the republic of the congo (république du congo)

12
Republic of the Congo 1 Republic of the Congo Not to be confused with the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo or its antecedent, the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville. Coordinates: 1.44°S 15.556°E [1] Republic of the Congo République du Congo  (French) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French) "Unity, Work, Progress" Anthem: La Congolaise  (French) The Congolese

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Page 1: The Republic of the Congo (République Du Congo)

Republic of the Congo 1

Republic of the CongoNot to be confused with the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo or its antecedent, the Republic of theCongo-Léopoldville.Coordinates: 1.44°S 15.556°E [1]

Republic of the CongoRépublique du Congo  (French)

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French)"Unity, Work, Progress"

Anthem: La Congolaise  (French)The Congolese

Page 2: The Republic of the Congo (République Du Congo)

Republic of the Congo 2

Capitaland largest city

Brazzaville4°16′S 15°17′E [2]

Official languages French

Recognised regional languages •• Kongo•• Lingala

Ethnic groups • 48% Kongo• 20% Sangha• 17% Teke• 12% M'Bochi•• 3% Europeans / others

Demonym Congolese

Government Dominant-party presidential republic

 -  President Denis Sassou Nguesso

Legislature Parliament

 -  Upper house Senate

 -  Lower house National Assembly

Independence

 -  from France August 15, 1960 

Area

 -  Total 342,000 km2 (64th)132,047 sq mi

 -  Water (%) 3.3

Population

 -  2014 estimate 4,662,446 (125th)

 -  Density 12.8/km2 (204th)33.1/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate

 -  Total $21.992 billion

 -  Per capita $5,145

GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate

 -  Total $14.705 billion

 -  Per capita $3,400

HDI (2013)  0.534low · 142nd

Currency Central African CFA franc (XAF)

Time zone WAT (UTC+1)

Drives on the right

Calling code +242

ISO 3166 code CG

Internet TLD .cg

Page 3: The Republic of the Congo (République Du Congo)

Republic of the Congo 3

The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), sometimes referred to as Congo Republic[3] orCongo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central AfricanRepublic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda.The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, theformer colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was aMarxist-Leninist single-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although ademocratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War.

HistoryMain article: History of the Republic of the Congo

Pre-ColonialBantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliestinhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people about 1500 BCE. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnicity that also occupiedparts of present-day Angola, Gabon and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities andrivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and theTeke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

The court of N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi, fromthe book Description of Africa (1668)

The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew up between the inlandBantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded variouscommodities, manufactured goods, and slaves captured from thehinterlands. For centuries the Congo river delta served as a majorcommercial hub for transatlantic trade. However, direct Europeancolonization of the area began in the late 19th century and eroded thepower of the Bantu societies in the region .[4]

French Colonial Era

The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treatywith Makoko of the Bateke.[] This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, andOubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital.Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction.The methods were often brutal: establishment of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has beenestimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of FreeFrance between 1940 and 1943.[5] The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in Frenchcolonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spendingas a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a locallegislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved intoits constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During thesereforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958[6] and published its first constitution in1959.[7] Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots inBrazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.[8]

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Post-Independence EraThe Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as thecountry's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that oustedhim. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional governmentheaded by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat'sterm in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congoestablished relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam.Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional and ideological factions and his regime endedabruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in August 1968.

The flag of the People's Republic of the Congo.

Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed thepresidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabiproclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People'sRepublic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the NationalRevolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese LabourParty (PCT). On March 16, 1977, President Ngouabi was assassinated.An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was named tohead an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve asPresident of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango wasforced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the newpresident.

Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the SovietUnion. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain hisdictatorship.

Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-partydemocracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 theIMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on theverge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight over power. Aspresidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou campsmounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville andSassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict thatdestroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, theAngolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissoubagovernment fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself President.In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissoubaand Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advisedhis supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon byreferendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced anew bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and theconstitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the single-partystate. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces andrebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.The regime held the presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".[9] The

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Republic of the Congo 5

régime announced Sassou as the winner.

Government and politicsMain article: Politics of the Republic of the CongoSee also: Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo and Military of the Republic of the CongoCongo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavilydominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections heldunder his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail)as well as a range of smaller parties.Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One Frenchinvestigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denouncedembezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".

