the red list of rhododendrons...the red list of rhododendrons 4 foreword r.parmulatum(ken cox)...

Douglas Gibbs, David Chamberlain and George Argent

The Red List of

Rhododendrons

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilizebotanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for thewell-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat forthe IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

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AUTHORSDouglas Gibbs is Conservation Initiatives Manager forBGCI and Secretary of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group.

David Chamberlain is a Research Associate at RoyalBotanic Garden Edinburgh and author of a number ofkey Rhododendron publications, including his co-authorship of the Rhododendron section of the Flora ofChina.

George Argent is a Research Associate at RoyalBotanic Garden Edinburgh and has led numerousexpeditions resulting in a great many new introductionsto horticulture and publications on vireyarhododendrons.

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COVER PHOTOSFront cover: R. crassifolium from Mt Murud, Sarawak,Malaysia and grown at RBGE by K. Grant.Back cover: R. lanigerum by Ken Cox

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Printed on 80% recycled, 20% FSC certified paper.

The Red List of

Rhododendrons

Douglas Gibbs, David Chamberlainand George Argent

Acknowledgements 3

Acronyms 3

Foreword 4

Introduction 5

Information Collection for Conservation Assessment 6

Results of the Evaluation 7

Conservation and Research Priorities 9

References 12

GLOBALLY THREATENED RHODODENDRONS 13

Rhododendrons Evaluated as Least Concern 105

References 120

ANNEX 1IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1) 125

The Red List of Rhododendrons

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CONTENTS

assisted greatly with the early preparationwork required to carry out the evaluations.Jan Chamier very generously helped withher time and expertise.

Singapore Botanic Garden is thanked forhosting a workshop which involved theparticipation of Sudipto Chatterjee (WWF,India), Dr Lillian Swee Lian Chua (ForestResearch Institute, Malaysia), Prof. YuyingGeng (Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing), Dr Marion MacKay (MasseyUniversity, New Zealand), Ms DyanMeningsasi (Bali Botanic Garden,Indonesia), Nigel Price (Crarae GardenRhododendron Garden, UK), ProfessorChangqin Zhang (Kunming BotanicalGarden, China), Prof. Lehua Zhang(Lushan Botanical Garden, China),Wiguna Rahman (Cibodas BotanicGarden, Indonesia) Bian Tan (BGCI,Singapore), Sara Oldfield (BGCI, UK).

Sudipto Chatterjee and WinrockInternational India are thanked fororganizing the Eastern HimalayanWorkshop in Delhi, with the participationof Giridhar Amatya (IUCN, Nepal), G.Arrendran (WWF, India), Sejuti Basu

(Pragya, India), Nombi Tshering Bhutia(Dept of Forest Environment & WildlifeManagement, Govt of Sikkim), SudiptoChatterjee (Winrock International, India),Pijush Kumar Dutta (WWF, India), FangZhendong (Shangri-La Alpine BotanicalGarden, China), Prof. R. Geeta (DelhiUniversity, India), K.M. Jayahari (WinrockInternational, India), Dr K. Kire(Environment & Forest Dept, ArunachalPradesh, India), Dr A. Mao (BotanicalSurvey of India, Arunachal Pradesh,India), H.P. Pradhan (Forest, Environment& Wildlife Management Dept, Sikkim),Lalit Kumar Rai (GB Pant Institute ofHimalayan Environment & Development,India), Prof. H.Y. Mohan Ram (Universityof Delhi, India), A.R.K. Sastry (AndhraPradesh, India), Monalisa Sen (WinrockInternational, India), Dr K.K. Singh (GBPant Institute of Himalayan Environment& Development, Sikkim), Rajesh Tandon(Assam University, India), Xiangying Wen(BGCI, China), Prof. Changqin Zhang(Kunming Institute of Botany, China).

The GIS work was carried out with a copyof ArcEditor 10, provided by a generousESRI Conservation Program grant.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many experts around the worldhave contributed information andundertaken assessments for this

global evaluation and their contributionsare gratefully acknowledged.

Ken and Peter Cox (Glendoick, UK)helped greatly with commenting on draftsand facilitating the involvement ofadditional experts. In addition to thecontributions made by those experts ableto participate in the workshops, listedbelow, this report has been made possibleby the knowledge and experiences ofmany interested researchers andhorticulturists around the world, including:Dr Gillian Brown (University of Melbourne,Australia), Lyn Craven (Australian NationalHerbarium, Australia), Dr Frédéric Danet(Herbarium LYJB, France), Ahmed Fayaz(Massey University, New Zealand), SteveHootman (Rhododendron SpeciesFoundation, USA), Don Hyatt (Virginia,USA), Ron Miller (Florida, USA), Prof. JensNielsen (Technical University of Denmark,Denmark), Keith Rushforth (Devon, UK),Larry Stritch (USDA Forest Service, USA),Steve Yeatts (Georgia, USA), Liu Zhengyu(China). Simon Barber (Richmond, UK)

BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation InternationalCAS Chinese Academy of ScienceCBD Convention on Biological DiversityESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute

FFI Fauna & Flora InternationalGIS Geographical Information System

GSPC Global Strategy for Plant ConservationGTC Global Trees Campaign

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesRBGE Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

SSC Species Survival CommissionSIS DEM Species Information Service Data Entry Module

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Rhododendrons are stunninghorticultural plants widely cultivatedin temperate regions. In the wild

they are mainly associated with centres ofdiversity in the Himalayas and in South EastAsia, where they form importantcomponents of montane ecosystems. Intotal over 1000 species are recognised andthe genus is subject to ongoing taxonomicdebate. This report presents a review of theconservation status of Rhododendronspecies in their natural habitats, undertakenby experts from around the world inpartnership with the IUCN/SSCGlobal TreeSpecialist Group and the Royal BotanicGarden Edinburgh.

Since its establishment in 2003, theprimary role of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group has been to assess theglobal conservation status of tree speciesin selected geographical areas andtaxonomic groups. The Red List ofRhododendrons is the eighth publication inthe series. It is the aim of the Group to carryout a full assessment of the status of theworld’s trees by 2020.

The collection of information on woodyspecies of conservation concern is vital forplanning conservation action and therestoration of forest ecosystems. Thesecond role of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group is to act as an advisorybody for the Global Trees Campaign, whichaims to save the world’s most threatenedtree species and the habitats where theygrow. The Global Trees Campaign providesan important practical mechanism forimplementation of the Global Strategy forPlant Conservation of the Convention forBiological Diversity. Global tree red listingcontributes directly to Target 2 of theStrategy, which calls for an assessment ofthe conservation status of all known plantspecies as far as possible to guideconservation action by 2020. Target 2


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FOREWORD

R. parmulatum (Ken Cox)

underpins the other ambitious targetswhich relate to in situ and ex situconservation, ecological restoration,sustainable use and trade in plants.Projects of the Global Trees Campaign,carried out in partnership withorganizations and individuals around theworld, help to deliver these various targets.The projects contribute to halting the lossof forest biodiversity and the provision ofsupport to rural livelihoods.

The results of this assessment indicate thatapproximately 25 per cent of allRhododendron taxa are under threat ofextinction in the wild. General habitatclearance is a major threat as isincreasingly the impact of climate change.Clearly action must be taken to conservethe threatened species as a matter ofurgency. Botanic gardens, other specialistgardens and Rhododendron enthusiastshave a particular role to play. Maintainingwell documented ex situ collections ofgenetically representative material is vitallyimportant as an insurance policy and toprovide material for ecological restoration.The horticultural skills of botanic gardenstaff are of utmost importance in restoringrhododendrons in their natural habitats.BGCI, a key partner in the Global TreesCampaign, will work with its globalnetwork of botanic gardens to ensure thatall threatened rhododendrons are subjectto ex situ conservation. At the same timewe will promote action to protect thethreatened species in their natural habitats,so that they can continue to provide vitalecosystem services and resources for localcommunities.

Sara OldfieldChair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree

Specialist Group

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Rhododendrons, including azaleas, are awell known, diverse and popular group ofplants with a long and rich horticulturalhistory. Famous for their flowers, they have

drawn plant hunters to their centres ofdiversity in the Himalayas and mountainsof New Guinea, Borneo, Sulawesi,Sumatra and the Philippines for centuries(Cox & Cox, 1997). Whilst the centres ofdiversity are in the Himalayas and SouthEast Asia, rhododendrons naturally grow,albeit with less diversity, in North America,Europe, and elsewhere in Asia in moistfrequently montane ecosystems.

Rhododendrons in general prefer to growin regions of high rainfall, high humidityand a temperate climate, also having apreference for acidic soils. Within thegenus there is a great diversity of forms,ranging from low creeping plants a fewcentimetres tall to trees of 30 metres.Even within a species there can often begreat diversity in form and flower colour.

The preference for temperate climatesand the diversity of forms, together with anatural ability to form hybrids, have madethe group incredibly popular withhorticulturists around the world for

centuries. By 1900, Japan had severalhundred recognized cultivars, and todaythere are many thousands of cultivarsbeing grown around the world (Mabberly,1997).

Numerous specialist gardens intemperate regions of the world drawvisitors in huge numbers each spring toview swathes of flowering rhododendronsin their prime, as do the natural andnaturalized populations in the forests ofNorth America, Europe and Asia. Inaddition to their horticultural value, it isimportant not to forget their importanceto the local communities in their naturalranges. Many plants around the world arevalued for their medicinal properties andrhododendrons are among them,reportedly serving as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories and for the treatment ofdiarrhoea. In some communities they areused for firewood, timber, teas, honey,wine and jams, as well as being valuedfor their more narcotic potential, andcertain species are also sources of

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Global distribution of rhododendron

R. sinofalconeri (Ken Cox)


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to the Flora of China account, a numberof taxonomic revisions carried out by theRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh to arange of regional or national floras (seeassessments for further details) wereused to draw up the working list ofrhododendrons to be evaluated againstthe IUCN Red List Categories andCriteria.

R. wardi by a river north of Doshong La,Xizang, China (Ken Cox)

R. fletcherianum (Ken Cox)

insecticides. The use of Rhododendronarboreum for incense in temples isdocumented as far back as the twelfthcentury and continues today.

Ecosystem services are also an importantarea where rhododendrons provide a vitalrole. Rhododendrons grow in areas ofhigh rainfall and high humidity on acidicsoils; conditions under which few plantswould survive. Therefore their role in slopestabilization and watershed protectionshould not be underestimated,particularly in the Himalayas where somany of Asia’s major rivers start; norshould we overlook the role ofrhododendrons in providing the structureof plant communities which support awealth of biodiversity.

Due to the importance of rhododendronsto ecosystems, people’s livelihoods,horticulture and their potential to raisewider awareness of the threats facingbiodiversity and the need for urgentconservation action, GTC called for aglobal assessment of their conservationstatus (Oldfield, 2009).

INFORMATION COLLECTION FORCONSERVATION ASSESSMENTThe collection of information on theconservation status of rhododendronsand their evaluation using the IUCN RedList Categories and Criteria (ver. 3.1, referto Annex 1 for details), has been achallenging and collaborative processinvolving researchers and horticulturistsworldwide. The experts who haveprovided information and supported thisprocess are numerous and listed in theAcknowledgements on page 3.

In spite of the value of rhododendrons,including their great interest forhorticulturists, they have not been subjectto a complete and recent taxonomicrevision and there is not a globally

accepted checklist of the group. Giventhe size of the group and its geographicrange, with natural populations oftenoccurring in difficult to reach localities dueto geographical isolation, politicalsensitivities or local security issues, this isperhaps to be expected.

It is very important to note that it is notthe intention of this publication to resolvethe issue by providing a checklist ofRhododendron or to get involved indeciding which names are valid andwhich are not. The taxonomy used in thispublication is primarily based upon theaccount given in the Flora of China (Fanget al., 2005), as this provides the mostrecent and significant published revisionsof a large proportion of the group,although much debate about the namesincluded in this work remains. In addition

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In total, 1157 rhododendrons have beenevaluated. The assessment data wereentered into and managed using theIUCN Species Information Service DataEntry Module (Version 1.0) (SIS DEM).

The information contained within the SISDEM was periodically reviewed andadded to by experts during and afterworkshops. An initial workshop was heldat Singapore Botanic Garden with a focuson the Chinese and South East Asiantaxa. A further workshop focused on thedevelopment of an action plan for theconservation of the rhododendrons in theEastern Himalaya. Experts at thisworkshop added to the assessments.Throughout the Red Listing process,experts contributed by sharing their ownresearch, knowledge, and experienceand by commenting on drafts – theirinvolvement was fundamental in theassessment of such a diverse andimportant group.

A significant task in the evaluation of therhododendrons was the development ofdistribution maps. For the bulk of the taxaevaluated as threatened, this is the firsttime that distribution maps have been

published. In addition to expert opinions,a wide range of sources were consultedin the mapping process, including floras,national Red Data Books, herbariumspecimen databases, field notes, onlinetaxonomic databases and the scientificliterature. Naturally the amount and theaccuracy of the information for eachtaxon varied considerably.

A number of inherent characteristics ofrhododendrons make mapping speciesand subsequent calculations of Area ofOccupancy (AOO) and Extent ofOccurrence (EOO) very challenging.Firstly, rhododendrons typically grow inmontane regions of high rainfall which aredifficult to access and as a result have notbeen thoroughly surveyed. Secondly,some rhododendrons have veryrestricted distribution, for example alonga narrow altitudinal band of a few tens ofmetres, which will be strongly influencedby the aspect of the slope.

For each species considered, a singlemap was generated using ArcEditor 10Geographic Information System (GIS)

(ESRI, http://www.esri.com/) software.It had been initially hoped that we wouldbe able to draw polygon distributionmaps, but due to the number of mapsrequired, and the often very localized andfragmented occurrence of rhododendronpopulations, combined with limitedaccurate distribution data, this was notpossible.

The resulting maps show the knownpoints of occurrence, often whereherbarium specimens have beencollected, in order to give an indication ofwhere the species occurs. The maps donot always indicate the full range of thespecies. Due to the nature and limitationsof the maps many assessments haverequired that the EOO and AOO beestimated by experts based on theirknowledge and experience of the speciesin question and the habitats concerned.

RESULTS OF THE EVALUATIONIn total, 1157 rhododendrons have beenevaluated: 1018 species, 87 of whichwere evaluated at the infraspecific level(226 subspecies and varieties).

Dwarf rhododendrons on top of Temo La,Xizang, China (Ken Cox)

R. kongboense (Ken Cox)

Since the rhododendrons have not beenthe subject of a recent andcomprehensive taxonomic revision, thereis existing debate over some species’status. Whenever possible conservationassessments were still carried out evenwhen there is debate, with the alternativenames or details given in the assessment.If it was not possible to carry out the fullassessment due to the taxonomicdebate, then the taxon has beenassessed as being Data Deficient;therefore, once further research has beencarried out and the taxonomic status hasbeen defined, full assessments againstthe Red List Categories and Criteriashould be completed. It was never thepurpose of this assessment to resolveoutstanding taxonomic issues – wheredoubts exist this has been indicated inthe assessments.

The results of the assessments aresummarized in the table below. Thisindicates that of the 1157 rhododendronsassessed, 316 are threatened withextinction in the wild according to theIUCN Red List Categories and Criteria(Critically Endangered, Endangered andVulnerable), with a further speciesassessed to be Extinct in the Wild andone, R. retrorsipilum, Extinct and nolonger known to be growing anywhere.

However, a further 66 rhododendronscould also be threatened with extinctionnow, or in the near future, if nothing weredone to tackle the factors threatening theremaining populations of the NearThreatened species. Due to existingtaxonomic debate or insufficientinformation it was not possible to assess290 rhododendrons, so these have beenlisted as Data Deficient. It is important tonote that a species assessed to be DataDeficient should be considered asthreatened until sufficient evidence existsto prove that it should be assessed to beLeast Concern with respect to the RedList Categories and Criteria.

This means that out of a total of 1157rhododendrons assessed, 2 species areno longer found growing in their nativehabitats, 316 are considered threatenedwith extinction in the wild now at theglobal scale and therefore require

conservation action (CR, EN or VU). Taxaassessed to be Data Deficient (290)should be considered under threat untilsufficient information is available to fullyassess their conservation status, or anytaxonomic uncertainty is resolved. Finally,currently 483 taxa are of no currentconservation concern.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Conservation Number ofstatus rhododendron taxa

Extinct 1Extinct in the Wild 1Critically Endangered 36Endangered 39Vulnerable 241Near Threatened 66Data Deficient 290Least Concern 483

Total 1157


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A view over woodland gardens at Glendoick Gardens, UK (Ken Cox)

R. oreotrephes on Sirchem la, Xizang,China (Ken Cox)

CONSERVATION AND RESEARCHPRIORITIESThis global assessment of therhododendrons should be used to focusand guide conservation policy and actionat both the ecosystem and species level.Urgent action is required to conserve themost threatened rhododendrons, inparticular those assessed as CriticallyEndangered, some of which are reducedto literally a handful of individuals. Ideally allthe threatened rhododendrons should berepresented in well-managed ex situcollections as an insurance policy againstpossible extinction and as part of fullyintegrated conservation plans. The GlobalStrategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)calls for 75 per cent of all threatened plantsto be conserved in ex situ collections; inthe case of rhododendrons this equates to238 threatened taxa. Initial analysis ofBGCI’s PlantSearch database indicatesthat botanic gardens are currently holdingcollections of approximately 65 per cent ofall threatened rhododendrons (BGCI,2011) compared to about 75 per cent ofthe Least Concern taxa. Due to the longhistory of rhododendrons in horticulturethis high proportion already in cultivation is

perhaps to be expected, although thequality of the collections in terms of theirvalue to the long term conservation of thespecies is not known. The origin andextent of these collections should belooked at to ensure that good quality exsitu conservation collections based onknown, wild-sourced material exist and,ideally, are genetically representative of thewild populations.

BGCI is now undertaking a global surveyto establish and more accuratelydocument which rhododendrons arealready in collections, in order to prioritizewhich species need to be brought in towell-managed ex situ collections. Thecombination of this information withdetails about propagation techniques willstrongly support the development ofintegrated conservation plans to ensurethat the most threatened rhododendronssurvive in the wild.

In addition to the 75 per cent of threatenedspecies held in ex situ collections, theGSPC also calls for 20 per cent ofthreatened species to be included inrestoration and recovery programmes.

These GSPC targets should beconsidered the absolute minimum level forrhododendron conservation efforts.

Simultaneously, the status and protectionof wild populations of threatenedrhododendrons need to be reviewed andmechanisms put in place to allow localpeople to be involved in in situconservation and to benefit from it. It willonly be through effective and wellplanned in situ efforts that species can beconserved in the long term.

Integral to any well planned conservationprogramme are activities designed toraise awareness and understanding ofthe importance of conservation, to buildand develop local community and publicsupport. For rhododendron conservation,achieving this in some regions will bechallenging, due to the naturalization ofsome species outwith their natural range(please refer to Box 2 for further details).

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R. pubigermen from Sumatra, Indonesia and grown at RBGE (G. Argent)

R. gardenia from Mt Giluwe, Papua NewGuinea and grown at RBGE (Debbie White)

Even so, the potential for botanic gardensworldwide to enthuse the public andgenerate support for the in situconservation of rhododendrons is great.

Further field research would greatlybenefit our knowledge relating to theconservation status and needs ofrhododendrons. Although current fieldresearch is limited by the availability oftrained botanists and resources, prioritiesexist. The 290 Data Deficient (DD) taxa allrequire further research to: (i) resolve anytaxonomic uncertainty where this isexists, (ii) survey the current extent of thewild populations, and (iii) assess thethreats and impacts on wild populations.Following this research, it will then bepossible to complete their conservationassessments against the IUCN Red ListCategories and Criteria.

