the restoration 1660-1685 the eighteenth century 1700-1798
TRANSCRIPT
THE RESTORATION 1660-1685 THE RESTORATION 1660-1685 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYTHE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
1700-17981700-1798
Related and Alternative Related and Alternative DesignationsDesignations
•Neoclassical Period
•Age of Reason
•Age of Rationalism
•Age of Enlightenment
•The Augustan Age
1660-1785: 1660-1785: The Eighteenth Century:The Eighteenth Century:
The Neoclassical PeriodThe Neoclassical Period• 1660-1700: The Restoration
• 1700-1745: The Augustan Age
(or Age of Pope)
• 1745-1785: The Age of Sensibility
(or Age of Johnson)
CHRONOLOGYCHRONOLOGY
RulersRulers
Historical EventsHistorical Events
Literary EventsLiterary Events
CHRONOLOGY
Ruler Historical Events Literary Events
1600
Charles II (1660-85) Restoration (1660-1700) Samuel Pepys (1633-1703):The Diary (1660)
John Dryden
Jonathan Swift. (1667-1745)
James II (1685-88)
William (1689-1702) and Mary (1689-94)
CHRONOLOGY
Ruler Historical Events Literary Events
1700
Anne (1702-14) 1700-1745: The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
Newton’s Opticks (1704)
George I (1714-27) Rape of the Lock (1714)
Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
George II (1727-60) 1745-1785: The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
Johnson’s Dictionary (1755)
George III (1760-1820) American Declaration of Independence (1776)First Australian colonies
1818THTH CENTURY CENTURYBACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
Age of ReasonAge of Rationalism
Age of EnlightenmentAugustan Literary Epoch
Neoclassical Period
AGE OF REASONAGE OF REASON
NEW ENLIGHTENMENT: ScienceNEW ENLIGHTENMENT: Science
NEWTON
AGE OF REASONAGE OF REASON
NEW ENLIGHTENMENT: NEW ENLIGHTENMENT: PhilosophyPhilosophy
LOCKE
AGE OF REASONAGE OF REASON
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY:SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY:
• An age increasingly dominated by empiricism
• Natural laws and discoverable • Natural laws could be used by
men for understanding and regulation
1700-1745: 1700-1745: The Augustan AgeThe Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE AUGUSTAN LITERATURE
“Augustan” derives from George I wishing to be seen as Augustus Caesar
George I Augustus Caesar
Alexander Pope: Alexander Pope: Epistle to Epistle to AugustusAugustus
The Age of George was like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical
Alexander Pope HoraceAlexander Pope Horace
1700-1745: 1700-1745: The Augustan AgeThe Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE AUGUSTAN LITERATURE
• Also Augustan Poetry
"Augustan" derives from George I wishing to be seen as Augustus CaesarAlexander Pope, imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus:Age of George like of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical
1700-1745: 1700-1745: The Augustan AgeThe Augustan Age
AUGUSTAN LITERATUREAUGUSTAN LITERATURE
• Augustan literature is a style of English literature produced during the reigns of Queen Anne, King George I, and George II in the first half of the 18th century, ending in the 1740s with the deaths of Pope and Swift (1744 and 1745, respectively).
1700-1745: 1700-1745: The Augustan AgeThe Augustan Age
AUGUSTAN LITERATURE: GenresAUGUSTAN LITERATURE: Genres
• NOVEL: Rapid development of the novel
• SATIRE: Explosion in satire
• MELODRAMA: Mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama
• POETRY: Evolution toward poetry of personal exploration.
1700-1745: 1700-1745: The Augustan AgeThe Augustan Age
Political-economyPolitical-economy
In the writings of political-economy it marked
• the evolution of mercantilism (as a formal philosophy),
• the development of capitalism, and
• the triumph of trade.
SOCIO-POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICSSOCIO-POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PASSION FOR ORDER :
vs
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHAOS
OF THE PRECEDING CENTURY
Social characteristicsSocial characteristics
• On the whole, the Augustan Age gives the impression of assured
• elegance and• refinement, • decorous social behavior, and • propriety, • grace, and certain• rigidity in the arts.
Social characteristicsSocial characteristics
But beneath the puffery or wigs and beribboned silks, beneath the restrained and witty conversation, there remained
• a very human zest for living – at times even a touch of boorishness. There was also
• a pronounced uneasiness about the supposedly settled state of things.
