Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) isthe main cause of pain of non-dental origin in the oro-facial region including head, face and related structures.

The aetiology and the pathophysiologyof TMD is poorly understood.

occlusion is frequently cited as one of the major aetiological factors causing TMD.

It is well known from epidemiologic studies that TMD-related signs and symptoms, particularly temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds, are frequently found in children and adolescents and show increased prevalence among subjects between 15 and 45 years old.

Aesthetic awareness has increased the number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment.

The attention of the orthodontic community regarding TMD was heightened in the late 1980s after litigation involving orthodontic treatment as the cause of TMD in orthodontic patients

on examining the publications from 1995 to 2009, an increasing number of studies refute or reduce the importance of the role of occlusal factors in the aetiology of TMD.

It can be concluded that occlusion is currently declining in importance and is now considered as a cofactor.

Other aetiological factors, such as trauma, parafunctional behaviour, psychosocial disorders, gender, genetics and centrally mediated mechanisms, are considered more important.

In 1995, a review of this topic by McNamara, Seligman and Okeson (70) listed eight conclusions that refute this possible association.

1 .Signs and symptoms of TMD occur in healthyindividuals

2. Signs and symptoms of TMD increase with age,particularly during adolescence. Thus, TMD that originates during orthodontic treatment may not be related to the treatment.

3 .Orthodontic treatment performed during adolescence generally does not increase or decrease the chances of developing TMD later in life.

4 .The extraction of teeth as part of an orthodontic treatment plan does not increase the risk of developing TMD.

5 .There is no elevated risk for TMD associated with any particular type of orthodontic mechanics.

6. Although a stable occlusion is a reasonable orthodontic treatment goal, not achieving a specific gnathologically ideal occlusion does not result in TMD signs and symptoms.

7. No method of TM disorder prevention has been demonstrated.

8 .When more severe TMD signs and symptoms are present, simple treatments can alleviate them in most patients.

Even though most of the studies consistently do not support the correlation between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders, it must be stressed that definitive conclusions cannot be drawn because of the unknown cause of TMD,

Before starting orthodontic treatment, it is advisable to perform always a screening examination for the presence of TMD.

Any findings, including TMJ sounds, deviation during mandibular movements or pain, should be recorded and updated at 6-month intervals, and informed consent should be signed by the patient

first step is to make the diagnosis. When the patient’s chief complaint is pain, it is important to make a differential diagnosis to determine whether the pain is because of TMD, i.e. musculoskeletal condition, or to another disease.

The second step is to resolve the pain by following a conservative treatment protocol including pharmacotherapy, counselling, behavioural therapy, home exercises, physical therapy and ⁄ or occlusal appliances.

As a rule, orthodontic treatment should not be initiated as long as a patient suffers fromfacial pain.

TMD is a multifactorial pathology, and it is difficult to demonstrate a direct correlation between one of the causes, such as occlusion, and TMD.

With regard to TMJ dysfunction, the treatment goals should of course be to reduce pain and to improve function.