The Road to Independence Unit two: Chapter Four A graphic illustration of how tensions b/c England and its American colonies intensified from 1619 to Great Migration Elected Assemblies Navigation Acts Appointed Governors French and Indian War Cost of French and Indian War Procla- mation of 1763 England Stations Perma- nent Army F & I war ends: Strained Colonial Relations: British felt that Colonists didnt pull their weight. Americans were shocked at how bad the British military tactics were. Americans strong beliefs: Loss of respect of the British military. Did not believe the British shared the same values as the Americans and did not treat them with the respect they deserved as British subjects. Salutary Neglect Ends Mercantilism Governments policy to be richer, stronger, and larger than any other nation through trade and commerce. Colonies important in this: Supplied raw materials Had few industries of their own What does this mean for GB? Ready market for GB goods Trade and taxes Colonies were part of the Triangular Trade Route Took rum from the colonies from Africa, slaves from Africa to West Indies, & molasses from West Indies to America. 2 types of taxes GB imposed on America: Direct Tax levied directly on individuals by the govt Indirect Tax hidden in price of item Why did GB tax the Colonies so much??? 1 - GB had huge war debt. 2 - Many in GB felt colonists should be responsible for much of the debt b/c the war was fought to protect them. Reasons why, cont. 3 - GB felt they needed to exercise stricter control over the upstart colonies. 4 - GB wanted to insure own market, while ending competition in the colonies from other European nations. So how else can we show them we are boss? Tax the heck out of them!!!! How might the new policies upset the colonists? Are taxes the only thing that are bothering the colonists??? Taxes and Tensions: Mercantile Laws Provisions Results Restricted colonial export of a certain manufactured good. Banned immigration of skilled GB workers to colonies. None since they were not really enforced Taxes and Tensions: Navigation Acts Provisions Results Began list of enumerated commodities (made in Amer, shipped only to GB) Tobacco, cotton, indigo & sugar Goods had to be carried on GB or colonial built ships Rarely enforced GB attempted to create monopoly no competition from colonists or other countries. Taxes and Tensions: Molasses Act Provisions Results Heavy tax on sugar to colonies from anywhere except British West Indies Needed molasses for rum production! Rarely enforced Some smuggled in from France Taxes and Tensions: Proclamation of 1863 Provisions Results Ended all settlement west of Appalachian Mts. Sent troops to enforce. Protests We fought for the land. Pontiacs Rebellion Ohio Valley Indians attack encroaching colonists Issues behind the Revolution Issues Behind the Revolution British Pass Proclamation of 1763 protest the closure of lands, some ignore, send troops to patrol lands British Pass Sugar Act 1764 written protests, occasional boycotts, repealed in 1766, No Taxation Without Representation British pass Stamp Act 1765 protests turn violent, Stamp Act Congress, boycott all British goods, sons of liberty, nonimportation British pass Quartering Act 1765 colonial legislatures refused to provide for troops New York Assembly suspended for refusal More Issues: Declaratory Act 1766 colonists continued to protest taxation w/o rep. Townshend Acts 1767 Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania by John Dickinson, boycott British goods cutting trade in Half, repealed in 1770 British Govt removes governors and courts from colonial control, Committee of Correspondence Burning of the Gaspee Boston Massacre Tea Act 1773 Boston Tea Party, Things get rough And More Issues Coercive Acts 1774 (Intolerable Acts) The Port Bill closed port of Boston until Tea is paid for Massachusetts Government Act British take over all government function not allowed to hold town meetings w/o permission Quartering Act (New) no more camps, redcoats living in homes Administration of Justice Act British customs officials and officers could not be tried in the colonies, General Gage appointed Gov. Effects of the Intolerables Boycotts organized EX: Homespun clothes, not GB wools Non-importation agreements: Wont buy GB goods! Songs and Daughters of Liberty Protest with organized resistance Effigies Dummies hung from liberty trees Tar and Feather Stamp Act Congress Oct /13 colonial legislatures sent delegates to NY Drew up resolutions Organized boycott Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770 Crowd 50 or 60 Threw: Sticks, snowballs, rocks at Redcoats outside Customs House. Soldiers opened first Killed 5 Including Crispus Attucks - slave First Continental Congress Sep Philly 56 Delegates, 12 Colonies Wrote to King George demanding: 1. Repeal of Coercive/Intolerab le Acts 2. Rights to life, liberty and property 3. Rights for colonial legislatures Agreed to: Support each other Carry on/increase boycotts Est. militias & stockpile weapons! The Shot Heard Round the World! April 19, 1775 . It starts! 