The Rhododendron centre of diversity onthe border region between China, India,Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam hashistorically been difficult to access andremains so, due both to the geographicchallenges involved in working in themountains and to security issues. For thisreason and the fact that rhododendronsoften grow in montane regions, newpopulations and new species willcontinue to be described by scientistsand our knowledge of rhododendrons willdeepen.

Further research will no doubt strengthenand improve our understanding andability to conserve threatenedrhododendrons; however sufficientknowledge already exists and actionneeds to start now.


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Box 1. Rhododendrons at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has been the major centre forRhododendron taxonomic and horticultural research since the late nineteenthcentury. Together, the collections in the four Gardens – Edinburgh, Benmore,Dawyck and Logan – comprise the world’s richest assemblage of speciesrhododendrons, with about half of all known species included.

The Edinburgh collection is planted largely according to subsections. This givesvisitors a good visual impression of the different groups, and allowsrhododendron specialists to locate and compare closely-related plants easily.About a third of all rhododendrons belong to subgenus Vireya, and exhibit ahuge range of flowers, colours, sizes and shapes. Most are epiphytes, growingon trees in their natural habitats, and thriving in cool, moist, frost-freeenvironments replicated in the Montane Tropics glasshouse at Edinburgh.

More than 250 species, 100 subspecies and a further 300 hybrids ofRhododendron grow and thrive in Benmore’s high rainfall and hillside settingwhere the collection concentrates on subsections Arborea, Falconera, Grandiaand Triflora.

Dawyck has a unique and extremely valuable rhododendron collection;Rhododendron Walk and Scrape Glen burst with colour between April andJune, as does the flamboyant Azalea Terrace.

At Logan, members of Rhododendron subsection Maddenia flourish in theWalled Garden, characterized by fragrant white blooms, as do many of themore tender species from the Indo-Himalayas and south-west China.

R. cruttwellii from Mt Dayman, MilneBay District, Papua New Guinea andgrown at RBGE (G. Argent)

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Box 2. Of conservation concern but for different reasons: the case ofRhododendron ponticum

Rhododendron ponticum was introduced into the British Isles by Kew in theeighteenth century from the Iberian Peninsula, as a cultivated flowering plant.It was widely planted in garden, parks and on Victorian hunting estates,particularly in western coastal areas, under woodland canopies and onheathland areas to provide shelter for game species. Later on it was used asa rootstock for less hardy Rhododendron species and cultivars, but the originalrootstock often reverted to R. ponticum.

The vigorous and robust nature of R. ponticum and its hybrids have enabledit to become an aggressive colonizer, which can be extremely difficult to controland remove from areas where it is not wanted. Unchecked, naturalizedRhododendron populations can form impenetrable thickets that outcompeteall but the tallest trees, severely impacting sites of high conservation value.

Today, R. ponticum is naturalized across the UK, over tens of thousands ofhectares including many protected areas where it has threatened the survivalof natural ecosystems (Edwards, 2006). The control and removal of naturalizedpopulations from such areas has formed a significant component of manyconservation plans, involving repeated use of chemical and physical controlmethods. In 2008, the Snowdonia National Park Authority estimated that thecost of effectively controlling rhododendrons in the 2,000 ha Park and adjoiningareas would be about £10 million (Jackson, 2008).

Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservationrequires knowledge and management of Red List speciesin cultivation, but what are the practical issues anddifficulties associated with such ex situ management?Rhododendron is not native to New Zealand, butpreliminary data indicate species are present in largenumbers in collections and botanic gardens, and many ofthese accessions are of known wild-source.

Following the Red List workshop in Singapore in 2008 itbecame apparent that New Zealand holds a considerablenumber of threatened species, particularly Vireya species,some not otherwise known in cultivation, and many of wildorigin. This resource appears to have potential for ex situconservation, which is being investigated with a three-partstudy.

A survey of collections reinforces the role of the PukeitiRhododendron Trust as the major collection of Vireyaspecies (about 160 taxa), but also highlights issues ofnomenclature, recording and labelling. A DNA study isshowing the extent of variation among different accessions,and therefore the usefulness of the collections inconservation. At the same time this study will inform someof the taxonomic issues within the Vireya group, which inturn influence conservation action and priorities.

The data from these two studies will then be used topropose conservation action and priorities utilizing the NewZealand collections of Rhododendron subgenus Vireya forex situ conservation.

Source: Mackay et al. (2010)

Box 3. Meeting Target 8: Rhododendron subgenus Vireya in New Zealand as an example of ex situconservation.

R. lowii from Mt Kinabalu, Sabah,Malaysia and grown at RBGE (Lynsey Wilson)


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BGCI (2009) PlantSearch database.BGCI, London. Accessed athttp://www.bgci.org/plant_search.phpon 5th April 2011.

Cox, P.A. & Cox K.N.E. (1997) TheEncyclopedia of RhododendronSpecies. Glendoick Publishing, Perth.

Edwards, C. (2006) Managing andControlling Invasive Rhododendron.Forestry Commission Practice Guide,Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.

Fang, M., Fang, R., He, M., Hu, L.,Yang, H. & Chamberlain, D. (2005)Flora of China – Apiaceae throughEricaceae. Vol. 14, pp. 260–455.

IUCN (2001) Red List Categories andCriteria. Version 3.1. IUCN SpeciesSurvival Commission, Gland,Switzerland.

Jackson, P. (2008) Rhododendron inSnowdonia and a Strategy for itsControl, pp. 45. Snowdonia NationalPark Authority.

Mabberley, D.J. (1997) The Plant-Book: A portable dictionary of thevascular plants. 2nd Edition. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge.

MacKay, M., Fayaz, A., Gardiner, S.,Wiedow, C., Smith, S., Oldfield, S.(2010). Meeting Target Eight:Rhododendron subgenus Vireya in NewZealand as an example of ex situconservation. Proceedings of the FourthGlobal Botanic Gardens Congress.BGCI, London. Accessed at:http://www.bgci.org/files/Dublin2010/papers/MacKay-Marion.pdf on 3rd May,2011.

Oldfield, S. (2009). Red Listingrhododendrons. rhododendronscamellias and magnolias 2009. pp 44-50. Royal Horticultural Society, London

REFERENCES

The Den at Glendoick Gardens, UK,showing high larch cover overrhododendrons (Ken Cox) R. aberconwayi (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron aberconwayi Cowan

VU D2China (Guizhou, Yunnan)Grows on slopes in thickets, but onlyknown from only a few localities innorthern Yunnan and with a limitedextent of occurrence.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron acrophilum Merr. &Quisumb.

CR B1a+2ab(iii)PhilippinesAn epiphyte in dense montane rain forest,only known from Mt Mantalingahan witha distribution under 100 km2. Thereis nearby forest destruction anddegradation although there is no evidenceof direct population decline.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron abietifolium Sleumer

VU D1Malaysia (Sabah)A restricted endemic found in theshrubberies on the eastern ridge of MtKinabalu with a small population of fewerthan 1,000 individuals.Refs: 1, 3, 50, 57, 58

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GLOBALLY THREATENED RHODODENDRONS

Distribution maps are provided for all the very threatened Rhododendron.

Point locations 250kmof populations

All assessments are by the Global Tree Specialist Group unless otherwise indicatedR. acrophilum from Mt Mantalinajan,Palawan Philippines and grown at RBGE(G. Argent)

Rhododendron adenosum (Cowan &Davidian) Davidian

EN B1b(ii,iii,iv)China (Sichuan)A white flowering, sometime tinged withpink, shrub or tree found in Picea forestsin south-west Sichuan with relativelysmall area of occupancy and underthreat from deforestation.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 21, 26, 43, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron afghanicum Aitch. &Hemsl.

Rhododendron adenopodumFranchet

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Chongqing, Hubei)A rose pink species from Chongqing towestern Hubei, found on slopes and inthickets, at fewer than ten localities andthreatened by habitat loss anddegradation.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron acuminatum Hook. f.

EN A4aMalaysia (Sabah)Restricted range terrestrial species foundin mossy forests and open shrubberieson Mt Kinabalu and Mt Alab in theCrocker Range, with a populationdecline of about 50% due to recent ElNino drought episodes.Refs: 1, 3, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron adenanthum M. Y. HeDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58


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R. acuminatum on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (G. Argent)

VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); D2Afghanistan, PakistanA yellow flowered shrub known from arestricted area in the border regionbetween Afghanistan and Pakistan. Atleast one of the localities in Afghanistanis thought to no longer exist.Refs: 2, 10, 13, 14, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron albertsenianumForrest ex I. B. Balfour

VU D2China (Yunnan)Shrubs with bright crimson-rose orscarlet-crimson flowers found in thicketson mountain slopes and restricted to asmall area of western Yunnan.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21, 43, 50, 56,57, 58

VU B2ab(v)Indonesia (Jawa)An epiphyte restricted to montane forestson mountains (Mts Salak, Gedeh, Telagaabove Puntjak and Telaga Warna and thevicinity). Although it is not thought to becurrently at risk from habitat decline, thenumber of mature individuals andlocations means that it is Vulnerable.Refs: 1, 3, 30, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron alternans SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Thought to be restricted to Mt Kamumoin Sulawesi.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron alutaceum var.alutaceum Balf. f. & W. W. Sm.DDChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron alutaceum var. iodes(I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainDDChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron alborugosum Argent& J. Dransf.

EN DIndonesia (Kalimantan)Only one known population in uppermontane, mossy forest on a single peak;although not currently under directdecline or fluctuations there are fewerthan 250 individuals which makes thespecies at risk from stochastic events.Refs: 1, 3, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron album Blume

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R. album from G. Gedeh, Java, Indonesiaand grown at RBGE (G. Argent)

Rhododendron alutaceum var.russotinctum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainDDChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron amabile SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Potentially locally common, but notthought to have been seen recently byfield researchers.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron amagianum (Makino)Makino ex H. Hara

EN DJapan (Honshu)A small scarlet or brick-red flowered treefound in deciduous forests in Shizuokaand Kanagawa Prefectures on centralHonshu and Izu Oshima.Refs: 7, 10, 32, 43, 44, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron amandum CowanDDChina (Xizang)Has not been seen recently andalthough it is only known from the typespecimen it is considered to be a goodspecies taxonomically.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron annae subsp. annaeFranch.NTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan)A rose-coloured species, sometimeswhite suffused with pink with purplespots, restricted to the evergreen broad-leaved forests and thickets of central andwestern Guizhou and under somepressure from firewood collection. Nearlyqualifies for VU D2.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 43, 47, 62

Rhododendron aperantumI. B. Balfour & Kingdon WardNTChina (Yunnan), MyanmarFound in rhododendron thickets andalong cliffs in the Myanmar–China(Yunnan) border, this taxon with variablecoloured flowers nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron apricum P. C. TamDDChina (Fujian)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron araiophyllum subsp.lapidosum (T. L. Ming) M. Y. FangDDChina (Yunnan)A low-altitude species and likely to bethreatened due to competing demandson land, but insufficient data available tocarry out assessment.Refs: 6, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron arboreum var. albumWall.DDNepalA variable species used for firewood andunder threat in some areas, particularlyat lower altitudes. Taxonomic debateexists around the status of this species.Refs: 6, 36, 50, 58

Rhododendron amesiae Rehder &E. H. Wilson

CR B1b(i,ii,iii)China (Sichuan)A purple-flowered shrub from westernSichuan, it has always been rare and isknown from just two or three forestlocalities. It hasn't been found for around10 years and the forests in these knownlocalities have been cut down over thelast 50 years. Some debate existsaround the taxonomic status andwhether its characteristics are significantenough to warrant its distinction from R.concinnum.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 23, 26, 36, 43,50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron amundsenianumHandel-MazzettiDDChina (Sichuan)Some taxonomic debate exists as it isknown from just two collections withsome taxonomists considering it close toR. rupicola.Refs: 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron angulatum J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type collection onMt Goliath in western New Guinea.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58


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Rhododendron arboreum var.nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg

ENIndia (Tamil Nadu)Under threat from logging, forest fires,plantations of acacia and eucalyptuswhich are replacing the native flora of theWestern Ghats. Also suffering fromdrought following reduced rainfall. Plantsshow remarkable regrowth after forestfires.Refs: 6, 10, 27, 46, 50

Rhododendron archboldianumSleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown from just two mountain localities.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron arenicolum SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron arfakianum Becc.DDIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron argyrophyllumsubsp. glabriovarium M. Y. HeDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 50, 57, 62

VU D2China (Sichuan)Debate still exists over its taxonomicstatus. If the status as subspecies isconfirmed it is considered threatenedsince it has a restricted distribution,being found at only three localities inSichuan forests.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 36, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron arunachalenseD. F. Chamb. & S. J. Rae

EN B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)India (Arunachal Pradesh)Occurs at very low altitudes in tropicalforests in close proximity to settlements;potentially under greater threat thancurrent assessment but seems locallycommon in Subansiri and Apatanivalleys.Refs: 7, 36, 47, 50, 54, 57, 58

Rhododendron asperrimum SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron argyrophyllumsubsp. nankingense (Cowan)D. F. Chamberlain

VU D2China (Guizhou, Sichuan)Severely fragmented species occurringin thickets and known from only twolocalities, widely separated, one of whichconsists of just 200 plants.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron argyrophyllumsubsp. omeiense (Rehder &E. H. Wilson) D. F. Chamberlain

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Rhododendron asperulumHutchinson & Kingdon Ward

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarAn epiphyte on evergreen trees or on treesin open grassland, moss-covered rocksand on boulders from few sites inChina/Myanmar, potentially also occurs inAnjaw District in Arunachal Pradesh, India.Refs: 1, 8, 9, 14, 21, 26, 36, 47, 50, 56,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron asterochnoum Diels

Rhododendron auriculatum Hemsley

VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan)Found at more than 10 sites in forests andmontane slopes but in an area of highpopulation pressure in central China.Under threat from both firewood collectionand whole plant collection for horticulture,because it is a fragrant late floweringspecies, with white to rose-pink flowers.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron auritum Tagg

VU B2ab(ii,iii); D2China (Sichuan)Small trees with pale pink to white flowers.It has a restricted distribution with smallpopulations, although thought to be safeat some sites such asWolong, threatenedat Jin Pin near Leibo.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 36, 47, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron atropunicumH. P. YangDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron atrovirens Franchet

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Found in the evergreen broad-leavedforests of Sichuan and Yunnan, but witha small area of occupancy and relativelyfew locations. These factors make thespecies vulnerable due to habitatdegradation and loss.Refs: 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 21, 23, 50, 57, 58


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CR B1ab(ii,v)+2ab(ii,v)China (Xizang)Only known from Tsangpo Gorge, nearPemako-chung (Xizang), in shelteredclefts of cliff above river. Potentially verythreatened and the possibly extinct inthe wild.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bachii H. LéveilléDDChina (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,Sichuan, Zhejiang)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; some believe itshould be a synonym of R. ovatum.Refs: 8, 21, 48, 50, 52, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron baconii Argent,A. Lamb & Phillipps

EN DMalaysia (Sabah)Known from one small site on MtTambuyukon, <1km2, with a very smallbut stable population of fewer than 100mature individuals.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

EN B1b(ii,iii,v)+2b(ii,iii,v); C2a(i)China (Sichuan)Known from just two locations (2,500–3,000m), with fewer than 200 whiteflowered individuals in each locality withan area of occupancy 10km2 remaining.An estimated 50% decline in onepopulation due to the construction of anelectricity station. The taxon occurs in aprotected area, but habitat is damagedand at risk from a range of threatsincluding road construction. Occurs nearto the recent earthquake epicentre andpotentially was affected directly orindirectly, although the recentlydiscovered population in Mao Xian wasapparently unaffected by the 2008earthquake. Known to be in cultivation.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 21, 36, 43, 47, 50,57, 58, 62

Rhododendron baenitzianumLauterb.

DDPapua New GuineaA lowland species and therefore likely tobe at risk from habitat loss, butconsidered by some taxonomists not tobe distinct from R. englerianum.Refs: 1, 41, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bainbridgeanumTagg & ForrestNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarThis species is not common in theChinese distribution, with fewer than fivelocalities, but its high montane and ravinedistribution keep it relatively safe. Sometaxonomists believe it to be a naturallyoccurring hybrid. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59,62

Rhododendron balangenseW. P. Fang

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R. baenitzianum from Papua New Guineaand grown at RBGE (Debbie White)

R. balangense (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron balfourianum Diels

VU B1b(ii,iii)China (Sichuan, Yunnan)A shrub restricted to limestone, with pinkflowers and crimson blotches, perhapsof hybrid origin, but not common over itsrange and severely depleted aboveNapahai.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 36, 57, 58

Rhododendron bamaenseZ. J. ZhaoDDChina (Qinghai)Refs: 8, 13, 21, 50, 58

VU B1b(ii,iii,v)Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalA large shrub or small tree with deep redflowers from the Himalayas, occurs inprotected areas but outwith these it isunder significant pressure from forestloss, habitat degradation and firewoodcollection.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 36, 47, 50,52, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron barkamenseD. F. Chamberlain

VU D2China (Sichuan)Occurs in thickets on high mountains innorth-west Sichuan with a very restrictedarea of occupancy and smallpopulations.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron basilicum I. B. Balfour& W. W. SmithNTChina (Yunnan), MyanmarA creamy-white, yellow or pink-floweredtaxa from mixed or Abies forests in theborder region between China andMyanmar. Not abundant and underpressure from habitat loss anddegradation. Nearly meets VU B2ab(i,iii).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron banghamiorum(J. J. Sm.) Sleumer

VU D1Indonesia (Sumatera)Known from just two locations with anoverall population of fewer than 1,000mature individuals. Neither populationoccurs in a protected area.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron barbatum Wallich exG. Don


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Rhododendron beanianum Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA crimson-flowered species from a widerange of habitats but restricted to theborder region of China–India–Myanmar.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 36, 46, 50, 51, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron beccarii SleumerDDIndonesia (Sumatera)Apparently rare, not recently recollectedand never cultivated, known from twolocations. However, the status of thespecies remains uncertain.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bellissimumD. F. ChamberlainDDChina (Sichuan)Only known from type specimen andtaxonomic uncertainty exists.Refs: 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron benhallii CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred into Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

CR DJapan (Ogasawara-shoto)A very restricted taxon found as a smallpopulation on sunny rocks on Chichijimaisland in the Ogasawara archipelago. Noknown conservation measures and notknown to be in cultivation.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 15, 44, 50, 58, 61

Rhododendron bonvalotii Franchet

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan)A pale pink-flowered shrub found inwestern Sichuan, near Kangding –needs further field research to confirmcurrent status but vulnerable. Somedebate about its taxonomic statusexists.Refs: 6, 17, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron bijiangense T. L. MingDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bivelatumI. B. BalfourDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species, with sometaxonomists considering this is a hybridof R. augustinii ssp. chasmanthum.Refs: 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bloembergeniiSleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Needs further research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron boninense Nakai

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R. bloembergenii from G. Rantemario,Sulawesi, Indonesia (G. Argent)

Rhododendron boothii NuttallNTChina (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A bright lemon-yellow or sulphur colouredtaxon which occurs in forests and scruband on rocks, sometimes epiphytic. It isthought to be threatened in India, onlyknown from a few localities althoughrelatively common where it does occur. Itis not common in Xizang (occurs in DoShong La) with populations of a fewhundred individuals. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 43, 46, 50,57, 58, 62

Rhododendron brachyantherumWarb. ex P. & F. SarasinDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Needs further research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron brachyanthumsubsp. brachyanthum Franch.