Human rightsMain article: Human rights in the Republic of the CongoAs of 2008, the main media are owned by the government but many more privately run forms of media are beingcreated. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.UNICEF and human-rights activists have voiced their concerns about the precarious conditions in which manyCongolese Pygmies live. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion andprotection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historicdevelopment for indigenous peoples on the continent.[10]

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Administrative divisionsMain articles: Departments of the Republic of the Congo, Communes of the Republic of the Congo and Districts ofthe Republic of the CongoThe Republic of the Congo is divided into 12départements (departments). Departments aredivided into communes and/or districts.[11]

These are:

•• Bouenza •• Likouala•• Cuvette •• Niari•• Cuvette-Ouest •• Plateaux•• Kouilou •• Pool•• Lékoumou •• Sangha•• Brazzaville •• Pointe Noire

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Republic of the Congo 7

Geography and climateMain article: Geography of the Republic of the Congo

Map of the Republic of the Congo

Climate diagram for Brazzaville

Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa,along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic ofCongo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and theCentral African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to thesouthwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.

The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south ofthe country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.

The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primarydrainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consistsof a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forestsare under increasing exploitation pressure.[12]

Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistentyear-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C(75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F).The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) insouth in the Niari valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in centralparts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while inthe majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima:one in March–May and another in September–November.

In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Societystudied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouessodistrict of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whoseisolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.

EconomyMain article: Economy of the Republic of the CongoSee also: List of companies based in the Republic of the Congo

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Cassava is an important food crop inthe Republic of Congo.

The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrialsector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a governmentcharacterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction hassupplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accountedfor 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.[13] Thecountry also has large untapped mineral wealth.

In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to financelarge-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, oneof the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantialportion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. TheJanuary 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted ininflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.

Kinshasa seen from Brazzaville. The two capitalsare separated by the Congo River.

Economic reform efforts continued with the support of internationalorganizations, notably the World Bank and the International MonetaryFund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil warerupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the warin October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward oneconomic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation withinternational financial institutions. However, economic progress wasbadly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflictin December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.

The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace andfaces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery andreducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent majorCongolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most ofits diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it wasre-admitted to the group in 2007.

The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is amember of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolesegovernment signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce itsdependence on imports.[14][15]

DemographicsMain article: Demographics of the Republic of the Congo

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Religion in Republic of the Congo

religion percent

Roman Catholic 50.5%

Protestant 40.2%

Muslim 1.3%

Animism 2.2%

Baha’i 0.4%

Other 2.2%

A family from Basankusu in front of a typical fired-brick, palmthatched house

The Republic of the Congo's sparse population isconcentrated in the southwestern portion of the country,leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the northvirtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the mosturbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its totalpopulation living in a few urban areas, namely inBrazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities orvillages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railwaywhich connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrialand commercial activity has declined rapidly in recentyears, leaving rural economies dependent on thegovernment for support and subsistence.

Ethnically and linguistically the population of theRepublic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologuerecognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largestethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari inBrazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group arethe Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in northwest andin Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.[16]

Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French;only a fraction of this number remains.[] Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.The people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics and Protestants, who account for 50.5% and40.2% of the population respectively. The majority of Christians in the country are Catholic, while the remainingcomprises various other Christian denominations. Followers of Islam make up 1.3% of the population, and this isprimarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.[17]

According to a 2011–12 survey, total fertility rate was 5.1 with 4.5 in urban and 6.5 in rural.[18]

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HealthPublic expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.[19] HIVprevalence is at 3.4% among 15- to 49-year-olds.[20] Health expenditure was at US$ 30 per capita in 2004 A largeproportion of the population is undernourished. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s(decade).

CultureMain article: Culture of the Republic of the Congo

EducationMain article: Education in the Republic of the Congo

School children in the classroom, Republic of theCongo

Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991.Public education is theoretically free and mandatory forunder-16-year-olds,[21] but in practice, expenses exist. Net primaryenrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. Thecountry has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen iscompulsory. Students who complete six years of primary school andseven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At theuniversity, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and amaster's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers coursesin medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only publicuniversity. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educationalsystem as a whole models the French system. The educationalinfrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in mostclassrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they oftenlack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequentlyenroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo& params=-1. 44_N_15. 556_E_type:country[2] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo& params=4_16_S_15_17_E_type:country[3] http:/ / topics. nytimes. com/ top/ news/ international/ countriesandterritories/ congo/ New York Times[4] Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, A. A. Knopf, 1969, ISBN 0090979400[5] United States State Department. Office of the Historian. A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular

