the renaissance 1485-1660 historical introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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The Renaissance in Europe
• Dates- Italy 14th century to England- mid 17th century
• Renaissance means “rebirth” • traditionally designates the centuries
following the Middle Ages in Europe. • Rebirth of classical literature and intellectual
fervor like ancient Rome and Greece
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Renaissance in EuropeDifferences from Middle Ages
• Revitalized interest in Greek and Roman civilization
• Their own times were a return to glorious achievements of classical times
• Purer literature • Strong religious influence
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Origins in Italy
• 14th century Italy • Authors– Petrach (Petrachian sonnets) – Boccacio
• Artists– Giotto– Donatello
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14th century Italian Artists
GIOTTODONATELLO
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Humanists
• Who? Scholars and educators• What did they believe? – Human beings are very capable beings – emphasized creation of art for all levels of society – People are worthy and dignified beings– Outward beauty can represent inward beauty
• Contrasted with Medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world (humanists wanted to appreciate this life)
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Italian Artists 15th and 16th centuries
Leonardo
daVinciMichelangelo
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Spread of Renaissance
• From Italy to France, Germany, England • During this time there was also territorial
expansion and discovery –1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue
• European colonial and commercial domination w/ Asia and Americas
• Beginning of modern world
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The Renaissance in England
• Slow to participate b/c of internal turmoil– War of the Roses – Yorks and Lancasters battling for throne (1455-
1485)– Country was not in a place to respond to or
participate in new artistic and intellectual movements
– War of Roses brought to an end when Henry Tudor defeated Yorkist King in 1485
– Henry Tudor becomes Henry VII
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Tudor Dynasty
from http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/Elizabeth/images/
family_tree.jpg
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Tudor Dynasty
• Rule for more than a century
• Bring stability–Henry VII (1485-1509)–Henry VIII son of Henry VII• Powerful political leader • Also afraid of what renaissance thinking would
do to the population
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Literary Figures
• Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)– Humanist– Wrote Utopia
• Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)• Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517?-1547) • Poets who based their writing off of their
exploration of Italian models
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Religious Tension in 16th century
• Catholics vs. Protestants• Protests against authority and corruption of
the Roman Catholic Church– Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther who was famous for stating his grievances against the church - nailed to the door of a church in Germany in 1517
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Religious Tension in 16th century• Henry VIII- always loyal to Roman Catholic• No religious motivation for England to align
itself with Protestant revolt• Henry’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had
not produced a male heir so he wanted a divorce– Pope refused – Henry defied the Pope and declared himself the
“Supreme Head of the Church in England” (Anglican Church)
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Consequences of break with Catholicism
• England came to have a new, independent, national identity
• When Sir Thomas More opposed Henry’s divorce and refused to swear allegiance to Henry as the head of the state, More was imprisoned and executed
• More was the leading figure in the renaissance and was sacrificed for political power of King
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Reformation in England
• Edward VI- 9 year old son of Henry VIII• Mary came to throne when Edward died
(1553-1558) (Bloody Mary) – Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon– Half Spanish; devout Catholic – Married Phillip II of Spain – Reign of terror against English Protestants to
return England to Catholic authority
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Mary
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Elizabeth I (1552-1603)
• Half-sister of Mary• Daughter of Henry VIII and his 2nd wife
Anne Boleyn• Took the throne at 25• Intelligent, educated by a Humanist • Linguist, poet • Encouraged artistic growth
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Elizabeth I
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Elizabeth I (1552-1603)• Religion– Moderate- somewhere between Protestant
extremism and capitulation to Catholicism• Foreign affairs: WONDER OF HER AGE!– Pushed for expansion – 2nd half of 16th century pushed English seamen to
raid Spanish ships – Prevented war with Spain by playing France off of
Spain – Used her unmarried status as a bargaining chip
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Elizabethan Literary Achievement
• Elizabeth’s Court in London– London was now a center of industry,
business, government, finance, and law–Many talented individuals came to her
court who were strong political or literary figures –Came to court to contribute what they
could
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Elizabeth’s Court
• Pair of authors who were close friends; discussed how to reform English poetry to make it as good as French and Italian
• Sir Phillip Sydney (1554-1586) • Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
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Elizabeth’s Court
Sidney:
•aristocrat Ideal Renaissance gentleman
•Strong political ideas and literary ability
• wrote for a private circle of friends
•Work not published until after death
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Elizabeth’s Court
• Spenser:–A “professional man of letters”–Scholar-poet–Wanted to be a great writer–Wrote “The Faerie Queene” a major
allegorical epic (never finished) –Which is dedicated to Elizabeth
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Elizabethan Drama• Greatest achievement of Elizabethan
literature• Characteristics: –More nonreligious plays (as compared with
medieval period)–Characters developed (more characters) –Many private performances–By end of 16th century writers were
educated at Oxford and Cambridge
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Elizabethan Drama
• Origins in:– native folk culture and popular entertainment – Sophisticated, aristocratic world of literary
circles and the court• Influences during 16th century – Dramatically spoken English; the dramatic
nature and flair distinguished them from Italian and French Renaissance writing
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Characteristics of Elizabethan Plays
– Basic sets, costumes, atmospheric effects
– Audience had to use imagination– Effects given through emphasis
on spoken word
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Elizabethan Theatres
• Theatres:– Shoreditch: first public theatre just outside city
limits of London in 1576 – Globe: home theater of Shakespeare’s company
just across the river Thames
• Audiences: – Crowding into theatre (London had a population
of 50,000)– ALL classes were in the audience
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GLOBE THEATRE
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Elizabethan Tastes and Attitudes• Peculiar combination of old and new• Love of the “artificial”– definition to Elizabethans • Everything that is made by human skill and
ingenuity – artificial in Elizabeth’s court
– fantastically decorated gowns; ornamental gardens and buildings
– artificial in literature• Complicated rhyming forms like the sonnet • Abstract verbal patterns but used repetition
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Elizabethan World Picture• “Great chain of being”
• World is a a vast, unified hierarchical order • Created by God• Everything is ranked within a category in the chain
• Human beings’ role in the chain – At the midpoint (souls and free will made
them above animals)– Could choose to move higher (toward
angels) or lower (toward animals)
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KEY TERMS & PEOPLE
• Renaissance • Humanists • War of the Roses• Globe • Artifice • “Great Chain of
being”
Petrarch Petrarch Michelangelo Michelangelo Henry VIIHenry VII Henry VIIIHenry VIII MaryMary Elizabeth IElizabeth I
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KEY AUTHORS
• Sir Thomas More• Sir Thomas Wyatt • Sir Philip Sydney • Edmund Spenser • Christopher Marlowe • William Shakespeare