Rhododendron bracteatum Rehder &E. H. Wilson

VU B1ab(iii,v)China (Sichuan)Although a relatively common species inSichuan and found in >6 counties, eachpopulation is small and all have beendamaged in the past. In some localities,conservation activities have eased thepressure on remaining populations, butoverall the population remainsthreatened.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 21, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron brevicaudatumR. C. Fang & S. S. ChangDDChina (Guizhou)Refs: 8, 13, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron brevipes SleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown from type collection only andtherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carriedout.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron brevipetiolatumM. Y. FangDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU D2China (Yunnan)Endemic to the Cangshan. Whilst notcurrently threatened, it is not commonand new developments (roadconstruction) in the area could lead topressure on this species in the nearfuture.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 36, 47, 50, 62

Rhododendron brachygynumCopel. f.DDPhilippinesBased on a single specimen which hassince been destroyed, additionalcollections need to be made in order todetermine the status of the species andcarry out the assessment.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron brachypodumW. P. Fang & P. S. Liu

CR B1ab(iii,v)China (Chongqing)Significant parts of its distribution havebeen converted to agriculture and,despite returning some areas to forestcover in the last 10 years, fewer than500 mature individuals known from itslimited distribution in Jinfushan,Chongqing.Refs: 8, 9, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62


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R. boothii (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron bryophilum SleumerDDPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bullifolium SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type specimenwhich is of poor quality and thereforetaxonomic debate exists.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron buruense J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Maluku)Not known to have been recollectedrecently and taxonomic uncertaintyremains over the status of the species.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron buxifolium Low exHook. f., non Low ex Lindl.

VU D1Malaysia (Sabah)Endemic to Mt Kinabalu, it occurs inforests, but more frequently inshrubberies and in open places amongstthe granite rocks. In total it is thoughtthere are approximately 1,000 matureindividuals.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron caespitosum Sleumer

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)Although locally common, only knownfrom a few small populations on MtWilhelmina, Mt Jaya and Mt Yonowe.Typically in high open valleys dominatedby tree-ferns and forming cushions ontheir trunks.Refs: 1, 25, 26, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron buxoides Sleumer

VU D1Malaysia (Sarawak)A vulnerable species with a smallpopulation, probably fewer than 1,000individuals, on three mountains onBorneo.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron caesium HutchinsonNTChina (Yunnan)A yellowish-green flowered shrub fromcentral and western Yunnan, found onrocky slopes and in valleys. Nearly meetsVU D2.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

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R. buxifolium from Mt Kinabalu, Sabah,Malaysia (G. Argent)

R. caespitosum from near LakeHabbema, Papua, Indonesia (Debbie White)

Rhododendron callimorphum var.callimorphum Balf. f. & W. W. Sm.

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)Found in thickets and on montaneslopes, a pale and deep-rose floweredspecies in western Yunnan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 43, 50, 58

Rhododendron callimorphum var.myiagrum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU D2China (Chongqing)All four known collections are from asingle forest locality – JianfushanMountain, Chongqing.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 62

Rhododendron calosanthes Sleumer

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)A shrub with fiery red flowers from arestricted area on Papua, in disturbedupper montane forest and subalpineshrubbery.Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron calophytum var.jinfuense Fang & W. K. Hu

VU D1China (Chongqing)Known from just one location inJinfushan with a population of more than200 individuals, although there is debateabout the status of this taxon as aseparate variety.Refs: 6, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron calophytum var.pauciflorum W. K. Hu


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Rhododendron calvescensI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)China (Xizang, Yunnan)Found in Abies and Picea forests and onrocky slopes in eastern Xizang andnorth-west Yunnan. Some believe it tobe a natural hybrid and therefore not ofconservation concern.Refs: 6, 9, 17, 21, 26, 36, 57, 58

Rhododendron capellae Kores

Rhododendron carstensenseWernham

CR B1ab(ii,iv)Indonesia (Papua)A pink-flowered shrub found in montaneforest and subalpine shrubbery on MtJaya only.Assessors: Johns et al. (2006)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron catacosmumI. B. Balfour ex Tagg

VU D2Papua New GuineaKnown from the type collection from onemountain, Mt Capella and occurs in sub-alpine shrubbery. Not known to be incultivation.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron carrii Sleumer

VU D2Papua New GuineaAn epiphytic species found on the openhill sides and only known from onelocation on Mt Victoria.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

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R. catacosmum (Ken Cox)

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan)A rounded shrub with pink to crimsonflowers, found in alpine thickets andrestricted to a few populations in south-east Xizang and north-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron cernuum Sleumer

EN B2ab(ii)Indonesia (Sumatera)Only known from old collections on twomountains, not recollected since. Bothpopulations under threat fromdeforestation and mining.Refs: 1, 50, 57

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan)A variable coloured flower taxon onlyknown from four or five locations inXizang-Yunnan region in thickets anddamp stony alpine slopes. Taxonomicdebate exists with some believing it tobe a form of R. forrestii and a naturalhybrid.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 36, 47, 50, 51, 58

Rhododendron chamaethomsoniivar. chamaethomsonii (Tagg & Forr.)Cowan & Davidian

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)With a mounding habit, a small shrubwith crimson flowers growing on steephillsides and alpine slopes, this species isfound with a limited distribution in theChina–India border region. Taxonomicdebate exists with some believing it tobe a form of R. forrestii and a naturalhybrid.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 43, 46, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron chamberlainii CravenDDChina (Yunnan), India (Sikkim), MyanmarSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred into Rhododendron fromDiplarche.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron chamaethomsonii var.chamaedoron (Tagg) D. F. Chamberlain

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)Found in the alpine thickets and slopes onthe Xizang–Yunnan border region, with arestricted distribution and few locationsmaking this species vulnerable. Taxonomicdebate exists with some believing it to be aform of R. forrestii and a natural hybrid.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron chamaethomsonii var.chamaethauma (Tagg) Cowan &Davidian


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Rhododendron changii (W. P. Fang)W. P. Fang

CR C2a(i,ii); DChina (Chongqing)Found in 1983 in Jinfushan NationalPark, a popular tourist site, the deepyellow flowered small shrub is known tohave a very small population (<50mature plants) and is restricted to asingle locality in an area where the foresthabitat is under significant pressure anddisturbance; the species is therefore verythreatened.Refs: 8, 9, 13, 21, 36, 43, 50, 52, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron chaoanense T. C. Wu& P. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong)Refs: 7, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron charitopes subsp.charitopes Balf. f. & Farrer

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA pink-flowering shrub known from just acouple of localities in Yunnan and one inXizang, in addition to north-eastMyanmar.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 36, 50, 56, 59, 62

Rhododendron chihsinianum Chun &W. P. Fang

Rhododendron chapmanii A. Gray

CR A2cUnited States of America (Florida)Only 32 known populations from Liberty,Gulf, Gadsden, and Clay counties,Florida. Changes in hydrology and soilstructure from logging and clear cutting,as well as over-collection have negativeimpacts on this species which has a veryspecialised habitat requirement. Fortypopulations totalling 2,969 plants werefound in 1997 census – 14 populationsdeclined since 1984/5 survey. Very poorto non-existent regeneration is widelyreported. Ranked as Globally Imperilled(G1) by NatureServe.Refs: 5, 13, 14, 26, 45, 49, 50, 57, 58

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VU D2China (Guangxi)A small tree restricted to forests androcky slopes in northern Guangxi.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 8, 9, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron chilanshanenseKurashige

VU B2ab(i,iii)TaiwanA severely fragmented distribution inmid-altitude mixed forests over around6–8 locations, threatened by habitatdegradation in its range on Mt Chilan.Refs: 7, 21, 26, 32, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron chunii W. P. Fang

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Guangxi)A shrub found in open valley forests innorthern Guangxi.Refs: 7, 8, 9, 21, 38, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ciliicalyx subsp.ciliicalyx Franch.DDChina (Yunnan), VietnamTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 13, 21, 36, 58

Rhododendron ciliipes HutchinsonDDChina (Yunnan), MyanmarOnly known from the type specimen,which indicates a very narrowdistribution and rarity, but taxonomicdebate exists around the status of thisspecies.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron cinerascens SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known from just two collections andtherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carriedout.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron chionanthum Tagg &Forrest

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarLow rounded shrub, with white flowers,found in grasslands and rocky slopesrestricted to the alpine region of westernYunnan and north-east Myanmar.Refs: 6, 17, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron chrysodoron Tagg exHutchinsonDDChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA rare species but no additionalinformation available, potentiallythreatened due to its low altitudinalrange.Refs: 10, 13, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron chunienii Chun &W. P. FangDDChina (Guangxi, Hunan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62


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Rhododendron cinnabarinum subsp.tamaense (Davidian) Cullen

VU D2China (Yunnan), MyanmarA lavender to deep royal purple-floweredshrub known from just one locality inChina and two localities in Myanmar.Low altitudinal populations are likely tobe at risk. Probably endangered inChina, no detailed information about thestatus in Myanmar, but with limiteddistribution makes it at least vulnerableto extinction.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron circinnatum Cowan &Kingdon WardDDChina (Xizang)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 8, 17, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A dwarf shrub with orange to carmineflowers, found in Alpine meadows and oncliffs. Restricted to the south-east Xizang–north-west Yunnan region and exposedto grazing pressure around the tree line.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron clementinae subsp.aureodorsale W. P. Fang ex J. Q. Fu

VU D2China (Shaanxi)A large shrub known from just a coupleof locations in Taibai Shan, Shaanxi.Some debate exists around thetaxonomic status of the taxon,considered either a species in its ownright or a subspecies of R. przewalskii.Refs: 6, 9, 21, 36, 50, 57, 62

Rhododendron citriniflorum var.citriniflorum Balf. f. & Forrest

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A dwarf shrub with yellow flowers, foundin Alpine meadows and on cliffs.Restricted to the south-east Xizang–north-west Yunnan region.Refs: 6, 21, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron citriniflorum var.horaeum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. Chamberlain

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R. citriniflorum var. horaeum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron clementinae subsp.clementinae Forrest ex W. W. Sm.DDChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)A widespread species, but possiblyunder threat by hybridization in at leasttwo sites, although debate exists aroundits taxonomic status.Refs: 6, 21, 36, 50

Rhododendron codonanthumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)A dwarf shrub growing in thickets and onrocky hillsides in north-west Yunnan. Norecent collections have been made;some believe it to be a natural hybrid ofR. proteoides x R. sanguineum.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 26, 36, 50, 57, 58

VU B1ab(iii)Afghanistan, PakistanForming dense scrub above the tree lineon monsoon influenced sites, formingthick humus on limestone rocks withpink-white flowers. Difficult to maintain inex situ collections, with very little materialknown to be in cultivation.Refs: 2, 10, 13, 14, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron comisteumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan)Known from three specimens frommontane thickets and rocky slopes ofthe Yunnan–Xizang region, but possiblya hybrid between R. proteoides and R.temenium.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 22, 23, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron comparabile SleumerDDPapua New GuineaOnly known from one mountain; needsfurther research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron coelicum I. B. Balfour& Farrer

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA small shrub with deep scarlet orcrimson flowers found along shadedcreeks and cliffs in the western China(Yunnan)–Myanmar border region.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron collettianum Aitch. &Hemsl.


30

Rhododendron complexumI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithNTChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Found over a wide area but with ascattered and fragmented distribution inthickets, alpine slopes and stonypastures. May not be under any directthreats due to high altitude but exposedto grazing pressure in places. Nearlymeets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 21, 26, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron comptum var.trichodes SleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown from only one mountain; needsfurther research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron concinnoides Hutch.& Kingdon-Ward

VU D2India (Arunachal Pradesh)A pink-purple flowered epiphyte in treesin the Yang Sang Valley and adjoiningareas and a low altitude species, sounder threat from logging and land usechange.Refs: 13, 14, 26, 36, 46, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron coxianum Davidian

CR B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)India (Arunachal Pradesh)A creamy-white flowered shrub from theApa Tani Valley and Debang Valley inArunachal Pradesh. The type locality isat relatively low altitude and is at riskfrom logging and habitat loss.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 36, 42, 46, 50, 54, 57,58

Rhododendron crassimediumP. C. TamDDChina (Jiangxi)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron crassistylum M. Y. HeDDChina (Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cretaceum P. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong)Refs: 7, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron coriaceum FranchetNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan)A large shrub with white or pink flowerswith a limited distribution and underthreat at lower altitudes due to land usechanges. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cornu-bovis SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type specimen,said to be common in that location, sotherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carriedout.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron coryanum Tagg &ForrestVU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A creamy-white shrub or small treefound in Abies forests andRhododendron thickets in the Xizang-Yunnan region; known from fewer than10 localities with at least one populationc.1000 individuals but in a restricted areaof occupancy and lower altitudepopulations under pressure from habitatdegradation and land use change.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 35, 43, 47, 50,56, 57, 58, 62

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Rhododendron cuneatumW. W. Smith

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan, Yunnan)An uncommon large shrub species, withlavender to purple flowers, from pine/oakforests and thickets in a single locality insouth-western Sichuan and c.8 localitiesin north-western Yunnan. Theassociation with pine forests and theirinherent fire risk, puts R. cuneatum alsoat risk from fires.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 24, 26, 43, 50,57, 58, 62

VU B2ab(i,iii); D2China (Yunnan)A shrub or small tree, with white flowerssuffused with pale pink, restricted to pineforest margins and rhododendronthickets in the Cangshan Mountains,western Yunnan. The higher altitudepopulations should be relatively safe,however those at lower levels may beexposed to logging and habitat lossthreats.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 24, 26, 30, 36, 43,47, 50, 56, 57, 58

Rhododendron cyrtophyllumWernhamDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from one location and onecollection; it has not been recollectedand remains poorly documented. Needsfurther research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron dachengense G .Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi)Two recent expeditions failed to find thisspecies on the mountain where it isthought to exist. Needs further urgentresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 52

Rhododendron dalhousieae var.rhabdotum (I. B. Balfour &R. E. Cooper) Cullen

Rhododendron cuneifolium var.microcarpum Argent, A. Lamb &Phillipps

VU D2Malaysia (Sabah)Known from just one location although asimilar, but unconfirmed, small-leavedform with larger fruits has been collectedon Mt Nunkok.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron cyanocarpum(Franchet) Franchet ex W. W. Smith


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VU B1ab(i,iii)Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh)Very restricted distribution with fewerthan 10 small fragmented populations offragrant pale yellow or white-floweredshrubs or trees in the forests andhillsides of Bhutan, China and India.Lower altitude populations are likely tobe threatened by forest and habitat loss,although the populations in Bhutan areprobably more secure.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 22, 35, 43, 47, 50, 51,57, 58

Rhododendron danbaense L. C. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron dasycladoidesHandel-Mazzetti

Rhododendron declivatum Ching &H. P. YangDDChina (Shaanxi)Refs: 8, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron decorum subsp.cordatum W. K. HuDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species with some treatingit as a synonym of R. decorum ssp.decorum.Refs: 6, 21, 36, 50, 57, 62

Rhododendron degronianum subsp.metternichii kyomaruense Carrière

EN C1+2a(i); DJapan (Honshu)An evergreen shrub, from Shizuoka andIzu Peninsula Prefectures, under threatfrom deforestation and collection forhorticulture.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 6, 44, 61

Rhododendron dekatanum CowanDDBhutan, China (Xizang)Needs further research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan, Yunnan)A shrub or small tree from the forests ofsouth-west Sichuan–north-west Yunnan,with a very limited distribution.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron dasypetalumI. B. Balfour & ForrestDDChina (Yunnan)Not been found since it was firstcollected, but possibly a natural hybridso needs further research in order toestablish its true taxonomic status.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron datiandingenseZ. J. FengDDChina (Guangdong)Only known from the type specimen;needs further research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron davidii FranchetNTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)A pale pink flowering shrub or small treefound in a limited number of localities inSichuan and Yunnan. Under threat fromhabitat degradation and firewoodextraction. Nearly meets VU B1ab(iii,v).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron dawuense H. P. YangDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; very close to R.minyaense and possibly a synonym.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron dayaoshanenseL. M. Gao & D. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi)Needs further research to establish itsconservation status.Refs: 21, 47, 48, 57, 58

Rhododendron dayiense M. Y. HeDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 50, 57, 58, 62

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R. dalhousiae var. rhadbotum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron delavayi var.pilostylum K. M. FengDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron delicatulum var.delicatulum SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from type specimen andtherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carried out.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron delicatulum var.lanceolatoides SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type specimen andtherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carried out.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron dendricolaHutchinson

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarRare in Arunachal Pradesh and very rarein Yunnan, but also found in northernMyanmar. Scattered over a large area,epiphytic including on rocks.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 46, 50, 51,56, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron detersile Franchet

VU D2China (Chongqing, Shaanxi, Sichuan)A small shrub found in forests and onmontane slopes from a limited numberof localities in south-west Shaanxi,Chongqing and north-east Sichuan.Refs: 6, 9, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron detznerianumSleumerDDPapua New GuineaTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species: poorly knownspecies from just one location and is notknown to be in cultivation.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron dendrocharisFranchetNTChina (Sichuan)Very localised bright rosy-red floweredshrub with small scattered populations,but recently found more widely thanpreviously thought. It can be epiphytic onconifer trees (Abies and Tsuga) which arebeing logged; occurs in protected areas.Nearly meets VU B1ab(i,ii,iii).Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 20, 21, 23, 26, 36,43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron densifoliumK. M. Feng

VU D2China (Yunnan), VietnamVery localised populations on the groundin light shade in mixed forests and alongridges on rocky mountains in theYunnan–Vietnam border region.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 1, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron denudatumH. LéveilléNTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)A rose-coloured, with a deep crimsonblotch at the base, flowered shrub whichis close to Rhododendron coeloneurum.Found in thickets and onmountain slopesin a restricted area of Guizhou-Sichuan-Yunnan. Nearly meets VU B1ab(iii,v).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58


34

Rhododendron dianthosmumSleumer

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)An epiphytic species known from justone location in primary forest on MtDafonsero.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron dichroanthum subsp.apodectum (I. B. Balfour &W. W. Smith) Cowan

Rhododendron dichroanthum subsp.septentrionale Cowan

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA subspecies limited to the alpinethickets and cliffs in western Yunnan andMyanmar.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron dignabile CowanNTChina (Xizang)A shrub or small tree with pink, cream orwhite flowers, sometimes with a crimsonbase or spots, found in the Abies forestsand rhododendron thickets in southernXizang. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 36, 43, 47, 50,57, 58

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA dwarf shrub with crimson or deeporange, suffused with rose, flowers fromthe western Yunnan–Myanmar borderregion with relatively few known localitiesand limited area of occupancy.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron dichroanthum subsp.dichroanthum Diels

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)A dwarf shrub from the forests ofCangshan Mountains in westernYunnan; known from just a handful oflocalities and a restricted area ofoccupancy.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 50

35


Rhododendron dilatatum var.boreale Sugim.

CR DJapan (Hokkaido)A very small population found on theedges of deciduous forests on mountainslopes on southern Hokkaido. Treatedas a synonym of R. dilatatum var.decandrum by some taxonomists.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 32, 44, 50, 61

Rhododendron dilatatum var.satsumense T. Yamaz.