Relations, by Country, since 1776. " Republic of the Congo (http:/ / history. state. gov/ countries/ congo-republic)". Accessed October 9, 2010.[6] United States State Department. Bureau of African Affairs. Background Notes. " Republic of the Congo (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/

bgn/ 2825. htm)". Accessed October 9, 2011.[7] Robbers, Gerhard. Encyclopedia of World Constitutions (http:/ / books. google. com. hk/ books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C). Infobase Publishing,

2007. ISBN 0-8160-6078-9. Accessed October 9, 2011.[8] CONGO REPUBLIC: BRAZZAVILLE RIOTS AFTERMATH.,27 February 1959, Reuters,http:/ / www. itnsource. com/ shotlist/ / RTV/

1959/ 02/ 27/ BGY503110492/ ?s=evacuations[9] Vote results expected as opposition alleges fraud (http:/ / www. france24. com/ en/

20090715-congo-government-expected-release-vote-results-fraud-opposition-poll). France24 (July 16, 2009).[10][10] . iwgia.org, November 15, 2010[11][11] With inconsistent figures:

• The site of the Presidency of the Republic of Congo (http:/ / www. presidence. cg/ congo/ administration. php) lists 11 departments, 7communes, and 76 districts.

• The 2004 Statistical directory of Congo (http:/ / www. cnsee. org/ Publication/ Annuaire_04. pdf) lists 12 departments, 6 communes, and85 districts

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Republic of the Congo 11

• A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. Search (http:/ / www.zenga-mambu. com/ fiche. php?id=693)

• Finally, the good figures seem to come from this site (http:/ / www. congo-siteportail. info/ Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html): 12 departments, 7 communes, and 86 districts

[12] Map: Situation de l'exploitation forestière en République du Congo (http:/ / pdf. wri. org/ gfw_congo_atlas_v1_affiche_fr. pdf). (PDF) .Retrieved on February 25, 2013.

[13] Republic of Congo (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ AFRICAEXT/ CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00. html) World Bank

[14][14] Goodspeed, Peter (October 21, 2009) . National Post.[15] Congo hands land to South African farmers (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ africaandindianocean/ congo/ 6398253/

Congo-hands-land-to-South-African-farmers. html). Telegraph. October 21, 2009.[16] Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction (http:/ / www. lemonde. fr/ afrique/ article/ 2011/ 08/ 05/

les-pygmees-du-congo-en-danger-d-extinction_1556735_3212. html#ens_id=1259967). Lemonde.fr (August 5, 2011). Retrieved on February25, 2013.

[17] Religiously Remapped – Mapping Religious Trends In Africa – Dataset of Religious Affiliations (http:/ / www. religiouslyremapped. info/others/ fulldocument. pdf)

[18] http:/ / www. measuredhs. com/ pubs/ pdf/ FR267/ FR267. pdf[19][19] . undp.org[20] Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ rankorder/

2155rank. html). CIA – The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved on February 25, 2013.[21] Refworld | 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Congo, Republic of the (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ refworld/

country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0. html). UNHCR. Retrieved on February 25, 2013.

Further reading• Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0

External linksGovernment• Congolese Government Portal (http:/ / www. congo-siteportail. info/ ) (French)

• Presidency of the Republic (http:/ / www. presidence. cg/ accueil/ ) (French)

• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/ congo-republic-of-the. html)

General• Country Profile (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ africa/ country_profiles/ 1076794. stm) from BBC News• Republic of the Congo (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ cf. html) entry at

The World Factbook• Republic of the Congo (http:/ / ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ Congo. htm) from UCB Libraries

GovPubs• Republic of the Congo (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Africa/ Congo) at DMOZ• Wikimedia Atlas of the Republic of the Congo• Review of Congo (http:/ / www. un. org/ webcast/ unhrc/ archive. asp?go=090506) by the United Nations Human

Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review, May 6, 2009.• Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN – Congo (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ Africa-Country.

aspx?Country=CG)Tourism• Congo-Brazzaville.com (http:/ / www. congo-brazzaville. com/ )• Republic of the Congo travel guide from Wikivoyage