‘‘Whigs’Whigs’
1818thth Century Contrasts Century Contrasts
Instability evident in contrastsInstability evident in contrasts
• the beaux and belles were carried in their coaches or brocaded sedan chairs for an evening’s entertainment,
the poor lived with filth and stench and wondered what they would eat next day.
the beaux and belles were carried the beaux and belles were carried in their brocaded sedan chairsin their brocaded sedan chairs
The Poor (1700-1800)The Poor (1700-1800)
Epidemics, Migration and DiscoveryEpidemics, Migration and Discovery
The 18th Century saw a growth in
• industrialization
that brought more and more people to cities in search of work.
Epidemics, Migration and DiscoveryEpidemics, Migration and Discovery
While this led to
• overcrowding,
• poor sanitation and
• subsequent epidemics, there was a growing recognition of the
nature of disease.
Epidemics, Migration and DiscoveryEpidemics, Migration and Discovery
There were two prevailing views of the causes of epidemics:
• Miasmic and Contagion.
• Both have public health implications.
MiasmicMiasmic::
• This theory held that epidemics stemmed from certain atmospheric conditions and from miasmas rising from organic materials.
ContagionContagion: :
This theory held that epidemics resulted from transmission of germs.
Contrasts of the 18Contrasts of the 18thth Century Century
The contrasts extended to the lofty figures of the age as well,
Dr. Johnson – Deep personal Dr. Johnson – Deep personal strugglesstruggles
• His own writings and the reports of Boswell and others, indicates that this great man of letters who had such a sure touch and such apparently set opinions was actually tortured by deep personal struggles
Swift betrays disgust in reasonSwift betrays disgust in reason
The Satire of Dean Swift betrays disgust in reason, human nature, and social progress
Pope and Addison - SatirePope and Addison - Satire
• Even the lighter satire of Pope and Addison hints at some misgivings about the settled nature of things and the ideals of reasonable human behavior.
The frontiers of the British Empire The frontiers of the British Empire were extendedwere extended
• There was an energetic restlessness in the age which pushed at established limits. The frontiers of the British Empire were extended deeper into America, Africa, and Asia.
London – Urban Center of TradeLondon – Urban Center of Trade
• London was growing into an ever greater urban center of trade, its creative and commercial life focusing on the smoky din of its coffee houses where merchants, lawyers, writers, brokers, and men of affairs, as well as the “pretty fellows” of fashion, gathered to bargain, argue, swear (with restraint, of course) laugh, gossip, and read the latest poem, pamphlet, or journal.
1818thth Century London Century London
Party Politics and PowerParty Politics and Power
• The eighteenth century was also a time of earnest party politics and shifting centers of political power. During the early years of the century the middle class, which had already begun to merge with the landed gentry, through intermarriage and common concerns for wealth and property, moved into a position of political dominance.
Party Politics and PowerParty Politics and Power
• Representative of this enlarged and newly powerful group was the Whig party which gained great power in Parliament. When Queen Anne, the last of the Stuart monarchs, died without an heir in 1714, the Whigs threw the Tory, or conservative party out of office and granted the royal succession to Anne’s cousins from the small German kingdom of Hanover.
Anne of Great BritainAnne of Great Britain
• c. 1683• Reign8 March 1702 – 1
August 1714• Predecessor William III & II• Successor George I• Spouse Prince George of
Denmark• Died1 August 1714 (aged 49)
Kensington Palace, London• Burial Westminster Abbey,
London
Recruiting party. - He's a fine fellow, and I dare say will Recruiting party. - He's a fine fellow, and I dare say will never disgrace the scarlet d-mme - he'll be a General. - never disgrace the scarlet d-mme - he'll be a General. - Brought in a new recruit your honour. - Shall we play the Brought in a new recruit your honour. - Shall we play the
Grenadiers MarchGrenadiers March
George I and George IIGeorge I and George II
• The first kings of the House of Hanover - George I (1714-1727) and George II (1727-1760) – were, contrary to common belief, competent if limited rulers,.
George IGeorge I (George Louis; German: (George Louis; German: Georg LudwigGeorg Ludwig ) )
• 8 May 1660 – 11 June 1727)[
• King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death.
• Ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698.