Rhododendron eastmanii Kron &Creel

VU D1United States of AmericaRhododendron eastmanii is currentlyknown only from the Piedmont of SouthCarolina, where it is found inapproximately 23 locations in 11counties. Each of these locations isestimated to contain between 5 and 300individuals. This species is threatened byurban development in at least one site,but it is mainly threatened by therestricted distribution. Further searchesin adjacent North Carolina and Georgiamay eventually locate additionalpopulations there. Ranked as Imperilled(G2) by NatureServe.Refs: 29, 45, 48, 49, 57, 58

Rhododendron ebianense M. Y. FangDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

CR DJapan (Kyushu)A single small population found on sunnyrocks on low mountains in southernKyushu. Treated as a synonym of R.dilatatum var. decandrum by sometaxonomists.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 44, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron dimitrum I. B. Balfour& ForrestDDChina (Yunnan)Possibly Vulnerable, but needs furtherresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 6, 17, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron dumicola Tagg &ForrestDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron dutartrei Danet

CR C2a(ii)Indonesia (Papua)Only known from the type collection andthe single population, <250 individuals,is in secondary forest which is oftendamaged by fire and erosion.Refs: 25, 57, 58


36

Rhododendron eclecteumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarA shrub found in pine forests andthickets from south-west Sichuan tonorth-east Myanmar; exposed to grazingpressure on the Salween–Mekongdivide.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 47, 56, 57, 58

VU D2China (Sichuan, Yunnan)A pale purplish-pink flowered shrubfound in Abies forests and on mountainslopes in a restricted area of south-westSichuan and north-west Yunnan; fewerthan five localities.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 22, 23, 31, 36, 43,47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron elliottii Watt exBrandis

VU D2India (Nagaland)A red-flowered shrub or small tree whichoccurs on a couple of isolated peaks inNagaland, it can be locally common butremains threatened due to its very limiteddistribution.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 36, 46, 50, 52, 57

Rhododendron englerianum Koord.NTIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaWidespread but a low altitude speciesand possibly under threat fromdeforestation. Nearly meets VUB2ab(iii,v).Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron edanoi subsp. edanoiMerr. & Quisumb.

VU D2PhilippinesRestricted to mossy sub-montane foreston two peaks on Palawan.Ref: 1

Rhododendron elegantulum Tagg &Forrest

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R. eclecteum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron erastum I. B. Balfour& Forrest

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan)A dwarf shrub with pale rose-colouredflowers from the rocky alpine meadowsin south-east Xizang and north-westYunnan. Some debate exists about itstaxonomic status: potentially a naturalhybrid.Refs: 6, 8, 17, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ericoides Low exHook. f.

Rhododendron erosum Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A rose-pink to scarlet flowered shrub ortree from the coniferous forests, Betulaand rhododendron forests and thicketsof southern Xizang. Locally common andstable populations, but very limiteddistribution.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 43, 50, 51, 57,58

Rhododendron esetulosumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU D1Malaysia (Sabah)Point endemic on Mt Kinabalu in primarymossy forest, abundant terrestrially onopen granite dome in exposed sunnyplaces but with a population of fewerthan 1,000 mature individuals.Refs: 1, 3, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron eriocarpum var.tawadae Ohwi

CR DJapan (Nansei-Shoto)Only known from a single very smallisland (4km2) of Uotsuri Jima in theSenkaku Islands in the East China Sea.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 44, 50, 61


VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan)A creamy-white or white, often flushedrose or purplish, shrub from the thicketmargins and gravelly mountain slopes insouth-east Xizang and north-westYunnan. Considered by some to be anatural hybrid of R. selense.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 22, 26, 36, 43, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron euchroumI. B. Balfour & Kingdon Ward.

VU D2China (Yunnan), MyanmarRestricted to an area of western Yunnanand north-east Myanmar in thickets andon slopes.Refs: 6, 8, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58, 59

CR DIndonesia (Papua)Only currently known from a singlepopulation of 10 individuals in a shrubberyon a lateral moraine on Mt Yonowe. Itpotentially occurs as an epiphyte in nearbyforests but this has not been observed.Refs: 17, 25

Rhododendron exasperatum TaggNTChina (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA shrub or tree, with brick-red and rose-pink flowers, from forests, thickets as wellas on open ridges and steep slopes froma restricted area of China–India–Myanmarborder region. Nearly qualifies for VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 16, 21, 36, 43, 46, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron excellens Hemsley &E. H. Wilson

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Guizhou, Yunnan), VietnamVery limited distribution in evergreenbroad-leaved forests or thickets. Lessthan five localities known in Yunnan; therecords from Guizhou and elsewhere arequestioned by some taxonomists. Thereare some healthy populations withseveral thousand individuals whilstisolated individuals exist elsewhere.Further research is required to confirm itstaxonomic status and distribution.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26,35, 36, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron eurysiphon Tagg &Forrest

EN B1ab(i)China (Xizang), MyanmarWith creamy-white or very pale roseflowers, flushed with deep magenta-roseand spotted with crimson, this shrubfroms thickets, in scrub and on stonyslopes in south-east Xizang. Known tobe in cultivation but possibly extinct inthe wild. Some taxonomists believe thatthis is a natural hybrid.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 36, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron evelyneae Danet

39


Rhododendron excelsum A.Chév.DDVietnamRefs: 6, 35, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron extrorsum J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from one collection at onelocation and has not been recollected,therefore needs further research toestablish the conservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron eymae Sleumer

EN DIndonesia (Sulawesi)Point endemic from the summit of MtRantemario, very small but healthypopulation (<100 mature individuals) andrange(<1km2). No known current threats.Refs: 1, 3, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron faberi HemsleyNTChina (Sichuan)A large shrub with white flowers, often withred spots, from western Sichuan growingin Abies forests, their margins and thethickets and rocky mountain slopes in thearea. Relatively safe at some localities, forexample Emei Shan, Erlang Shan andWawu Shan. Nearly meets VU B1ab(iii).Refs: 6, 10, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 36, 43,47, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron fangchengenseP. C. Tam

VU D2China (Guangxi)An uncommon tall shrub from the forestsand thickets of two counties in southernGuangxi.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 21, 38, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron farinosum H. Léveillé

Rhododendron faithiae ChunNTChina (Guangdong, Guangxi)A white-flowering shrub or small treeoccurring in forests with a limiteddistribution in south-west Guangdongand eastern Guangxi. Some populationshave been observed to have beendefoliated by insects. Nearly meets VUD2.Refs: 16, 21, 47

Rhododendron falconeri subsp.eximium (Nutt.) D. F. Chamb.

VU B1b(ii,iii,v)Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh)A pink-flowered shrub of limiteddistribution which has been affected bydeforestation which subsequentlyencourages hybridization. The lowaltitude populations are morethreatened, from deforestation, than thehigher altitude populations and those inBhutan.Refs: 6, 10, 36, 46, 47, 50, 57


40

EN B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); D2China (Yunnan)Medium-sized shrubs with white flowers,known from a single large population inQiaojia, Yunnan, which is potentiallyunder pressure from fuelwood collection.Not known to be in cultivation.Refs: 6, 16, 21, 31, 36, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron feddei H. LéveilléDDChina (Guizhou)Refs: 17, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron fictolacteum Balf. f.NTChina (Xizang, Yunnan)A shrub or tree, with white, or whiteflushed with pink or cream, flowers, froma restricted area of Xizang–Yunnan.Some consider this taxon to be R. rexssp. fictolacteum. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 16, 30, 36, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron flammeum (Michx.)Sargent

VU C1+2a(i)United States of America (Georgia,South Carolina)Scarlet or orange-flowered shrub fromGeorgia and South Carolina. Found inupland woods, dry slopes, ridges andalong rivers. Very rare outside Georgia,rather rare within Georgia. Several

Rhododendron flavoflorum T. L. MingDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron fletcherianumDavidian

EN DChina (Xizang)A point endemic shrub with pale yellowflowers, potentially known from twolocalities, but maybe the same locality dueto possible data error in original collection.Population size 50–100 individuals, highaltitude species. Population not in aprotected area and access is difficult sonot thought to be under any knownimmediate threat. Although there havebeen collection trips in the area, it has notbeen recently recollected; seen in 2000and the original collections.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57,58

localities under severe pressure fromurban development and habitatdegradation. Ranked as Vulnerable (G3)by NatureServe.Refs: 10, 15, 26, 37, 43, 45, 50, 53, 57,58

Rhododendron flavantherumHutchinson & Kingdon WardDDChina (Xizang)Only known from the type specimen;some consider it close to R. monanthumor synonym of R. kasoense.Refs: 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron flavidum Franchet

VU D2China (Sichuan)A shrub, with pale yellow flowers and amuch localised distribution in westernSichuan, including a significant populationon one mountain near Kangding. Occursin Alpine forests and thickets and onrocky slopes above tree level.Refs: 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,43, 47, 50, 57, 58

41


R. fletcherianum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron fleuryi Dop

CR DVietnamA white-flowered species from a singleknown locality, Langbian, in northernVietnam consisting of very few matureindividuals (6–10 shrubs) with only oneor two other suitable localities in the areawhere further plants could potentiallyexist.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 26, 35, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron florulentum P. C. TamNTChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan)Found in mixed forests and thickets onmountain slopes from south-west China.Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron flosculum W. P. Fang& G. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron flumineum W. P. Fang& M. Y. HeNTChina (Yunnan)A red or pink-flowered shrub found alongriver banks in evergreen broad-leavedforests and open areas in southernYunnan. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron forrestii subsp.papillatum D. F. Chamberlain

VU D2China (Xizang)A creeping or prostrate shrub withcrimson flowers, found on moist stonyslopes and cliffs from a restricted area ofsouth-east Xizang. Some debate existsaround the taxonomic status of thissubspecies.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 43, 50, 57, 62

Rhododendron fortunans J. J. Sm.NTIndonesia (Kalimantan)Known from within a National Park,relatively common within its known rangein central Borneo on top of Bukit Raya inSchwaner Mountains. Nearly met VUD2.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron frey-wysslingiiJ. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Sumatera)Known from one location on a mountain,a volcanic crater, which is a protectedarea. Not known to be in cultivation.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron formosum var.formosum Wall.

CRIndia (Meghalaya)Was noted to be very threatened byland-use conversion and habitatfragmentation in 1965 and was notlocated during field expedition in 2003–4. Needs further targeted field work toestablish whether it is extinct in the wild.Refs: 10, 13, 36, 46, 47, 50

Rhododendron formosum var.inaequale C. B. ClarkeDDIndia (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,Nagaland)Further research is required to correctlyestablish the distribution of this taxon;likely to be much more restricted andthreatened than currently thought.Refs: 10, 13, 36, 46, 47, 50, 57


42

Rhododendron fuchsiifoliumH. Léveillé

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou)Found in dense forests along ridges insouthern China.Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58, 60

Rhododendron fuscipilum M. Y. HeDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron fuyuanenseZ. H. YangDDChina (Yunnan)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron gideonii ArgentDDPapua New GuineaKnown from two locations and needsfurther research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 57, 58

Rhododendron giulianettii Lauterb.DDPapua New GuineaKnown from three locations but needsfurther research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron glanduliferumFranchet

VU D2China (Guizhou, Yunnan)A shrub with white to pale-yellow flowersfound in forests and on hill summits innorth-east Yunnan and an extremelysmall population on Leigong Shan inGuizhou. It is widespread in cultivation,but no additional conservation measuresare known.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 43, 47, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron galactinumI. B. Balfour ex Tagg

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan)A shrub or tree with white, or whitesuffused with pink flowers, often withdeep crimson blotch and spots, found inthe thickets, mountain slopes and alongstreams in western Sichuan.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26, 43,47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron gannanenseZ. C. Feng & X. G. SunDDChina (Gansu)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron gemmiferumM. N. Philipson & PhilipsonDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 8, 13, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron genestierianumForrestNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA small tree or shrub with deep plum-purple flowers, with scattereddistribution in forest margins, thicketsand on rocky slopes in the Xizang–Yunnan–Myanmar area and locallythreatened. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 21, 43, 50, 52,57, 58, 59

43


Rhododendron glaucophyllumRehderDDBhutan, China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh, Sikkim), NepalDebate exists about the distribution,particularly whether it occurs in China ornot. Thought to be quite widespread butseems to occur in small scatteredpopulations, some of which are indisturbed areas and likely to be underthreat.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 47, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron glischroides Tagg &ForrestDDMyanmarHas not been relocated since its firstdiscovery in an area threatened bylogging. Requires further urgent researchto establish its current status.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron gologense C. J. Xu &Z. J. ZhaoDDChina (Qinghai)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron gonggashanenseW. K. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Some taxonomists consider this to be asynonym of R. decorum ssp. decorum.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron griersonianumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

CR A2cChina (Yunnan), MyanmarAn upright shrub with carmine or brightrose-coloured flowers found in the mixedforests and thickets of western Yunnanand Myanmar. It is a low altitude specieswhich occurs in a highly populated area,therefore under severe pressure and hasnot apparently been seen in recent yearsraising the possibility that it is extinct ornearly extinct in the wild.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21, 36, 43, 47,50, 56, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron gongshanenseT. L. Ming

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)A deep red-flowered shrub from thebroad-leaved forest margins and slopesof north-west Yunnan. Restricteddistribution includes lower altitudinalhabitats and therefore under threat fromhabitat loss and land use conversion.Refs: 6, 8, 21, 26, 36, 43, 47, 50, 56, 57,58

Rhododendron goodenoughiiSleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown only from one mountain onGoodenough Island; needs furtherresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron goyozanense(M. Kikuchi) CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57


44

R. griersonianum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron guangnanenseR. C. Fang

CR B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)China (Yunnan)Very restricted distribution, known fromonly one population in rocky mountainssouth-east of Guangnan. Verythreatened from land clearance forexpanding agriculture, in particularginger farming. Not known to be incultivation but of horticultural interest.Some debate exists about its taxonomicstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron guihainianum G. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi, Guizhou)Assessors:Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron guizhongenseG. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron guizhouenseM. Y. FangDDChina (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA white, or white suffused with crimsonto deep rose, flowered shrub native tothe thickets and rocky slopes of westernYunnan and north-east Myanmar.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron haematodes subsp.haematodes Franch.NTChina (Yunnan)A shrub, often compact and spreading,with crimson or (rarely) rose-colouredflowers; species from the Alpine thicketsand valleys in western Yunnan. Poorregeneration, despite good seed viability,has been observed so may becomemore threatened in the near future.Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 43, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron hainanense MerrillDDChina (Guangxi, Hainan)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hameliiflorumWernhamDDIndonesia (Papua)Only collected once from Mt Jaya, hasnot been recollected from the typelocality despite considerable recentbotanical activity there. Needs furtherresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron habbemae Koord.

VU B1ab(ii,iv)Indonesia (Papua)A small shrub with white flowers foundin montane and subalpine forest, butrare in grassland and on moss-coveredrocks on Papua.Assessors: Johns et al (2006)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron habrotrichumI. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith

45


Rhododendron hanceanum Hemsley

VU D2China (Sichuan)A common pale yellow or white-floweredshrub species, where it occurs at asingle known locality on a mountain cliffin central Sichuan. The locality is within aprotected area and not normallyaccessible to the public.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 21, 26, 43, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron hancockii var.longisepalum R. C. Fang & C. H. YangDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57

Rhododendron hangzhouenseW. P. Fang & M. Y. HeDDChina (Zhejiang)Refs: 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hartleyi SleumerDDPapua New GuineaOnly known from the type specimen andtherefore needs further research toestablish the conservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron helodes Sleumer

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)A shrub with red or yellowish-red flowersfound in shrubberies, grassy marshesand open boggy slopes; thought to belocally common at the one knownlocation, near Tiom.Refs: 1, 25, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hemitrichotumI. B. Balfour & ForrestNTChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)A shrub from the pine forests andthickets of Sichuan and Yunnan. Knownto be in cultivation, with its white flowersedged with pink to deep pink, noadditional conservation measures knownand thought by some to be synonym ofR. racemosum. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hemsleyanumE. H. Wilson

Rhododendron hatamense Becc.

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)Found at low altitudes on threemountains, with a scattered distributionin western New Guinea on the VogelkopPeninsula (Arfak, Tamrau and NettotiMountains).Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron heizhugouenseM. Y. He & L. C. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron hejiangense M. Y. HeDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58


46

R. hemsleyanum (Ken Cox)

CR C1China (Sichuan)A white, or white suffused with pink,flowered tree or shrub from the forestsof south-central Sichuan, exists in fewerthan five populations with c.250individuals. Threatened by habitatdegradation and construction projects.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 20, 21, 26, 36, 43, 47,57, 58, 62

Rhododendron henanense W. P. FangDDChina (Henan)Several specimens collected from thesame mountain, which is thought tohave a reasonable population. Needsfurther research to confirm this.Refs: 6, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron heteroclitumH. P. YangDDChina (Sichuan)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hirtolepidotumJ. J. Sm.

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)A terrestrial or occasionally epiphyticspecies that grows in light mossy forest,known from just one location at lowaltitude on Mt Watjetoni in western NewGuinea. Not known to be currently incultivation.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hongkongenseHutchinsonDDChina (Guangdong), Hong KongAssessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 8, 10, 17, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hooglandii SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaOnly known from one location andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hippophaeoides var.occidentale M. N. Philipson &Philipson

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)An upright shrub, with deep mauve-purple flowers, which grows on openstony slopes in central and northernYunnan.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 43, 50, 57

Rhododendron hirsutipetiolatumA. L. Chang & R. C. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Only known from the type specimen, butarea has since been seriously damagedand therefore needs urgent field researchto establish the conservation status.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

47


Rhododendron hookeri Nuttall

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A small tree or shrub with deep crimson,cherry-red or pink flowers, found inthickets along south-facing andsheltered mountain slopes in Abies andrhododendron forests. Restricted to theChina–India border in the easternHimalayas, with the populations inArunachal Pradesh in good condition.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 35, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51,57, 58

Rhododendron horlickianumDavidianDDMyanmarDebate exists around the taxonomicstatus of this species and its range ispoorly documented, but thought tooccur in the Myanmar–China–Vietnamborder region.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 35, 36, 50, 52, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron huadingenseB. Y. Ding & Y. Y. FangDDChina (Zhejiang)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron huguangenseP. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hunnewellianumsubsp. hunnewellianum Rehder &E. H. Wilson

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Gansu, Sichuan)Found in woodlands and thickets alongthe Min Jiang valley in Sichuan, underthreat from habitat loss and degradation.A shrub, but rarely a tree, with whiteflowers edged with pink.Refs: 6, 9, 21, 26, 43, 50, 58

Rhododendron hunnewellianumsubsp. rockii (E. H. Wilson)D. F. Chamberlain

Rhododendron huianum W. P. FangNTChina (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan,Yunnan)A shrub or tree found in the forests andthickets of south-west China. Flowersare pale rose, red to deep lilac. Itshabitats are under threat fromdegradation and loss and it nearly meetsVU D2.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 43, 47, 57

Rhododendron huidongenseT. L. Ming

EN B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan)A species from the mixed forests,evergreen broad-leaved forests andmountain slopes of south-west Sichuan.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hunanense Chun exP. C. TamNTChina (Hunan, Jiangxi)Known to occur in the valley thickets ofsouthern Hunan and eastern Jiangxiborder area. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58


48

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Gansu, Sichuan)Normally a shrub but occasionally a tree,with white flowers, edged with pink, thistaxon is found in thickets on mountainslopes further north than the relatedsubspecies, but also threatened byhabitat loss and degradation.Refs: 6, 9, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hylaeum I. B. Balfour& Farrer

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA pink, or white tinged with pink,flowered shrub or small tree from forestsand mountain slopes in the Xizang–Yunnan–Myanmar border region. With arestricted distribution, it is threatened bylogging in some localities whilst relativelycommon locally in others such as theDulongjiang valley in northwest Yunnan.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 35, 43, 47,50, 52, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron insigne var. insigneHemsl. & E. H. Wilson

VU D2China (Sichuan)A shrub with pink, or white flushed withrose, flowers, confined to woodlands,thickets and stream banks in south-westSichuan. Not collected recently andthought to be possibly extinct in the wildby some but may be known to Chineseresearchers.Refs: 6, 9, 16, 21, 43, 50