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Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsRepublic of the Congo  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608175799  Contributors: -- April, 1297, 2011kirkand, 2toise, A Werewolf, AMS351996, AP2B1R, Aaker,Abhijitsathe, Abrech, Acather96, Adamglass3000, AdjustShift, Adrianbrodal, Aeusoes1, Ahoerstemeier, Akanemoto, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aleenf1, AlexTheGrand, Alphachimp,Alphaman11, Amakuru, Andy Marchbanks, Aordictator, Aqwis, ArchonMeld, Aridd, ArnoLagrange, Arpajon, Asarelah, Attilios, Aude, Autoerrant, Avala, Avaragado, AxelBoldt,BLP-outrageous move logs, Badagnani, Bakaneko1337, Bazonka, Belovedfreak, Bemoeial, Bender235, Bentogoa, Benwildeboer, Big Adamsky, Bility, Biloxibear, BionicWilliam, Bjacks17,Black Falcon, Blanchardb, Bleakcomb, Blechnic, Blessthishouse, Bobkey, Bobo192, Bonadea, Boothy443, Bornfury, Bowdenator, Brammen, Brellindia, Brian0918, Brigade Piron, Brochill123,Bsm15, Buaidh, CPete, Caesura, CambridgeBayWeather, CanadianLinuxUser, Cantus, Caponer, CarlKenner, Carmichael, Cdc, Chadlupkes, Charles Essie, Charles Matthews, Chercheur,Chipmunkdavis, Chris the speller, Chris.bellmer.rip, Chrsorlando, Chun-hian, Cmichael, CommonsDelinker, Computerjoe, Condem, Congolese fufu, Constantine31313, Conte di Cavour,Conversion script, CopperSquare, Corporal, Craigy144, Credema, Crzrussian, CsDix, Cwolfsheep, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBlomgren, DSYoungEsq, Dainipponteikokunise, Damian Yerrick,Damifb, Danger, Daniel, Danlaycock, Danny, Daonguyen95, Darth Naeblis, Darwinek, Davewild, David H. Flint, David Kernow, David.Monniaux, Ddddan, DePiep, Demicx, Demmy, Denfjättrade ankan, Denisarona, Descendall, Deville, Dewan357, Dhnlin, Diannaa, Digamma, Discospinster, Dismas, DivineIntervention, Doc9871, DocWatson42, Docu, Domaleixo, DonAlessandro, Donner60, Dps04, Drbug, Dubhe.sk, E Pluribus Anthony, E rulez, EWikist, Earl Andrew, Echuck215, Edgar181, Editednpovaddition, Editor2423, El C, Elaragirl, Electionworld, Elf,Ellipsis21, Elonka, Eluchil404, Enlil Ninlil, Epbr123, Esn, Everyking, Evlekis, Ezeu, FF2010, Felix Zenga, Fibonacci, Fiet Nam, Fireworks, Fixer88, Flapdragon, Flatterworld, Foant, Francish7,Francvs, Frietjes, Fru1tbat, Fry1989, Funandtrvl, Funnybunny, Fæ, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, GeeJo, Gggh, Giraffedata, Glenn, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Good Olfactory,Gotipe, Graham87, Green Giant, Greenman, Grendelkhan, Ground Zero, Guaka, Gurch, Hadal, Haloblows, Heey123, HeikoEvermann, Heisman223, Hetzer, Hmains, HolePen, Hoshy85,HuskyHuskie, I80and, Idaltu, Ief, Ihategv, Incnis Mrsi, InverseHypercube, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, It Is Me Here, It is me i think, J.delanoy, JKelly1808, Jakezing, JamesR, Jandalhandler,Jared*is*a*tool, Javawizard, Jaw101ie, Jay Litman, Jddphd, Jebba, Jeff G., Jer10 95, Jfblanc, Jhendin, Jhertel, Jiang, Jimtaip, Jinkinson, JoanneB, John, John Cline, John K, John Nevard, JohnPrice, John of Reading, John102592, Jojit fb, JonC0001, JonHarder, Jorunn, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joy, Jrobin08, Jrugordon, Jusdafax, KGasso, Kahuzi, Kanags, Katiehawks, Kbaas3,Keegan, Kelvinc, Kikos, Killiondude, Kintetsubuffalo, Kkkdc, Kman665, Knutux, Koavf, Korky Day, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Krun, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, KyraVixen, Lar, Larissakir,Latitude0116, Led Zeppelin rockas, Lesouris, Lightmouse, Lilac Soul, Lilidor, Lilpimp123, Limongi, Lithium224, LittleDan, Liveangle, Llort, Llydawr, LlywelynII, Llywrch, Loginnigol,Lunkwill, M.Sokolow, MBisanz, MINGESELLE821, MJCdetroit, MaeseLeon, Magioladitis, Male1979, Manofsoccerandfutbol, Manway, Marco Liverpool, Marcos Elias de Oliveira Júnior,Marek69, Maroux, Martin H., Masanja, Materialscientist, Matt Crypto, MauriManya, Mav, Maxtremus, Mayumashu, Maziotis, McDogm, McTrixie, Mesgul82, Metricmike, Miaow Miaow, Mic,Middayexpress, Mightymights, Mike