George II George II (George Augustus; German: (George Augustus; German: Georg II Georg II ))
• August; 10 November 1683[1] – 25 October 1760)
• King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover)
• Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death
Townshend, Walpole and the PittsTownshend, Walpole and the Pitts
• …but their power rested to a large extent in the hands of their cabinet ministers, Townshend, Walpole, and the two Pitts, who were masterful wielders of political influence and effective in keeping Parliament in line.
George IIIGeorge III
• When George III came to the throne in 1760, he tried successfully to reestablish the Tory party and to loosen Parliamentary curbs on monarchial power.
George III of the United KingdomGeorge III of the United Kingdom
• 1738-1820• King of Great Britain
and Ireland (1760-1801)
• Third monarch of the House of Hanover.
• Unlike his two predecessors, born in Britain and English first language.
George III – Political IssuesGeorge III – Political Issues
His obstinacy in asserting himself over Parliament and in insisting on Parliament’s power over the American colonies caused a long period of political instability in England and prolonged war in America.
George III – Illness and MadnessGeorge III – Illness and Madness
• By 1788 George III had already begun to show signs of progressive blindness and madness, and for the last two decades of his reign his life was enshrouded in the darkness of insanity.
End of the eighteen centuryEnd of the eighteen century
• England had already suffered the first major loss to her colonial empire.
• War with America had drawn her into war with France.
• The Industrial Revolution which was to blacken Britain’s skies had already begun.
American Revolution American Revolution (1763-1783)(1763-1783)
The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution (late18(late18thth – 19 – 19thth centuries) centuries)
Period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in
• Agriculture,
• Manufacturing,
• Production, and
• Transportation
had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.
The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution (late18(late18thth – 19 – 19thth centuries) centuries)
• The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
• The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society.
• Almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
First Industrial Revolution vs First Industrial Revolution vs Second Industrial RevolutionSecond Industrial Revolution
• The First Industrial Revolution,
which began in the 18th century, merged into the
• Second Industrial Revolution
around 1850,
Watt Steam EngineWatt Steam Engine
Second Industrial RevolutionSecond Industrial Revolution
Technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of
(1850) steam-powered ships,
railways
(later in the 19th century)
internal combustion engine
electrical power generation.
Steam-powered ships and RailwaysSteam-powered ships and Railways
Internal Combustion Engine and Internal Combustion Engine and electrical power generationelectrical power generation
By the end of the eighteen centuryBy the end of the eighteen century
The truths which had seemed so self-evident at the beginning of the century were being questioned by those with a new vision of man’s role in the world.
ADDITIONAL NOTESADDITIONAL NOTESPERIODS AND ERAS
IN ENGLISH HISTORY
Relevant Periods in English History Relevant Periods in English History
• Stuart Period (1603–1714)
• Georgian era (1714–1830)
• British Regency (1811–1820)
Periods and eras in English History Periods and eras in English History
• Tudor period (1485–1603)– Elizabethan era (1558–1603)
• Stuart Period (1603–1714)–Jacobean era (1603 – 1625)–Caroline era (1625—1642)
• Georgian era (1714–1830)• British Regency (1811–1820)• Edwardian period (1901–1910)
Stuart PeriodStuart Period
• Jacobean Age - James VI of Scotland and I of England (1603-1625)
• Carolean Age - Charles I of England and Scotland (1625-1649)
• Commonwealth (English Interregnum : 11 years)
• Restoration Age : Charles II of England (1660-1685) and Scotland (1649-1685)
Stuart Period (Cont.)Stuart Period (Cont.)
• James II of England and VII of Scotland (1685-1688)
• Mary II of England and Scotland (1689-1694) - with William III of England and II of Scotland (1689-1702),
• Augustan Age - Anne of Great Britain (1702-1714)
Works Cited and Sources Works Cited and Sources
• Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Volume A. 2nd Compact Edition. London: Longman, 2004.
• David Burnley. The History of the English Language. 2nd ed. London: Pearson Education, 2000.
• Glatthorn, Allan A., Charles W. Kreidler & Enerst J.Heiman. The Dynamics of Language. Book 4. USA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1971.
Works Cited and Sources Works Cited and Sources
• Jordan, Constance, and Clare Carroll. “The Early Modern Period.” The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Vol.A. London: Longman, 2004. 391-1039.
• Miller, James E., Jr., Myrtle J. Jones, and Helen McDonnel. England in Literature. Macbeth Edition. London: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1973.
• Nist, John. A Structural History of English. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966.