Rhododendron hyperythrum HayataDDTaiwanAn endemic shrub or small tree limitedto the northern mountains of the centralrange, however debate exists over thetaxonomic status of this taxon.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hypoblematosumP. C. TamDDChina (Jiangxi)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron igneum CowanDDChina (Xizang)A recently described forest species,threatened by deforestation, howevertaxonomic debate exists with somebelieving it to be a synonym of R. keysii.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron impressopunctatumJ. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Maluku)Only known from one location and thetype specimen; therefore needs researchto establish its status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron insculptum Hutch. &Kingdon-WardDDMyanmarKnown from two locations, rarelycollected, and therefore additional fieldwork is required before an assessmentcan be carried out.Refs: 1, 14, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron insigne var.hejiangense (W. P. Fang) M. Y. FangDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

49


R. insigne (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron intranervatumSleumer

VU D1Malaysia (Sarawak)An epiphyte known from three locations(Mt Palimasan, Mt Penrissen and MtBerumput) in Agathis forest onwaterlogged, white, acid sands or ongranite rock faces. Fewer than 1,000adults make the species vulnerable tothreats and climatic events.Refs: 1, 3, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron invictum I. B. Balfour& Farrer

Rhododendron javanicum subsp.cockburnii Argent, A. Lamb & Phillipps

VU D1Malaysia (Sabah)Known from two locations (Mt Lotungand Long Pa Sia area), with a totalpopulation size of fewer than 1,000mature individuals.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron jinchangenseZ. H. YangDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU D1+2China (Gansu, Sichuan)An evergreen purple-flowered shrub,known from just a few localities andunder 500 individuals.Refs: 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 50, 56,57, 58

Rhododendron jasminiflorum subsp.copelandii (Merr.) Argent

VU D2PhilippinesKnown from sub-alpine shrubbery in onelocation at high altitude near the summitof Mt Apo on Mindanao.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron jasminoides M. Y. HeDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58


Rhododendron jingangshanicumP. C. Tam

EN B1ab(v)+2ab(v); C1+2a(i); DChina (Jiangxi)Known from just 200 individuals from acouple of localities in Jinggang Shan ina forested valley. Under threat fromwhole plant removal for the horticulturaltrade, with >60 mature plants in localplant nursery having been removed fromnatural populations.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron jinpingenseW. P. Fang & M. Y. HeDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron jinxiuense W. P. Fang& M. Y. HeDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron joniense Ching &H. P. YangDDChina (Gansu)Only known from type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron kasoense Hutchinson& Kingdon Ward

VU D2China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarAn epiphytic shrub with yellow flowersfound on trees in dense forests, rocks inthickets and on ridges and hill slopes.Considered rare in India and occurs justover the border in Xizang, China. Knownfrom only four or five locations and lessthan 20,000km2 range. The restrictedrange and epiphytic habit leaves itvulnerable to habitat loss and degradation,although further research may reveal thatpopulations exist elsewhere and be in ahealthier state than currently indicated.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 43, 46, 50, 51, 52,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron katsumatae (M. Tash.& H. Hatta) CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron kawir DanetDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type collection,found in forest margins at 2,280m; needsfurther research to establish its status.Ref: 25

Rhododendron kanehiraeE. H. Wilson

EWTaiwanAn endemic shrub that was limited to thesunny rocks along streams andmountain forests along the banks of thePeishi River, in the northern part ofTaiwan. Now thought to be extinct in thewild but known to be in cultivation.Refs: 7, 10, 15, 21, 26, 30, 50, 58, 61

Rhododendron kansuense MillaisDDChina (Gansu)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 50, 57, 58

51


Rhododendron keiskei var.hypoglaucum Suto & Suzuki

CR C1+2a(i); DJapan (Honshu)A low compact shrub with pale yellow orlemon-yellow flowers, found on limestonemountains in Kanto District of centralHonshu. Very small population remainsand continues to be under threat fromover collection for horticulture.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 13, 43, 44, 50, 61

Rhododendron keleticum I. B. Balfour& Forrest

VU C1+2a(i)Japan (Honshu)A purple-flowered deciduous shrub fromthe Pacific side of southern Honshu,under threat from road construction,deforestation and habitat conversion.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 43, 44

Rhododendron kiyosumense subsp.mayebaraeohsumiense (Makino)Makino

EN DJapan (Honshu)Growing on rocky mountains in a coupleof locations under threat fromdeforestation and horticultural collection.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 44

Rhododendron kogo DanetDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type specimen,where it is epiphytic in Nothofagusprimary forest. Further field researchrequired.Ref: 25

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA rounded and spreading shrub, withdeep purplish-crimson flowers,occurring in large populations at highaltitude and on rocky outcrops –however, its range is thought to be lessthan 20,000km2 making it vulnerable toa range of threats, although it is notknown to be currently directlythreatened.Refs: 8, 9, 13, 14, 21, 26, 43, 50, 56, 57,58

Rhododendron kemulense J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Kalimantan)Known from one location and thereforeadditional field work is required before anassessment can be carried out.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron kiangsienseW. P. FangNTChina (Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi)A small white-flowered shrub knownfrom more than five populations,extremely scattered but small areaoverall. Nearly meets VU D2 and mayturn out to be more threatened ifresearched further.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron kiyosumense subsp.mayebarae (Makino) Makino


Rhododendron komiyamae Makino

VU C1+2a(i)Japan (Honshu)Found in thickets or open deciduousforests on mountain slopes in Shizuoka,central Honshu. Under threat fromdeforestation, habitat conversion andcollection for horticulture.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 44, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron kongboense HutchNTBhutan, China (Xizang)A shrub with pink to deep red flowers,growing in thickets, on rocky slopes andcliffs in southern Xizang and Bhutan.Threatened by logging in Rong Chu.Nearly qualifies for VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58

VU D2Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)Known from two localities (Mt Alab andMt Mulu) each with small populations.Each growing in upper montane forestseither on the ground or as epiphytes.Known to be in cultivation.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lamii J. J.Sm.DDIndonesia (Papua)Known from one location, not recentlyrecollected, and therefore additional fieldwork is required before an assessmentcan be carried out.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lampongum Miq.DDIndonesia (Sumatera)Not recently recollected; needs furtherresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lamrialianum subsp.gunsalamianum Argent & Barkman

EN DMalaysia (Sabah)Known from one mountain (Mt Kinabalu)in a protected area, but the population isvery small and probably fewer than 250mature individuals. It grows as anepiphyte in moderately shady situations

Rhododendron korthalsii Miq.DDIndonesia (Sumatera)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 6, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron kroniae CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron labolengense Ching& H. P. YangDDChina (Gansu)Refs: 8, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lacteum FranchetNTChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)A tree or shrub with yellow or, rarely,white flowers, sometimes with crimsonblotch, found in the mountains ofwestern Sichuan and Yunnan in forestsand thickets. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron lambianum Argent

53


R. kongboense (Ken Cox)

in tall montane valley forest.Characteristic of the ecosystem is thedomination of climbing bamboo(Racemobambos gibbsiae) and thereforethe rhododendron can become veryconspicuous after mass death ofbamboos.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron lamrialianum subsp.lamrialianum Argent & Barkman

VU D2Malaysia (Sabah)Known only from a single population onone mountain (Mt Trus Madi) in Sabah.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron langbianenseA. Chév. ex Dop

EN A2c; DVietnamRestricted to a small area on one side ofLangbian and Bidoup, it may also occuron the small number of high peaks in thispart of Vietnam.Refs: 6, 10, 26, 35, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lanigerum TaggNTChina (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A tree with rose-purple flowers growingin forests in south-east Xizang where itis rare, and across the border in India.Nearly qualifies for VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron laojunshanenseM. Y. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Needs further research to establish theconservation status.Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron lanatoidesD. F. Chamberlain

VU D2China (Xizang)A dense shrub or small tree with whiteflowers, flushed with pink, known fromjust three locations in south-east Xizang,growing on rocky slopes. Although it canbe quite plentiful, threatened due to itsrestricted distribution.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lanatum J. D. HookerDDBhutan, China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh, Sikkim)There is debate over the accepted rangeof this species and the differencesbetween the Sikkim plants and theplants from Bhutan. Although the Sikkimplants are not common, they occur athigh altitudes which will preclude themfrom logging threats.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 50, 52, 57, 58


54

Rhododendron lasiostylum Hayata

VU B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii); D2TaiwanA small pink-flowered shrub restricted tothe woods of central Taiwan, but knownto be in cultivation or subject to focusedconservation efforts.Refs: 7, 8, 9, 15, 21, 23, 26, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron lateriflorumR. C. Fang & A. L. ChangDDChina (Yunnan)A recently described forest speciesthreatened by deforestation. Someconsider this to be a variant form of R.zaleucum but still important whether itremains as a species or becomes avariety.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 52, 57, 58

VU B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang)A white-flowered shrub and like itsrelated variety, this taxon is found ataltitude on alpine and rocky slopes butrestricted to south-east Xizang and doesnot occur in India.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 43, 50

Rhododendron leishanicumW. P. Fang & X. S. ZhangDDChina (Guizhou)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lepidostylumI. B. Balfour & ForrestNTChina (Yunnan)A rounded and compact shrub with yellowflowers growing in western Yunnan oncliffs and boulders. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron leptocladon Dop

VU B1ab(iii)China (Yunnan), VietnamAn epiphyte with lime-yellow flowersscattered in forests, with a very limiteddistribution on the China–Vietnamborder region, although locally commonwhere it does occur.Refs: 8, 13, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron laudandum var.laudandum Cowan

VU B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)Bhutan, China (Xizang)A shrub with pink or white, rarelycreamy-yellow, flowers growing in scrubat altitude in Xizang and Bhutan in alpinemeadows and on rocky hillsides.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 43, 50

Rhododendron laudandum var.temoense Kingdon Ward ex Cowan &Davidian

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Rhododendron leptomorphumSleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron leptopeplumI. B. Balfour & ForrestDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 8, 16, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron leucogigas SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from one location andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron levinei MerrillDDChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hunan)Widespread but scattered distribution,potentially threatened but requiresfurther field research.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron leytense var. loheri(Copel. f.) SleumerDDPhilippinesOnly known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50

CR DChina (Guizhou)Only known from a single population of35 individuals on a karst mountain inLibo County, south-east Guizhou. Notknown to be in cultivation.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron liliiflorum H. LéveilléNTChina (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan,Yunnan)This species is relatively widespread withmore than 15 populations and beingquite common where it does occur.Under threat from whole plant removalfor the horticultural trade and from forestdegradation. Nearly meets VU C1+2a(i)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron lindaueanum var.bantaengense J. J. Sm.

VU D2Indonesia (Sulawesi)Growing in brushwood at high altitudeon Mt Bantaeng and Mt Bawakraeng onSulawesi.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron liaoxigenseS. L. Tung & Z. Lu

VU D2China (Liaoning)Tall shrub with yellow flowers knownfrom just one population covering a verysmall area in the uplands. Likely to bethreatened, maybe at a higher level thancurrent assessment indicates.Refs: 8, 21, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron liboense Zheng R.Chen & K. M. Lan


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Rhododendron lineare Merr.NTBrunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sarawak)Widespread epiphyte from low altitudesin Dipterocarp forest, which itself isunder threat, and occasionally on moss-covered ground. Nearly meets VUB1ab(iii,v).Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron linearilobumR. C. Fang & A. L. Chang

CR DChina (Yunnan)Found on limestone cliffs in a singlelocation in Yunnan. Despite the areabeing difficult to access, very fewindividuals (<50) remain.Refs: 8, 13, 21, 22, 23, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron linguiense G. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron litchiifolium T. C. Wu& P. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU D2Indonesia (Jawa)Grows in grassland or shrubberies ondry but fertile soil, very rich in humus.Apparently rare and known from just twolocations on Kedu Plain (Mts Tlerep andSumbling) but not recently recollected.Refs: 1, 30, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lompohense J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Known only from one location and needsfurther research to establish its status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron longesquamatumC. K. SchneiderNTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan)A large shrub or small tree, with pink torosy-red flowers, with a deep crimsonblotch, usually growing in Abies forests,sometimes on cliffs, in a few more thanfive localities in western Sichuan. Nearlymeets VU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 43, 47, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron longicalyx M. Y. Fang

VU D2China (Sichuan)Grows in scrub and restricted alongstreams in western Sichuan (KangdingCounty); however some taxonomistsconsider this to be a variety of R. souliei.Refs: 6, 8, 20, 21, 36, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron lochiae F. Muell.

VU D2Australia (Queensland)A terrestrial species in stunted montaneforest and shrubberies amongst rocks.Only known from two locations(Bellenden Ker Range and also on BellPeak in Malbon Thompson Range).Refs: 1, 3, 26, 50, 57

Rhododendron loerzingii J. J. Sm.

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Rhododendron longifalcatumP. C. Tam

VU D2China (Guangxi)Small erect shrubs in open thicketsaround 200 m high in south-westGuangxi.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 21, 38, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron longiflorum var.bancanum Sleumer

Rhododendron longiperulatumHayata

VU D2TaiwanSmall shrubs with scarlet-red flowers,found in grasslands in northern Taiwan.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron longipes Rehder &E. H. Wilson

CR B2ab(iii)Indonesia (Sumatera)Severely fragmented lowland speciesfrom Bangka Islands (top of Mt Maras,Menumbing, R. Liat) and under threatfrom mining operations.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron longiflorum var.longipetalum Argent, A. Lamb &Phillipps

CR B2ab(iii)Malaysia (Sabah)Low altitude epiphytic forest speciesunder threat from deforestation anddegradation. Originally known from twolocations, one of which has beencompletely lost due to deforestation.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron longilobum L. M. Gao& D. Z. LiDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 57, 58


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VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan,Yunnan)A shrub with pale rose flowers, withdeeper coloured spots, found in forestsand thickets; can be locally commonsuch as on Jinfushan but some localitiesare badly damaged.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 20, 21, 26, 43, 47, 52,57, 58

Rhododendron longistylum subsp.decumbens R. C. Fang

VU D2China (Yunnan)A shrub with white flowers, sometimestinged with pink, only known from typespecimens collected in north-eastYunnan. Occurs as one small population(c.2,000 individuals) scattered in onelocality on a cliff with a distribution of lessthan 2km2.Refs: 9, 13, 21, 43, 50, 57

Rhododendron lowndesii Davidian

VU D2NepalYellow-flowered small creeping shrubfrom rock crevices, ledges and peatybanks with a restricted distribution.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron luciferum (Cowan)Cowan

Rhododendron longistylum subsp.longistylum Rehder & E. H.Wilson

VU D2China (Sichuan)A shrub with white flowers, sometimestinged with pink, from thickets andscrub-covered rocky slopes or cliffs.Considered a rare species known fromfewer than five localities.Refs: 13, 20, 21, 43, 50

Rhododendron loranthiflorum subsp.lakekamuensis W. N.TakeuchiDDPapua New GuineaThought to be known from just one lowaltitude location.Refs: 1, 50

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R. luciferum (Ken Cox)

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang)A shrub or tree with yellow flowers,sometimes with red spots. Restricteddistribution in the area around the Tsarivalley in Xizang, may also occur acrossthe border in India.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 26, 36, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ludlowii Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A dwarf shrub, with yellow flowers withreddish-brown spots, growing in openground and rocky hillsides at high altitudebut small distribution. The two knownlocalities are likely to be adjacent acrossthe border and may be locally commonand relatively safe but under threat due tothe very restricted distribution. Known tobe in cultivation although no additionalconservation measures are known.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 21, 36, 43, 47, 50, 51,57, 58

Rhododendron luraluense Sleumer

VU D2Papua New Guinea (North Solomons)An epiphytic shrub in rain forest, or treein stunted vegetation. Thought to belocally common at the one knownlocation on Bougainville Island.Refs: 1, 3, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron luteiflorum (Davidian)Cullen

Rhododendron ludwigianumHosseusDDThailandA white-flowered shrub which occurs onmountains at relatively low altitude andtherefore at risk from agriculturalpressures; population not visited recentlydue to security issues.Refs: 10, 13, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron luhuoense H. P. YangDDChina (Sichuan)Only known from the type specimen.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron lulangense L. C. Hu &Tateishi

VU D1China (Xizang)A large shrub from southern Xizang;known from more than 7 populationswith a total population of under 1,000individuals.Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62


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VU D2China (Yunnan), MyanmarA small shrub with yellow flowers whichforms thickets on open granite ridges atbetween 2,900 and 3,300m on theMyanmar–China border region. Loweraltitude populations are likely to be underthreat from agriculture and habitat loss.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 26, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron lutescens FranchetNTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Widespread but in general a low altitudespecies and therefore many populationsare likely to be exposed to habitat lossand degradation. Nearly meets VUB1ab(iii,iv,v).Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron macabeanum Wattex Balf. f.

