was taken through the gipsies’ quarter. The visit wasnot made without some trepidation on the part of the ladies,for one party had an escort of soldiers and another hadominous tidings of the newly committed murder and robberyof a Spanish gentleman who had been quietly returninghome on the previous evening. The gipsies appeared, how-ever, as picturesque villains dwelling in caves much afterthe fashion of our ancestors, but with greater conveniences,