700 GB soldiers sent to Concord to destroy weapons Led by: Gage Sons of Liberty sent Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott & Dawes (40 others) to warn of GB approach. The shot heard round the world! Lexington and Concord British reached Lexington met by 70 minutemen 8 colonists killed, 10 wounded, 1 GB soldier wounded. Colonists disperse. March on Concord Find little gunpowder On way to Boston, attacked by minutemen. 250 GB and 100 Amer killed Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Ben Franklin Set up a United Defense Continental Army Approved Washington as Commander Fighting For Independence British Strengths: Well equipped and disciplined army. Strong navy. Help from ____________. Loyalists British Weaknesses: Unpopular war. Unknown and hostile land. Unfamiliar fighting tactics. American Strengths: Home field advantage. Determination Guerrilla warfare. American Weaknesses: Inexperienced and disorganized military. Needs help from abroad. Progression of the Revolution Major Battles and their significance Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill NY May 1775 Green Mtn. Boys from Vermont attacked and captured fort full of British supplies. June 1775 Americans occupied hill in Boston 3 GB attacks up hill led by Thomas Gage Gentlemans war Amer lost on 3 rd attack, but still moral victory GB 40% casualties December 1775 George III hires Hessians Colonists are divided: Patriots, Loyalists, Neutral But its not just about physical war Common Sense Book by Thomas Paine Spread the idea of breaking away from England It is common sense that we should rule ourselves instead of being ruled by a small Kingdom one whole ocean away! Who else is influencing the colonists? John Locke natural rights Govt is for the good of the people Social contract Baron de Montesquieu Ditto to Locke 3 branches of govt The Declaration of Independence More August 1776: NYC 32,000 GB soldiers take and hold NYC for next 7 years GB offers pardons to American army Washington refuses and retreats Dec Trenton, NJ Christmas night Washington crosses Delaware River and attacks 1300 Hessians Surprise attack! Kill/capture 1,000 Victory boosts Patriots! Doctors found note on Johan Rall (Hessian leader) warning of attack not even opened! American problems Congress couldnt tax Wealthy merchants loaned $$ Lack of soldiers Planting season Fighting in area only Lack of supplies Needed aid from French Ben Franklin went to smooze Sep/Oct 1777 Oct 1777 Brandywine & Saratoga, NY Germantown, PA GB victories that led to capture of Philly 2 nd Continental Congress fled GB later evacuated city to concentrate on NYC Important American victory GB attempted to split colonies in half Turning point!!! Led to French alliance Patriots began to believe they could win Winter 1777/8 Sep 1780 Valley Forge, PA Capture of Benedict Arnold Winter encampment of American Army 10,000 soldiers died from: Lack of food, cold, frozen feet amputated, lack of shoes, smallpox Washington used time to train Unbeatable! Trusted general served under GW Wounded at Saratoga Milit Gov of Philly Tried to give GB fort at West Point Notes intercepted Escaped, fled on the Vulture Joined GB, moved back Oct 1780 Oct 1781 Fighting in South Yorktown, VA Gen Cornwallis switched tactics and decided to attack from the south thru S and NC Support of loyalists Planned to march to VA and meet up with GB, to split USA in half. French ships jeopardized GB blockade of Amer ports Kept GB from arriving on coast GW attacked Cornwallis with help of French led by Marquis de LaFayette GB surrenders!!! Section #5: Winning Independence American Hardships: Financing the War. Disruptions in Trade. Blockade Profiteering Inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) British recognize U.S.A. as an independent nation Land borders Return Florida to Spain Causes and Effects of the American Revolution Causes Proclamation of 1763 stops colonists from moving west. Parliament taxes colonies to pay British war debts. Intolerable Acts set up harsh rule in Massachusetts. Effects Colonies declare independence. British surrender at Yorktown. British recognize American independence. U.S. borders extend to Florida and Mississippi River. United States Constitution is adopted.