EN B2ab(ii,iii,v)India (Nagaland)A shrub or a small tree which has arelatively erect aspect, with yellowflowers. Although it can be commonwhere it is found, it is only found on twopeaks (Saramati and Japvo), one ofwhich is not easily accessible due tosecurity issues. Under pressure fromforest loss and logging.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 17, 36, 46, 50, 52, 54,57, 58

EN B2ab(i)PhilippinesPoint endemic from Mt Mantalingahan,at a higher altitude than R. acrophilum.Grows in sub-montane shrubbery onultramafic rocks; there is deforestationoccurring in the area.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron magnificum KingdonWard

VU D2China (Xizang), MyanmarA shrub or tree with crimson-purple orrosy-purple flowers, growing in rainforests or thickets along stream banksalong the China–Myanmar borderregion. The low altitudes and good foresttimber make this species very vulnerableto logging. Potential new population maybe located in Hawai district of Anjawdistrict (Arunachal Pradesh, India), if thiscan be confirmed then the overallconservation status is likely to improveto NT.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 21, 35, 36, 43, 50, 57, 58,59, 62

Rhododendron mackenzianumForrest

VU D1+2China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA small tree or shrub with pink or whiteflowers, with yellowish-orange markings,found from just a few localities (<5) in theMyanmar–China border region. Sometaxonomic debate about its status exists.Refs: 9, 17, 21, 26, 36, 48, 50, 56, 57,58, 59, 62

Rhododendron madulidii Argent

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Rhododendron magniflorumW. K. Hu

CR C1China (Guizhou)This could be one of the largest floweredRhododendron with flowers 10cm longin truss of 12–14 flowers. Known fromonly a couple of locations, one of whichconsists of just 10 plants and undersevere threat from forest loss. Potentiallythe pollinator is no longer present addingfurther pressure to the survival of thespecies.Refs: 6, 21, 31, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron makinoi Tagg

VU B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); C1Japan (Honshu)A shrub with rose or pink flowers, fromsunny and rocky places on mountainslopes in central Honshu. A totalpopulation is thought to beapproximately 7,000 of whichdeforestation and horticultural collectionare the main threats.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 6, 10, 17, 43, 44, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron malayanum var.pubens SleumerDDIndonesia (Maluku)One record from a steep limestone ridgeat 1,000m.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron malipoense M. Y. HeDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron maguanenseK. M. Feng

VU D2China (Yunnan)A golden-yellow flowered shrub from themontane thickets of south-east Yunnan.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 1, 8, 21, 23, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron mainlingenseS. H. Huang & R. C. FangDDChina (Xizang)Only known from type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58


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Rhododendron mallotum I. B. Balfour& Kingdon Ward

EN B1ab(ii,iii,v)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA small tree or shrub with crimson orscarlet flowers, found along the borderof China–Myanmar in the forests,thickets and rocky gullies. Somepopulations have been observed withlittle regeneration and it occurs in aregion where significant new roads arebeing built.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 36, 43, 47,50, 56, 57, 58, 59

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA shrub with pale rose, or white flushedwith pale rose flowers, sometimes withcrimson spots, growing in openconiferous forests of eastern Xizang,north-west Yunnan and Myanmar.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron maxiongenseC. Q. Zhang & D. PattersonDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron maxwellii GibbsDDMalaysia (Sabah)Only known from one location on MtKinabalu, but thought to be widespreadin that location; needs further researchto establish the conservation status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron maoerenseW. P. Fang & G. Z. Li

VU D2China (Guangxi)A tree with pale pink flowers, fading towhite, from north-east Guangxi.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 21, 38, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron maowenense Ching& H. P. YangDDChina (Sichuan)Only known from type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron martinianumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

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R. martinianum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron meddianum Forrest

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA crimson or scarlet-flowered shrub fromthe border region between China andMyanmar, in thickets and along streamsand rocky slopes.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 43, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron medoense W. P. Fang& M. Y. HeDDChina (Xizang), MyanmarOnly known from a couple of collectionsand needs further research to establishits status.Refs: 8, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron megalanthumM. Y. FangDDChina (Xizang)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron mekongense var.longipilosum (Cowan) CullenDDChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; some considerthis to be R. trichocladum var.longipilosum.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron melantherum Schltr.DDPapua New GuineaKnown from only known from onelocation, no type material remains;therefore taxonomic uncertainty existsover the status of the species.Refs: 1, 14, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron mendumiae Argent

CR B2ab(i)PhilippinesOnly known from a very small populationat the type locality in mossy sub-montane forest on Palawan, Philippines.Due to habitat type and population size,this species is at risk from habitatdisturbances such as those caused byEl Nino events.Refs: 1, 57, 58

Rhododendron megeratumI. B. Balfour & ForrestNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA rare shrub species known from justone or two sites in India and notcommon in China and Myanmar. It isoften epiphytic and has deep yellow topale lemon-yellow, rarely white, flowersgrowing in forests and on rocky slopesand cliffs. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 46, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron meijeri Argent,A. Lamb & Phillipps

EN DMalaysia (Sabah)Terrestrial taxon growing in openshrubby vegetation amongst ultramaficrocks. Point endemic on MtTambuyukon, Sabah, within a protectedarea. The range is under 1km2 range,but not known to be under any directthreats or in decline. Fewer than 100mature individuals.Refs: 1, 14, 50, 57, 58


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Rhododendron mengtszenseI. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith

VU D2China (Yunnan), VietnamFound in broad-leaved and mixedforests in south-east Yunnan andVietnam.Refs: 6, 8, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron menziesii CravenDDCanada (Alberta, British Columbia),United States of America (Alaska,California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon,Washington, Wyoming)Subject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron meridionale var.meridionale P. C. TamNTChina (Guangxi)A purple-flowered shrub which grows invalley forests at relatively low altitudes insouthern Guangxi. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 7, 21, 50

Rhododendron microgynumI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A soft-rose coloured flowering shrubfrom south-east Xizang to north-westYunnan.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron microphyllumJ. J. Sm.NTIndonesia (Papua)Small shrub with red flowers whichgrows in peat on limestone grikes and issometimes epiphytic amongst moss insub-alpine forest. Known from arestricted number of montane locationsin Papua, nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57

Rhododendron microphyton var.trichanthum A. L. Chang ex R. C.FangDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron meridionale var.minus P. C. TamDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 57

Rhododendron mianningenseZ. J. Zhao

CR B2ab(iii)China (Sichuan)Point endemic only known from onemountain, but potentially found onothers. Although it is known from justone herbarium specimen, it is a goodspecies. The area is under pressure ofshifting agriculture (potato crops) andspecies does not occur in a protectedarea. Sub-populations of 5–10individuals.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

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Rhododendron milleri Argent

VU D1Indonesia (Papua)Known only from an open sub-alpineshrubbery by a roadside, at its typelocality in the Darnell Ridge in westernNew Guinea.Refs: 1, 26, 43, 57, 58

Rhododendron mimetes Tagg &Forrest

Rhododendron mitriforme var.mitriforme P. C. Tam

VU D2China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan)A shrub or small tree with white flowers,flushed with red or purple, from arestricted area of dense forests andvalleys in western Guangdong, easternGuangxi and south-west Hunan.Refs: 9, 21, 38, 48, 50, 58

Rhododendron mitriforme var.setaceum P. C. TamDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57

Rhododendron miyiense W. K. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU D2China (Sichuan)A white-flowered species, sometimesflushed with pink or purple, growing inthe thickets and rocky mountain slopesin south-west Sichuan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron miniatum Cowan

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang)A small tree or shrub with deep crimsonor a very deep rose-coloured flowers,from forests and cliffs in southern Xizang.Refs: 6, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58


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R. miniatum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron mogeanum Argent

VU D1+2Indonesia (Kalimantan)Known only from type specimen andsingle population in primary uppermontane mossy forest on Mt Raya incentral Kalimantan.Refs: 1, 57, 58

Rhododendron mollianum Koord.DDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron mollicomumI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithNTChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)A shrub with pale to deep rose-colouredflowers from coniferous and Quercusforests in river valleys in south-westSichuan to north-west Yunnan. Nearlymeets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron mucronulatum var.ciliatum (Nakai) M. Kitagawa

VU C1+2a(i)Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)A purple-flowered shrub from rockymountains in northern Kyushu, Shikokuand western Honshu; under threat fromroad construction, habitat degradationand collection for horticulture.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 13, 44, 50, 58, 61

Rhododendron multiflorum (Maxim.)CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron muscicola J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Papua)Known from two locations and needsfurther research to establish its status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron myrsinifolium Chingex W. P. Fang & M. Y. HeDDChina (Guangxi)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron monkoboense Argent

CR B1ab(i)Malaysia (Sabah)A very rare point endemic, found inmossy forests near the summit of MtMonkobo, Sabah, Malaysia. No otherobvious potential locations and thereforeat risk from stochastic events.Refs: 1, 57, 58

Rhododendron montiganumT. L. MingDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron moupinense FranchetNTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)A white, or white tinged with pink,flowered epiphytic shrub with ascattered distribution of smallpopulations from more than fivelocalities. Known to be in cultivation, butno additional conservation measuresknown. Deforestation and agriculturalpressures threatening the status of thepopulations. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron myrsinites SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known from one location, the typespecimen, and needs further research toestablish its status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nakaharae Hayata

EN B1ab(i,iii)TaiwanA low or prostrate twiggy shrub withdeep red or scarlet flowers, from thegrassy slopes in northern Taiwan. Couldbe under greater threat than Vulnerable,recent efforts to locate it failed, withMiscanthus becoming very dominant inthe area. It is considered by some to bea naturally occurring hybrid.Refs: 7, 8, 10, 15, 21, 23, 26, 31, 36, 43,50, 58, 61

Rhododendron nakotiltumI. B. Balfour & ForrestDDChina (Yunnan)A shrub with pale rose, or white flushedwith rose flowers, from thickets onmountain slopes in north-west Yunnan.Some taxonomic uncertainty exists.Refs: 6, 16, 21, 26, 36, 50, 57, 58

EN DIndonesia (Sulawesi)Point endemic from Mt Rantemario,within a protected area. Scattered plantsin open country with fewer than 100individuals in an area less than 1km2.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron nanophyton var.petrophilum SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron nanpingenseP. C. TamDDChina (Fujian)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron natalicium SleumerDDPapua New GuineaTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron neobritannicumSleumer

Rhododendron nanjianenseK. M. Feng & Z. H. Yang

VU D2China (Yunnan)Known from two specimens collectedfrom a single location in thickets inwestern Yunnan.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 8, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nanophyton var.nanophyton Sleumer


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VU C1Papua New Guinea (BismarckArchipelago)Epiphytic in montane forest in PapuaNew Guinea. Known from low altitudeson four mountains (Mt Klangal, MtLululua, Mt Talawe and Mt Tangis).Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron neriiflorum var.agetum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)T. L. Ming

VU D2China (Yunnan)A shrub with crimson or deep rose-coloured flowers from the pine andbamboo forests of western Yunnan.Possibly a synonym of R. neriiflorum var.neriiflorum.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron neriifolium Schltr.DDPapua New GuineaKnown from just one location with norecent collections being made andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 17, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nhatrangense DopDDVietnamApparently not seen in recent decades.Needs further field work to establishconservation status.Refs: 6, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nigroglandulosumNitzelius

VU D2China (Sichuan)A shrub with deep pink flowers, yellowing,with purple spots, found on mountainslopes in western Sichuan. Not a wellcollected species outside the typespecimen but known to be in cultivation.Refs: 6, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nervulosum Sleumer

VU D1Malaysia (Sabah)A terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, shrub foundin mossy forest or open, sunnylandslides in Sabah. Known from twolocations with fewer than 1,000 matureindividuals.Refs: 1, 50

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R. nervulosum (Ken Cox)

R. nigroglandulosum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron nitidulum var.nitidulum Rehder & E. H. WilsonNTChina (Sichuan)A rosy lilac or violet-purple floweredshrub from around 6 localities inSichuan. Although it can form a carpetof individuals, the populations are smalland regeneration at some is reported tobe poor due to grazing pressure. Nearlymeets VU D2.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron nitidulum var.omeiense M. N. Philipson & Philipson

EN D2China (Sichuan)An upright species with dark purplish-blue to lavender-blue coloured flowersfrom moorlands and rocky slopes incentral Sichuan. An open groundspecies, restricted to one very small areaon Mt Emaishan/Omei, in a naturereserve. Relatively stable population andshould be relatively safe in accessibleareas but potentially under threat fromtourism pressure and fires.Refs: 9, 10, 13, 20, 21, 35, 43, 47, 50,57, 62

VU B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)TaiwanA low shrub endemic to Central Taiwanin sub-alpine rocky slopes and opengrasslands threatened by habitat lossand degradation.Refs: 7, 10, 15, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron nortoniae Merr.DDPhilippinesThought to be known from threelocations but needs further research toestablish its status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nudipes var.kirishimense T. Yamaz.

VU B1ab(iii)Japan (Kyushu)Habitat degradation threatens theremaining populations of this purple-flowered deciduous shrub from southernKyushu.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 26, 44, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron nuttallii Booth exNuttallNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), Myanmar, VietnamA tree or shrub with fragrant white, orwhite flushed with rose flowers, growingin thickets, along forest margins and on

Rhododendron niveum J. D. Hooker

VU D2Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim)A tree or shrub with mauve flowers, withor without a deeper lilac blotch. Knownfrom one or two localities in each countryin mixed forests and rocky valleys.Occurring within protected areas, butpossibly threatened by the small numberof localities.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 51, 52,57, 58

Rhododendron noriakianum Suzuki


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rocky slopes or cliffs; sometimes anepiphyte. It is rare in India, one locality inVietnam has been destroyed within thepast five years, and very threatened inChina, although remaining relativelycommon at some localities.Deforestation and habitat loss are themain threats. Sometimes difficult todistinguish from R. sinonuttallii. Nearlymeets VU B1ab(i,iii)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 21, 26, 35, 43,46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron nyingchienseR. C. Fang & S. H. HuangNTChina (Xizang)A small shrub with rose to white-coloured flowers. Known from just twocollections from a single location insouth-east Xizang, but occurs in at least8 populations and common where itdoes grow. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron nymphaeoidesW. K. Hu

CR C1China (Guizhou, Sichuan)A small tree with pink flowers limited tothe type locality in southern Sichuan(Gulin) and about a half dozen plants onthe heavily disturbed habitat on thehighest peak in Guizhou, Wumeng Shan.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron occidentale var.sonomense (Greene) Rehder

VU B1b(i,iii)United States of AmericaHas been reported to occur alongstream banks on the eastern side of theNapa Range in California's North CoastRanges sub region, from at least 500-800m in elevation. Ranked asImperiled/Vulnerable by NatureServe.Not all taxonomists recognise varieties ofR. occidentale to be valid names.Assessors: NatureServeRefs: 37, 45, 50, 57

Rhododendron oblancifoliumM. Y. FangDDChina (Guizhou)Refs: 6, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron obscurum SleumerDDMalaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus. Taxonomic debate exists aroundthe status of this species.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron occidentale var.paludosum Jepson

VU B1ab(i,iii)United States of AmericaOnly known from two counties in north-western California, it has been reportedto occur near the coast in north-westernCalifornia (Humboldt and Del Nortecounties), in sedgy bogs. Ranked asImperilled/Vulnerable by NatureServe.Not all taxonomists recognise varieties ofR. occidentale to be valid names.Assessors: NatureServeRefs: 4, 37, 45, 50, 57

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Rhododendron ochraceum Rehder &E. H. Wilson

VU B2ab(ii,iii,v)China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan)A shrub or small tree with crimsonflowers from the forests and thickets ofsouthern Sichuan, north-east Yunnanand Nanchuan in Chongqing, with afragmented distribution and smallpopulations.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 47, 57,58

Rhododendron octandrum M. Y. HeDDChina (Guizhou)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron oliganthum SleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)A fragrant pink-flowering small shrubknown from just three locations inPapua; can be found growing as anepiphyte on large trees in mossy forests.Not known to be in cultivation.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron orbiculare Decaisne

VU D2China (Guangxi, Sichuan)A shrub or tree with white-rose toreddish-purple flowers from north-eastGuangxi and south-west Sichuan.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 20, 21, 26, 57, 58

Rhododendron oreadum WernhamDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron oreogenum L. C. HuDDChina (Xizang)Only known from the type specimen.Thought to be closely related to R.sidereum but the flower colour does notsupport this.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron oligocarpumW. P. Fang & X. S. Zhang

VU D2China (Guangxi, Guizhou)From the forests and thickets of north-east Guangxi and north-east Guizhou, ashrub or small tree with purple flowerswith darker purple spots.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 6, 8, 9, 21, 38, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron opulentum Sleumer


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Rhododendron orthocladum var.longistylum M. N. Philipson &PhilipsonNTChina (Yunnan)The rarer variety of the species and thepopulation in Dali is not large and likely tobe threatened. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron osuzuyamenseT. Yamaz.

VU B1ab(iii); C1+2a(i); D1+2Japan (Kyushu)Deforestation threatens this deciduousshrub with purple flowers from centralKyushu.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 44, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron oxycoccoidesSleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachytrichum var.tenuistylosum W. K. HuDDChina (Chongqing, Sichuan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron papillatumI. B. Balfour & R. E. CooperNTBhutan, China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh)A shrub or small tree from the Abiesforests and thickets, and often on rockysteep slopes, cliffs and among bouldersin the Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh,Sikkim and across the border in Bhutanand China. Nearly VU B2ab(i,iii).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 46, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron parmulatum Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang)A white or yellow-flowered, sometimessuffused with crimson and/or spots,shrub from the pine forests and cliffs ofsouthern Xizang, potentially only a singleknown locality although this is in anunpopulated area.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachyphyllumW. P. FangDDChina (Guangxi, Hunan)Known from three specimens collectedfrom two locations; needs furtherresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachysanthumHayata

VU D2TaiwanA shrub with white, crimson-spottedflowers collected just two or three timesin 30 years from the forests and abovethe tree line in the mountains of Taiwanat Nan-fu-ta-shan.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachytrichum var.monosematum (Hutch.) D. F. Chamb.DDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 36, 50, 52, 57, 58

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Rhododendron parvulum SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pemakoenseKingdon Ward

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A dwarf shrub with pale pink to purpleflowers, known from rocky openhabitats. The species has a veryrestricted distribution with around threepopulations and is potentially undergrazing pressure. If the distributionextends into the Tsang Po Gorge, as isthought, then it could also be at riskwhen natural dams form followingearthquakes.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 43, 46, 47,50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pentandrum (Maxim.)CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron piercei Davidian

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A compact spreading shrub withcrimson flowers from thickets in south-east Xizang.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 43, 50, 51, 57, 58

Rhododendron pilostylum W. K. HuDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pilosum (Michx. exLam.) CravenDDUnited States of America (Georgia,Maryland, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, Tennessee, Virginia, WestVirginia)Subject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron pinetorum P. C. TamDDChina (Hunan)Refs: 7, 15, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pingbianenseM. Y. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron perplexum SleumerDDIndonesia (Sumatera)Only known from the type specimen.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron petrocharis Diels

VU D2China (Guizhou, Sichuan)A small shrub with white flowers foundon cliffs in just a few localities in Sichuanand one in Guizhou. Known to be incultivation but some taxonomic debateabout its status exists.Refs: 8, 9, 13, 14, 20, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron phaeops SleumerNTIndonesia (Papua)Terrestrial in disturbed habitats andshrubby forest borders or epiphytic inNothofagus primary forests. Eightlocalities known around the Baliemvalley. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 1, 25, 50, 57, 58


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Rhododendron pingianum W. P. FangNTChina (Sichuan)A tree or shrub with pink to purpleflowers on forests from a limited area ofsouth-west Sichuan. Nearly qualifies forVU D2.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron platyphyllum(Franchet ex Diels) I. B. Balfour &W. W. Smith

VU D2China (Yunnan)An erect or semiprostrate shrub with areasonable population known on onemountain, in amongst rocks in alpinepastures and along cliffs and ledges, butrestricted distribution overall. Rare incultivation and could be under threatfrom grazing pressure.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 26, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pocophorumI. B. Balfour ex Tagg

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh)A shrub with crimson flowers from themargins of bamboo and conifer forests,open rocky slopes and meadows in theborder region between India (ArunachalPradesh) and China (Xizang andYunnan).Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 23, 26, 43, 46, 51,57, 58

Rhododendron pogonophyllumCowan & DavidianDDBhutanThought to occur in just one valley withinBhutan but insufficient informationknown to carry out assessment.Refs: 13, 14, 16, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron poilanei DopDDChina (Guangxi, Yunnan), VietnamTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; some consider itto be the same as R. emarginatum.Refs: 1, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron platypodum Diels

EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)China (Chongqing)A shrub or tree with pink or pinkish-redflowers growing in forest, thickets and onrocky slopes and known from just acouple of small populations. The speciesmay be more threatened thanEndangered would indicate. Someefforts have been made to relocatemature specimens due to poorregeneration but it is thought that thesehave not been as successful as hoped.Some debate exists about whether ornot a closely related taxon, R.yuefengense is synonymous with thisspecies.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 16, 20, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron pleistanthumE. H. WilsonDDChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species as it appears closeto R. yunnanense.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron polycladum Franchet

VU B1ab(iii)China (Yunnan)A rose-purple to deep blue-purpleflowered shrub with a restricteddistribution and a preference for openground, but also found along forestmargins, often in slightly wet areas.Possibly threatened by grazing pressuredue to preference for open groundhabitats.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 24, 26, 43,50, 57, 58

Rhododendron polyraphidoideumvar. montanum P. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron pomense Cowan &Davidian

EN B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang)Small shrubs with pink flowers spottedwith purple, found in coniferous forests,thickets and on mountain slopes insouth-east Xizang.Refs: 6, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron populare Cowan

Rhododendron polyraphidoideumvar. polyraphidoideum P. C.Tam

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Fujian, Hunan)A shrub from dense forests on mountainsummits.Refs: 7, 9, 21, 50

Rhododendron polytrichumW. P. FangDDChina (Guangxi, Hunan)Thought to be known from two localitiesand needs further research to establishits status.Refs: 6, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58


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VU D2China (Xizang)A crimson-flowered small tree or shrubfrom thickets in southern Xizang.Refs: 6, 9, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron poremense J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Known only from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron porphyranthesSleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known from three locations but onlycollected twice (type and one other) andtherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carriedout.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron potaninii BatalinDDChina (Gansu)Refs: 6, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron praeteritumHutchinsonDDChina (Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Qinghai)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 36, 57, 58