Rosoft, Mike22r, Mini-Geek, MinnesotanConfederacy, Miranda, Misos, Mistakefinder, Mitch1981, Mlouns, Monopoly31121993, Montrealais, Moon.feed,Morwen, Mr. Stradivarius, MrPMonday, Munci, Muyoma, Mwmoretti, Mysid, Namiba, Narayansg, Nattypoos, NawlinWiki, Nedrutland, Neptune5000, Nesteoil, Netoholic, Nfette, Night w,Nightstallion, Nikkimaria, Niko.glonti, Nk, Nneonneo, Nohat, Northamerica1000, Notheruser, Nubzor, NuclearWarfare, NumbiGate, Numbo3, Nyttend, Nzingamina, Octane, Ohnoitsjamie,Omicronpersei8, Orangemike, Oren neu dag, Paine Ellsworth, Paradocks31, Pascal, Patchouli, Patrick, Patrick-br, Paul Benjamin Austin, PaulGarner, Pennstatephil, PerLundberg, Persian PoetGal, Person of no interest, PeteJayhawk, Peter Greenwell, Peter Horn, PeterisP, Peyre, PhJ, Pharos, Pharos04, Philip Trueman, PhnomPencil, PhysicsR, Pinethicket, Polaron, Pollito con Papas,Polylepsis, Pranga69, Primarycontrol, Proudemon333, Pteron, Publicus, Qasaqsuyu, Qmwne235, Quendus, Qutezuce, Raincheck777, Rarelibra, Rasulo, Red Winged Duck, RedWolf, Regancy42,Reisio, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richar4034, Richard001, Rick Block, Rif Winfield, Rjwilmsi, Rmosler2100, RobertG, Roke, Romanm, RoyBoy, Rreagan007, RussellMcKenzie, SQL,Saccerzd, Sadalmelik, Saforrest, Samantha555, Sandstein, SarahStierch, Sarcelles, Savh, Scipius, Scythian99, Sean.hoyland, Seb az86556, Secfan, Seriousguy111, Sesel, Sesmith, Sexpistolsftw,Shady19, Shoeofdeath, ShweNyarThar, SiBr4, Sillyfolkboy, SimonP, Singkitkat27, Sinhala freedom, SisuUnlimited, Skinsmoke, Slazenger, Sligocki, Sluzzelin, Smichae, Snowdog, Sophiemeans wisdom, Soultaco, Spacepotato, Spudtater, Srikeit, StAnselm, Starfunker226, StaticGull, Stemonitis, Stephen G. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnimeAddict AA, Antemister, Courcelles, Denelson83, Erlenmeyer, Estrilda, FischersFritz, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, LA2, Madden, Mattes, Moyogo, Neq00, Nightstallion, Persiana,Pitke, Ratatosk, Romaine, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Thuresson, 6 anonymous editsFile:Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg  License: unknown Contributors: User:FornaxFile:Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Marcos Elias de Oliveira JúniorFile:Republic of the Congo - Location Map (2011) - COG - UNOCHA.svg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Republic_of_the_Congo_-_Location_Map_(2011)_-_COG_-_UNOCHA.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Odder, PharosFile:Steady2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steady2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Tomchen1989File:Court of Loango.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Court_of_Loango.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dittaeva, Ilse@, Moyogo, 1 anonymous editsFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Congo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Congo.svg  License: unknown  Contributors:ThommyFile:Congo departments named.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Congo_departments_named.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Jean-François BlancFile:Congo republic sm04.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Congo_republic_sm04.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Kintetsubuffalo, Maksim, Ras67, 1anonymous editsFile:Climate Brazzaville.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Climate_Brazzaville.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: SadalmelikFile:Manihot esculenta - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Manihot_esculenta_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhlers Medizinal-PflanzenFile:Kindepuisbrazza.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kindepuisbrazza.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: MarcelBuobFile:Basankusu - typical fired brick house.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Francish7File:SAINTE RITA CONG-BR2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FondationmarianisteFile:Gnome-globe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnome-globe.svg  License: GNU Lesser General Public License  Contributors: David Vignonifile:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:AleXXw

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