Rhododendron prattii Franch.NTChina (Sichuan)A shrub or tree with white flowers withred spots. Grows along the coniferousforest margins and in thickets in Sichuan.Occurs in disturbed areas and potentiallythreatened by hybridisation as well ashabitat loss and degradation. Nearlymeets VU B1ab(iii).Refs: 6, 10, 17, 43, 47, 50, 57, 58

VU D2China (Yunnan)A creeping or matted shrub with white,creamy-yellow or pink flowers,sometimes with crimson spots, growingin the mountains of north-west Yunnanand restricted to moist rocky slopes,along stony streamsides and on northand east facing cliffs.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 36, 43, 47,50, 57, 58

Rhododendron protandrum SleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron protistum I. B. Balfour& ForrestNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA shrub to large tree of the mixed andAbies forests of the China (Xizang andYunnan)–Myanmar region, with creamy-white or crimson flowers. Occurs at lowaltitudes but still quite abundantalthough restricted. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 35, 43, 47, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron preptum I. B. Balfour& Forrest

VU D2China (Yunnan), MyanmarA shrub or tree with pale creamy-whiteto pale yellow flowers, with a crimsonblotch, growing on the border of China(Yunnan) and Myanmar in mixed forestsand thickets.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 56, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron proliferum SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pronum Tagg &Forrest

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R. pronum foliage (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron pruniflorumHutchinson & Kingdon WardNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA purple, crimson or cerise-colouredflowering shrub. Under threat in Chinaand considered rare in India (ArunachalPradesh), but also occurs in Myanmar.Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 13, 21, 43, 46, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron przewalskii subsp.chrysophyllum W. P. Fang & S. X.WangDDChina (Qinghai)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 21, 36, 50, 57

Rhododendron przewalskii subsp.huzhuense W. P. Fang & S. X. WangDDChina (Qinghai)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 21, 36, 50, 57

Rhododendron przewalskii subsp.yushuense W. P. Fang & S. X. WangDDChina (Qinghai)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 21, 36, 50, 57

Rhododendron psammogenesSleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

VU D2TaiwanAn endemic white or rose-floweredshrub found on the high peaks of thecentral range, with a fragmented andrestricted distribution.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 16, 21, 23, 26, 31, 43, 50,57, 58, 61

Rhododendron pseudociliipes Cullen

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarVery limited and restricted distribution inChina and not in protected areas.Possibly not seen in Myanmar since1930s. Mainly found as an epiphyte andthreatened by deforestation.Refs: 9, 13, 21, 26, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron pseudomurudenseSleumerDDMalaysia (Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pseudotrichanthumSleumerDDIndonesia (Kalimantan)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pseudobuxifoliumSleumer

VU D2Indonesia (Sulawesi)A point endemic from Mt Rantemario incentral Sulawesi. Growing amongstmoss in open areas near summit andpossibly hybridising with R. celebicumalthough that species normally occursmuch lower on mountain in forest.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pseudochrysanthumHayata


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Rhododendron psilanthum SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron pubescensI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Small multi-branched shrubs growing inthickets.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

VU D2Indonesia (Sulawesi)Known from two locations on theLatimodjong Range (Mt Pokapindjangand its spur to Tinabang) on Sulawesi.Grows in low forest and open sub-alpineshrubberies.Refs: 1, 3, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pudorosum Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A fragrant pink-flowered shrub or treefrom Abies forests and thickets insouthern Xizang. Although it can belocally common, it is restricted to acouple of valleys in Tsari area.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 35, 36, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron pubicostatumT. L. Ming

EN B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)A shrub with white flowers flushed withpink and with crimson spots, growing inthickets in north-east Yunnan. Sometaxonomic debate exists around whetheror not this is a natural hybrid.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 21, 26, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pudorinum Sleumer

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R. pudorosum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron pugeense L. C. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pulchroides Chun &W. P. Fang

VU D2China (Guangxi)Small shrubs with purplish-red flowersgrowing on rocky cliffs and in light shadeby rivers in Longsheng, northern Guangxi.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 9, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron punctifolium L. C. HuDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron purdomii Rehder &E. H. WilsonDDChina (Gansu, Henan, Shaanxi)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron purpureiflorumJ. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaKnown from three locations, but norecent recollections and thereforeadditional field work is required before anassessment can be carried out.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron radendum W. P. FangDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; similar to R.trichostomum and considered to be asynonym by some.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ramipilosumT. L. MingDDChina (Xizang)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ramsdenianumCowan

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang)A shrub or tree with rose to crimsonflowers in the mixed forests and forestmargins in south-east Xizang.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 26, 35, 43, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron pyrrhophorumSleumerDDIndonesia (Sumatera)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron qianyangenseM. Y. HeDDChina (Hunan)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron qiaojiaense Gao & Li

VU D2China (Yunnan)An evergreen shrub or small tree withpink to pink-purple flowers only recentlydescribed and currently known only fromits type locality in Qiaojia County(Yunnan), additional populationspotentially exist at other localities in theregion.Refs: 31, 40

Rhododendron qinghaiense Ching exW. Y. WangDDChina (Qinghai)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58


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Rhododendron recurvoides Tagg &Kingdon-Ward

VU D2MyanmarOnly known and collected once fromone locality in Myanmar, valley of the DiChu. With white, or white blushed withrose, coloured flowers it is relatively wellknown in horticulture.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 47, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron renschianum Sleumer

Rhododendron revolutum SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Restricted to crevices and sandy nicheson sterile limestone slopes. It is notknown to be in cultivation and is onlyknown from type specimen. Additionalfield work is required before anassessment can be carried out.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rex subsp. gratum(T. L. Ming) M. Y. Fang

VU D2China (Yunnan)Small trees with creamy-white, paleyellow to pink flowers with a crimsonblotch, found in thickets in westernYunnan. Considered a synonym of R.basilicum by some taxonomists.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU D2Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.)Epiphytic in Casuarina forest and summitvegetation, terrestrial on stony ground onslopes and crater edge. Known from twolocations on Flores (Mt Geli Mutu and MtDesu).Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron retrorsipilum Sleumer

EXPapua New GuineaThe original forest cover at the localityhas been completely converted toagriculture and lost to firewoodcollection. The only known site of thisspecies is now totally exposed andunsuitable for its continued existence.The very restricted distribution of thistaxon and similar taxa, means that it isvery unlikely to exist in additional, as yetunknown locations. Unfortunately it wasnot introduced to cultivation andtherefore is now certainly extinct.Refs: 1, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron retusum var.trichostylum SleumerDDIndonesia (Sumatera)Known from three locations, but norecent recollections and thereforeadditional field work is required before anassessment can be carried out.Refs: 1, 50

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Rhododendron reynosoi Argent

CR B2ab(i)PhilippinesOnly known from a very small populationat one site in mossy forest on CleopatraNeedle, Palawan, Philippines.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rhodanthum M. Y. HeDDChina (Hunan)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rhodochroumSleumerNTIndonesia (Papua)Terrestrial rose-coloured flowering shrub,occurring in disturbed habitats andshrubby forest borders or epiphytic inNothofagus primary forest in the Baliemvalley. Although not thought be currentlyunder direct threat it nearly meets VUD2.Refs: 1, 25, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rhodopus SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rhuyuenense Chun exP. C. Tam

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi)A large shrub with pink to pink-purplish-blue coloured flowers found in openforests and thickets in a restricted areaaround the border of Guangdong–Hunan–Jiangxi.Refs: 7, 8, 9, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron riparioides (Cullen)CubeyNTChina (Yunnan)Narrow distribution but known frommore than five sites. Found in openhabitats and associated with rocksabove the tree line. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron ripleyi var. ripleyiMerr.DDIndonesia (Sumatera)Has not been recently collected andtherefore additional field work is requiredbefore an assessment can be carriedout.Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron rhodosalpinx SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rhombifoliumR. C. Fang

CR B1ab(iii)China (Yunnan)Found in broad-leaved forests,sometimes epiphytic on trees in denseforests, in Yunnan with a very limited,fragmented and restricted distribution.Known from two populations about100km apart. Threatened bydeforestation and agriculturalencroachment.Refs: 13, 21, 26, 50, 56, 57, 58


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Rhododendron ririei Hemsley &E. H. Wilson

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan)A shrub or small tree with reddish-purpleor lilac purple flowers from a restrictedarea of the forests of south-westSichuan.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,58

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)Localised species restricted to north-west Yunnan. Found in mixed forests asa shrub or tree with pale yellow orcreamy-white flowers with a crimsonblotch.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 26, 36, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron roxieoidesD. F. Chamberlain

EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)China (Chongqing, Sichuan)Large shrub with deep red flowers, withpurple spots, in the forests and valleysof eastern Sichuan and Chongqing. Itstype locality has been significantlydamaged, with bamboo now dominantwith no sign of R. roxieoides; however, itmay also grow in Qinlingshan.Refs: 6, 9, 21, 31, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rufohirtum Handel-MazzettiNTChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Deep rose-coloured flowers, with purplespots, shrub found in thickets in south-east Guizhou, southern Sichuan andnorth-east Yunnan. Nearly met VUB1ab(ii,iii,iv,v).Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron roseatum Hutchinson

VU D2China (Yunnan), MyanmarA tree or shrub with a very limited andscattered distribution in Yunnan inevergreen broad-leaved forests, onhilltops and on open slopes.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rothschildii Davidian

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R. ririei (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron rupivalleculatumP. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong, Guangxi)Refs: 1, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rushforthii Argent &D. F. Chamberlain

VU D2China (Yunnan), VietnamAn epiphytic species known from a veryrestricted area on the China–Vietnamborder region; the area’s forests havebeen significantly damaged andthreatened by road construction. May bemore threatened than this assessmentsuggests.Refs: 1, 10, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan)An upright shrub with dark crimsonflowers found in thickets and alpinemeadows or rocky slopes south-eastXizang and north-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron santapaui Sastry et al.

EN B2ab(ii,iii,v)India (Arunachal Pradesh)Known from two localities (ArunachalPradesh) and narrow altitudinal range inmontane forest in northern India. Underthreat from habitat fragmentation, damconstruction and agriculture (settled andshifting). Known to be in cultivation butno additional conservation measures areknown.Refs: 1, 3, 10, 14, 50, 51, 54, 57, 58

Rhododendron sargentianum Rehder& E. H. WilsonNTChina (Sichuan)High altitude species known from morethan five localities but nearly meets VUD2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron saxatile B. Y. Ding &Y. Y. FangDDChina (Zhejiang)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sanctum Nakai

EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C1+2a(ii)Japan (Honshu)A large shrub with rose or strongpurplish-pink flowers, rarely white,growing on open rocky mountain slopesin Mie, Shizuoka, Aichi Prefectures incentral Honshu.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 10, 15, 43, 44, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron sanguineum var.didymum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)T. L. Ming


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Rhododendron sayeri SleumerDDPapua New GuineaKnown only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Assessors:Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron scabrifolium FranchetDDChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)A low altitude species and likely to beunder pressure, but needs furtherresearch to establish the conservationstatus.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 57, 58

Rhododendron scarlatinum SleumerDDIndonesia (Sulawesi)Only known from the type collection, notknown to be in cultivation; needs furtherresearch to establish its status.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron schistocalyxI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU D2China (Yunnan)A large shrub with rose-crimson flowersfound in thickets restricted to south-westYunnan.Refs: 6, 16, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron seinghkuenseKingdon Ward ex Hutchinson

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarAn epiphytic shrub with white flowerssuffused with pink or yellow, found bothin dense forests and on cliffs and shadyrocks. Very small range in China,extremely localised in Yunnan andassumed to be the same in Xizangbecause of available habitat. Not strictlydependent on forest cover, butdependent on high rainfall. Found withinprotected areas in Yunnan but notconsidered safe due to the developmentof electricity station and other activities.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 47, 50, 56,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron scopulorumHutchinson

VU D2China (Xizang)A fragrant flowered shrub found in rockythickets and on cliffs which is localisedand not very common but known to bein cultivation. Although populations arenot thought to be under pressure it isthreatened due to its restricteddistribution.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 35, 47, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron searsiae Rehder &E. H. WilsonDDChina (Sichuan)Only known from one mountain,although student collecting trips areorganised each year to the mountainand they have not collected it. It has notbeen seen in the wild for 40 years – maybe extinct in the wild if taxonomy isconfirmed and specific surveys fail to findit. Known in cultivation.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron selense subsp.jucundum (I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith)D. F. Chamberlain

VU D2China (Yunnan)Pink to rose coloured flowering shrubfrom Abies forests and thickets inwestern Yunnan. Relatively commonwhere it occurs, widespread on onemountain at least, although overall with arestricted range.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 26, 30, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron semnoides Tagg &Forrest

Rhododendron sherriffii Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang)A shrub or tree taxon, with rich deepcarmine flowers, from a restricted areaof southern Xizang growing in thicketson mountain slopes.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 17, 21, 36, 43, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron shimenense Q. X. Liu& C. M. ZhangDDChina (Hunan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species. Considered bysome to be a hybrid between R.augustinii and R. lutescens.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron shimianenseW. P. Fang & P. S. LiuDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A shrub or tree with white flushed withrose or creamy-white flowers and acrimson blotch. The species isconsidered by some to be a naturalhybrid. Grows in pine or rhododendronforests of south-east Xizang and north-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 22, 26, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron setiferum I. B. Balfour& Forrest

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A creamy-white flowered shrub in Abiesforests and thickets of south-east Xizangand north-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 17, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron shanii W. P. FangDDChina (Anhui)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62


Rhododendron shwelienseI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU D2China (Yunnan)Pale pink, suffused with yellow andspotted pink, flowered small shrub fromgrassy and rocky slopes or cliffs. Verysmall area of occurrence and under threatfrom deforestation. This species has notbeen collected for a long time and couldeven be extinct. Ex situ collections arefrequently incorrectly identified.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 26, 36, 43, 47, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron sichotense Pojark.DDRussian Federation (Amur)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 13, 14, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sidereum I. B. BalfourNTChina (Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA large tree, sometimes a shrub, withcreamy-white to yellow flowers with acrimson blotch. Grows in mixed forestson mountain slopes in western Yunnanand across the border in north-westMyanmar and Arunachal Pradesh, India.Can be locally common but alsothreatened in some localities by habitatloss and degradation. Nearly qualifies forVU B2ab(iii,iv).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron sinofalconeriI. B. BalfourNTChina (Yunnan), VietnamA tree with yellow or pale yellow flowers,native to the mixed forests and thicketsin southern Yunnan and northernVietnam. Seems able to recover from orcope with habitat disturbances andappears relatively safe. Nearly meets VUB2ab(i,iii).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 23, 26, 35, 47, 50,58

Rhododendron sinonuttalliiI. B. Balfour & Forrest

VU D2China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA shrub or tree, sometimes epiphytic,with white or creamy-white flowerstouched with pink, found in pine forests,thickets and cliffs in south-east Xizangand north-west Yunnan. Very smallpopulations and limited distribution.Taxonomically uncertain and consideredby some to be close to R. nuttallii.Refs: 8, 9, 13, 21, 22, 26, 35, 43, 47, 50,56, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron sikangense var.exquisitum T. L. Ming

VU D2China (Yunnan)A white-flowered large shrub or smalltree. Known from just a single localitywithin a protected area in WumengShan, however not considered entirelyprotected from tourism pressures.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sikangense var.sikangense FangNTChina (Sichuan)Growing in thickets and on alpine slopesin western Sichuan as a shrub or smalltree with purple flowers with a red blotchand purple spots. Nearly qualifies as VUD2.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 43, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron simsii var. albiflorumR. L. LiuDDChina (Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 50, 57

Rhododendron simsii var.strigosostylum G. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 50

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Rhododendron smirnowii Trautv.

VU B1b(i,iii)Georgia, TurkeyA narrow extent of occurrence in southwest Georgia and Turkey. In decline inGeorgia although populations in Turkeyare stable or increasing. Frost resistantcultivars were introduced into cultivationin second half of 19th century.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 19, 26, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron sophistarum CravenDDChina (Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Sikkim)Subject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromDiplarche.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron spadiceum P. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong, Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron spanotrichumI. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith

VU D2China (Yunnan), VietnamSmall trees restricted to the evergreenbroad-leaved forests of south-eastYunnan and near Sapa in Vietnam.Refs: 6, 9, 16, 21, 26, 35, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sparsifoliumW. P. FangDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron souliei Franchet

VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)China (Sichuan, Xizang)Sometimes a tree but normally a shrub,this white-tinged pink to deep rose-coloured flowering species is found inthe Abies forests, scrub and mountainslopes in south-west Sichuan andeastern Xizang. Difficult to propagatewhich hinders conservation action.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,57, 58


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R. souliei (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron sperabile var.sperabile Balf. f. & Farrer

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA shrub with scarlet or deep crimsonflowers which grows in thickets or oncliffs in north-west Yunnan and north-east Myanmar.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 43, 50, 59

Rhododendron sperabile var.weihsiense Tagg & Forrest

Rhododendron sphaeroblastum var.wumengense K. M. Feng

VU D2China (Yunnan)A shrub with white to pink flowers withred spots, from the mixed forests andthickets of Wumengshan Mountains innorthern Yunnan; although occurs in aprotected area it may be under threatfrom tourism pressure and could bemore threatened than the currentassessment.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 23, 47, 50, 57

Rhododendron spilotum Balf. f. &FarrerDDMyanmarTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron spinuliferum var.glabrescens K. M. Feng ex R. C. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron stamineum var.gaozhaiense L. M. GaoDDChina (Guangxi, Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan)Similar to R. sperabile var. sperabile – ashrub with scarlet or deep crimsonflowers which grows in thickets or oncliffs, but with larger leaves andrestricted to north-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 22, 43, 50

Rhododendron sperabiloides Tagg &Forrest

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarLight to deep crimson-colouredflowering shrub from pine forests andalpine thickets in south-east Xizang tonorth-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 22, 43, 50, 56, 57,58

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Rhododendron stamineum var.lasiocarpum R. C. Fang & C. H. YangDDChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57

Rhododendron stolleanum Schltr.DDPapua New GuineaThe holotype has been destroyed andno other specimens are known.Therefore taxonomic uncertainty remainsover the status of the species.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron stresemannii J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Maluku)Only known from the type collection andnot known to be in cultivation. Furtherfield research required.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron strigillosum var.monosematum (Hutchinson)T. L. MingDDChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron strigosum R. L. LiuDDChina (Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subansirienseD. F. Chamb. & P. A. Cox

Rhododendron subflumineumP. C. Tam

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Guangdong, Hunan)Tall shrubs found growing in open forestsby rivers in northern Guangdong andsouthern Hunan.Refs: 7, 8, 9, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subulosum SleumerDDPapua New GuineaOnly known from the type collectionsand not known to be in cultivation.Further field research required.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sulfureum FranchetNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), Myanmar,VietnamA bright yellow or deep sulphur-yellowflowered shrub with a very scattereddistribution in forests over an areagreater than 20,000km2 and from morethan five localities including one site inVietnam. Relatively safe but nearly meetsVU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 47, 50, 52,57, 58, 59

CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); DIndia (Arunachal Pradesh)Only known from a single locality inSubansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh,narrow altitudinal range (2250–2750m)in montane forest. Although thought tobe relatively safe at the moment it ispotentially under threat from habitatfragmentation, dam construction andagriculture (settled and shifting). Knownto be in cultivation.Refs: 6, 10, 30, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 57,58

Rhododendron subcerinumP. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subenerve P. C. Tam

EN B1ab(i,iii)China (Guangxi)A shrub from the dense mountain forestsand its margins in north-east Guangxi.Refs: 7, 9, 15, 21, 38, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subestipitatum Chunex P. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57, 58


Rhododendron suoilenhensisChamberlain & RushforthDDVietnamA recently described species and incommon with most Vietnameserhododendrons, it has a limiteddistribution and is threatened by loggingand habitat loss.Ref: 35

Rhododendron taggianumHutchinson

VU B1ab(iii,v)China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarA small slender shrub with creamy-yellow, slightly tinged pink, flowers with alimited distribution in north-west Yunnan,a number of localities in Xizang, north-east Myanmar and possibly occurring inIndia. An uncommon species across itsrange, threatened at lower altitudes inmany localities but quite widespread incultivation.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,51, 56, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron taiwanalpinum Ohwi

VU B1ab(i,iii)TaiwanA low red-flowered shrub found alongthe edges of alpine conifer forests,meadows and mountain peaks in centralTaiwan.Refs: 7, 9, 15, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron taliense Franchet

Rhododendron taibaiense Ching &H. P. YangDDChina (Shaanxi)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron taishunenseB. Y. Ding & Y. Y. Fang

VU D2China (Zhejiang)A shrub or small tree known from asingle locality in southern Zhejiang withpale rose flowers.Refs: 9, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58, 62

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R. taggianum (Ken Cox)

VU D2China (Yunnan)A creamy-yellow or white, sometimessuffused with rose and crimson spots,flowered shrub from Abies forests andthickets in the mountains of westernYunnan. Threatened by its restricteddistribution.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21, 26, 47, 50,56, 57, 58

Rhododendron tanastylum var.lingzhiense M. Y. FangDDChina (Xizang)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron taronense Hutchinson

VU D2China (Yunnan), MyanmarVery restricted distribution, Dulong Valley(Yunnan) in broad-leaved forestssometimes epiphytic on trees.Refs: 8, 9, 13, 14, 21, 22, 26, 50, 56, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron taxoides J. J. Sm.

EN B1ab(ii,iv)Indonesia (Papua)A dark red-flowered shrub known froma couple of localities in Papua: Mt Jayaand Mt Doorman.Assessors: Johns et al (2006)Refs: 1, 26, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron temenium var.temenium Balf. f. & Forrest

Rhododendron tashiroi MaximowiczNTJapan (Kyushu, Nansei-Shoto, Shikoku),TaiwanA shrub or small tree with pale rose-purple flowers, spotted withmaroon-purple, growing in evergreenbroad-leaved forests margins and openrocky mountain slopes. Nearly qualifiesVU D2.Refs: 7, 10, 15, 21, 32, 43, 50, 57, 58,61

Rhododendron tatsienense var.nudatum R. C. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron taxifolium Merr.

CR B1ab(iii)PhilippinesAn epiphytic taxon restricted to trees inmossy montane forest but threatened byagricultural encroachment and habitatloss, which has led to >30% reduction inhabitat over its <100km2 range. Allnearby mountains are alreadycompletely devoid of montane forest andtherefore not suitable to supportadditional populations.Refs: 1, 3, 50, 57, 58


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VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)Crimson to purplish-red flowering shrubfrom the alpine thickets, meadows androcky slopes in south-east Xizang andnorth-west Yunnan. May be under somegrazing pressure although thepopulations within thickets will be betterprotected.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron tenuifoliumR. C. Fang & S. H. Huang

EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)China (Xizang)A recently described forest species andtherefore threatened by deforestation.Known from four localities of which atleast two consist of approximately 200individuals.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron tenuilaminareP. C. TamDDChina (Guangdong)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron thomsonii subsp.lopsangianum (Cowan)D. F. Chamberlain

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Xizang)A shrub or small tree with deep crimsonflowers found in thickets and rockyslopes in southern Xizang.Refs: 6, 10, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tianlinense P. C. Tam

Rhododendron tephropeplumI. B. Balfour & FarrerNTChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), Myanmar, VietnamShrub with pale rose to crimson-purple,or white flowers, native to alpinemeadows, rocky slopes and cliffs. Anuncommon species with a veryscattered distribution and known frommore than five localities including one ortwo in India. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 35, 43, 46, 47,50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron thaumasianthumSleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Known only from the type collection andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron thayerianum Rehder& E. H. Wilson

VU B2ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan)A shrub with white, or white suffusedwith pink, flowers found in woodlands inwestern Sichuan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

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VU D2China (Guangxi)A small tree or shrub from the densemontane forests, usually with pines andbamboos, in north-west Guangxi andpossibly also in south-east Guizhou.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 8, 9, 17, 21, 38, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tingwuense P. C. Tam

VU D2China (Guangdong)Medium sized shrubs with purplishflowers, found growing on mountainridges in Guangdong.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 9, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron traillianum var.dictyotum (I. B. Balfour ex Tagg)D. F. Chamberlain

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan)A white-flowered, suffused with rose andoften with crimson spots, shrub fromconiferous forest margins, thickets androcky slopes in south-east Xizang tonorth-west Yunnan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 21, 43, 50, 58

Rhododendron trichanthum Rehder

Rhododendron tintinnabellum Danet

VU D1+2Indonesia (Papua)A terrestrial shrub with white bell-shapedflowers found only on MtSendanihanegen, in Papua, andrestricted to a very small singlepopulation of <1,000 individuals in lessthan 1km2.Ref: 25

Rhododendron torquescensD. F. ChamberlainDDChina (Gansu)Refs: 6, 21, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron toxopei J. J. Sm.DDIndonesia (Maluku)Not recently recollected, not known tobe in cultivation, therefore additional fieldwork is required before an assessmentcan be carried out.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58


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VU D1+2China (Sichuan)Very small populations from fourcounties in western Sichuan, the light todark purple or rose-coloured floweredshrub found growing in forests andthickets. Habitat loss and damagethreatens the species, with at least twopopulations reduced to fewer than 10individuals.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 21, 23, 26, 43,50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron trichogynum L. C. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron triflorum subsp.multiflorum R. C. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this taxon.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron trilectorum Cowan

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)A prostrate shrub with pale yellow,flushed pink, flowers that grows on rockyslopes in south-east Xizang and north-east India.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 43, 47, 50, 51, 57,58

Rhododendron truncatovariumL. M. Gao & D. Z. LiDDChina (Guangxi, Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tsaii W. P. Fang

VU D2China (Yunnan)Small shrubs with pale purplish-colouredflowers with a limited distribution in scruband open moss lands in eastern Yunnan.Refs: 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron triumphans Yersin &A. Chev.

EN B1ab(ii,iii,v)VietnamA red funnel-shaped flowering shrub, notrecently recollected and only known froma very restricted area in Vietnam.Thought to be available on local marketsand under threat from habitat loss anddegradation.Refs: 1, 35, 50, 57, 58

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R. trilectorum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron tsariense var.trimoense Davidian

VU D2China (Xizang)A large shrub with white or pink flowers,with red spots, found in mixed forests,thickets and stony hillsides in southernXizang with a restricted distribution, butcan be locally common.Refs: 6, 16, 17, 21, 35, 50, 57

Rhododendron tsariense var.tsariense CowanNTBhutan, China (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh)A species with white to pink-colouredflowers, sometimes with red spots,growing in mixed forests and along rockledges in southern Xizang, easternBhutan and north-east India. Nearlymeets VU D2.Refs: 6, 21, 43, 47, 50, 62

Rhododendron tsinlingenseW. P. Fang ex J. Q. FuDDChina (Shaanxi)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tubulosum Ching exW. Y. WangDDChina (Qinghai)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron tuhanensis Argent &Barkman

CR DMalaysia (Sabah)Only known from a small population ofabout a dozen plants (althoughadditional undiscovered populations mayexist) on a landslip area on Mt Kinabalu.The known population is very exposedand suffers severely in drought years.Refs: 1, 50, 58

Rhododendron tutcherae var.glabrifolium L. M. Gao & D. Z. LiDDChina (Yunnan), VietnamRefs: 21, 48, 50, 57

Rhododendron tutcherae var.gymnocarpum A. L. Chang exR. C. FangDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57

Rhododendron tsoi MerrillNTChina (Guangdong, Guangxi)Small shrub from open forests, aridmountains and meadows in southernGuangdong and south-west Guangxi.Nearly met VU D2.Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tuberculiferumJ. J. Sm.

VU D2Indonesia (Papua)Terrestrial in disturbed habitats andshrubby forest borders or epiphytic inNothofagus primary forests; fourlocalities on mountains West of Baliemvalley and very abundant on Mt Yonowe.Refs: 1, 25, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tubiforme (Cowan &Davidian) DavidianDDBhutan, China (Xizang), IndiaTaxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species.Refs: 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58


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Rhododendron tutcherae var.tutcherae Hemsl. & E. H. WilsonDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 21, 48, 50

Rhododendron ultimum Wernham

VU B1ab(ii,iv); D2Indonesia (Papua)A rosy-red flowered small shrub endemicto Mt Jaya, Papua, in alpine grasslandon rocky limestone slopes and in rockcrevices on moraines and on peat.Assessors: Johns et al. (2006)Refs: 1, 26, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron unciferum P. C. TamDDChina (Guangxi)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron urophyllumW. P. Fang

VU D2China (Sichuan)Large shrub from evergreen broad-leaved forests, but restricted tosouth-west Sichuan.Refs: 6, 8, 20, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron uvariifolium var.griseum CowanNTChina (Xizang)A shrub or tree with white to pinkflowers, sometimes with crimson spotsor blotches, restricted to south-eastXizang. Nearly meets VU B1ab(i,iii) D2.Refs: 6, 10, 16, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron ungernii Trautv.

VU B1b(i,iii)Georgia, TurkeySimilar distribution to R. smirnowiialthough perhaps less threatened.Leaves are collected for medicinalpurposes by local people. Populations inTurkey are stable and is an earlysuccession species following forestexploitation.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 19, 26, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron uniflorum var.imperator (Kingdon Ward) CullenNTChina (Xizang), MyanmarLocalised purple-flowered dwarf shrubspecies from south-east Xizang andnorth-east Myanmar; likely to bethreatened. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 13, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron uniflorum var.uniflorum Hutch. & Kingdon-WardNTChina (Xizang)Localised purple-flowered dwarf shrubspecies from the alpine grassy slopes orsteeps of south-east Xizang; likely to bethreatened. Nearly meets VU D2.Refs: 13, 21, 50

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Rhododendron uwaense H. Hara &T. Yamanaka

EN DJapan (Shikoku)A purple-flowered shrub growing in openevergreen forests in low mountains inwestern Shikoku.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 44, 48, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron valentinianum Forrestex Hutch.NTChina (Guizhou, Yunnan), MyanmarA shrub found in thickets, with brightyellow or bright sulphur-yellow flowers.Very scattered populations across itsrange. Restricted distribution in Yunnan,collected in Xing Ping County in 1986.Could occur quite widely in Myanmarand possibly also in northern Vietnam.Nearly meets VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv).Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 47, 50

Rhododendron valentinioidesChamb., Cox and HutchisonDDChina (Yunnan), VietnamRestricted distribution but taxonomicdebate exists around the status of thisspecies.Refs: 13, 21, 50

Rhododendron vellereum Hutchinsonex Tagg

EN B1b(i,iii)China (Qinghai, Xizang)A rare taxon which some consider to bea variety of R. principis. Occurs as ashrub or tree, with pink to white flowers,sometimes with carmine or purple spots.Grows in coniferous forests and thicketsin south-east Qinghai and southernXizang.Refs: 6, 9, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron venator Tagg exL. Rothschild

Rhododendron vaniotii H. LéveilléDDChina (Guizhou)Only known from the type specimen andneeds further research to establish itsstatus.Refs: 21, 48, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron vaseyi A. Gray

VU B1b(iii,v)United States of America (NorthCarolina)A shrub with pink flowers, with orange orreddish-brown spots, found in bogs,thickets and mixed forests. A narrowendemic, R. vaseyi is rare and restrictedto the Blue Ridge Mountains of NorthCarolina. Known from over 35occurrences, the plant is threatened bydevelopment in the mountains and plantcollecting. Ranked as Vulnerable byNatureServe, though some believe it tobe more common and les threatenedthan this assessment would indicate.Refs: 10, 15, 18, 26, 34, 43, 45, 49, 50,57, 58


98

VU D2China (Xizang)A shrub with deep crimson or scarletflowers known from one locality in south-east Xizang, in forests and rocky valleyslopes. Maybe more threatened than thisassessment suggests.Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron verruciferumW. K. HuDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron vesiculiferum Tagg

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarA small tree or shrub with purplish-roseor almost white flowers, with a deepcrimson or deep purple blotch. Found inforests and on rocky slopes in south-east Xizang, western Yunnan and acrossthe border in north-east Myanmar.Refs: 6, 8, 16, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron vinkii SleumerDDIndonesia (Papua)Only collected once and not recollectedor known to be in cultivation; thereforeadditional field work is required before anassessment can be carried out.Assessors:Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron virgatum subsp.glabriflorum K. M. FengDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; some consider it asynonym of Rhododendron virgatumspp. virgatum.Refs: 13, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron viridescensHutchinson

VU D2China (Xizang)A yellow-flowered shrub from the forests,thickets and boggy pastures of south-east Xizang.Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 43, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron vialii Delavay &Franchet

VU D2China (Yunnan), Lao People'sDemocratic Republic, VietnamA crimson or pink-flowered shrub withan overall extent of occurrence of lessthan 20,000 km2. In China, three smallpopulations are known: one has fewerthan 100 individuals and there is habitatdestruction in the other two populations.All have an additional threat from poorregeneration hampering recovery.Refs: 8, 9, 10, 17, 21, 23, 43, 48, 50, 57,58

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R. viallii (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron viscidifolium Davidian

EN B1ab(iii,v)China (Xizang)A shrub with copper-red flowers spottedwith crimson. Only collected twice insouth-east Xizang. A rare speciesoccurring along stream banks.Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 43, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron viscidum C. Z. Guo &Z. H. LiuDDChina (Hunan)Refs: 7, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron viscigemmatumP. C. TamDDChina (Guangxi)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron wasonii var. wasoniiHemsl. & E. H. Wilson

VU D2China (Sichuan)A shrub with white to yellow flowers,sometimes with reddish spots, growingin the coniferous forests and thickets ofwestern Sichuan. Known to be incultivation.Refs: 6, 10, 20, 21, 43, 47, 50

Rhododendron wasonii var.wenchuanense L. C. Hu

Rhododendron walongense KingdonWard

VU D2China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)Epiphytic or terrestrial in valley forestsand on rocky slopes or cliffs in southernXizang and Arunachal Pradesh,considered rare in India, and with arestricted distribution overall.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 46, 47, 50, 51, 57,58

Rhododendron warianum Schltr.DDPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 11, 50


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VU D2China (Sichuan)A white to pink-flowered shrub knownfrom just a single location in the highmountains of north-west Sichuan.Refs: 6, 9, 10, 20, 21, 47, 50, 57

Rhododendron watsonii Hemsley &E. H. WilsonNTChina (Gansu, Sichuan)A shrub or tree with white or pinkflowers, sometimes with crimsonblotches or spots, and known from morethan two sites in Sichuan and alsoknown from southern Gansu. Can occurin protected areas and be locallycommon. Nearly meets VUB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron wattii Cowan

VU D2India (Manipur)Only known from type locality in Manipur(Ching Sow), eastern India. It is knownfrom a single drawing made George Wattand material collected by him at the time;the mountain from which it was collectedcannot be identified under the name givenin the description. Debate remains as towhether this is a good species or a naturalhybrid between R. macabeanum and R.arboreum ssp. delavayi.Refs: 6, 30, 46, 47, 50, 54, 57, 58

CR DIndonesia (Jawa)Only known from a single collection foundin shrubbery near crater of Mt Salak,Java, Indonesia. Some taxonomistsbelieve that it may be a natural hybrid ofR. javanicum and R. malayanum.Assessors: IUCN RDLRefs: 1, 30, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron williamsianumRehder & E. H. Wilson

VU D2China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan)A compact and rounded or spreadingshrub with rose or pink flowers,sometimes with spots, found in openforests on mountain slopes and onrocks, with a very restricted range fromsouth-east Xizang to western Guizhou.Refs: 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 20, 21, 43, 47, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron websterianum var.yulongense M. N. Philipson &Philipson

VU D2China (Sichuan)A small much-branched erect shrubfrom alpine meadows and grasslands innorth-west Sichuan, known from onlytwo collections, but some taxonomicdebate exists about whether thedifferences are significant enough tojustify subspecies classification.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57

Rhododendron wilhelminae Hochr.

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R. williamsianum (Ken Cox)

Rhododendron wolongense W. K. Hu

VU D2China (Sichuan)A small tree from a limited number oflocalities with small populations, in thebroad-leaved forests of westernSichuan.Refs: 6, 9, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron wongii Hemsley &E. H. WilsonDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; possibly similar toR. ambiguum.Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron xichangenseZ. J. ZhaoDDChina (Sichuan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; possibly asynonym of R. davidsoniamum.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron xiguense Ching &H. P. YangDDChina (Gansu)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron yakuinsulare Masam

VU D1JapanAn evergreen shrub, with red flowers,from along rivers and in forests ofYakushima Island, where it is threatenedby over collection for horticulture.Assessors: Japan RDLRefs: 7, 26, 44, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yakumontanum(T. Yamaz.) T. Yamaz.DDJapan (Kyushu)Purple-flowered deciduous shrub fromYakushima, one of the Osumi Islands.Considered Near Threatened by some,however considered a synonym of R.farrerae by others.Refs: 7, 32, 44, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron wumingenseW. P. Fang

VU D2China (Guangxi)A shrub with white flowers and a veryrestricted distribution, but does occurwithin a protected area.Refs: 13, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron xanthopetalum Merr.DDPhilippinesApparently rare and an imperfectlyknown species. A recent expedition toMt Mariveles failed to find this species inthe type locality, but material closelymatching the description was collectedon Camiguin Island off Mindanao in1999. Further field research required.Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron xiaoxidongenseW. K. HuDDChina (Jiangxi)Known from two specimens, one ofwhich is poorly documented; the areafrom which the specimens came from isnow farmland. Further field researchurgently required.Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62


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Rhododendron yakushimense(M. Tash. & H. Hatta) CravenDDJapanSubject to recent taxonomic revision andtransferred in to Rhododendron fromMenziesia.Refs: 12, 57

Rhododendron yangmingshanenseP. C. TamDDChina (Hunan)Assessors: China (CSIS)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yaogangxianenseQ. X. LiuDDChina (Hunan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species; could be the sameas R. yizhangense.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yaoshanense Gao &Zhang

VU D2China (Yunnan)Recently described species, with acreeping habit and only known from asingle locality, Mt Yaoshan, growing oncliffs and rocky slopes in alpinemeadows within a relatively narrowaltitudinal range.Refs: 10, 31, 39

Rhododendron yungningenseI. B. Balfour ex Hutchinson

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Occurrence in Sichuan is doubtful sooverall distribution is small and found ina few different localities in scrub, onopen alpine slopes and amongst rocks.Refs: 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yushuense Z. J. ZhaoDDChina (Qinghai)Only known from type specimen and notknown to be in cultivation. Furtherresearch required.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron yaoshanicumW. P. Fang & M. Y. He

VU D2China (Guangxi)A small shrub from and restricted to thedense forests of central and easternGuangxi.Refs: 7, 9, 10, 15, 21, 38, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yedoense var.yedoense Maxim.DDChina (Yunnan), MyanmarAssessors:Refs: 7, 10, 50

Rhododendron yizhangense Q. X. LiuDDChina (Hunan)Taxonomic debate exists around thestatus of this species: could besynonymous with R. yaogangxianense.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yungchangenseCullenDDChina (Yunnan)Taxonomically considered to be a goodspecies, but has not been seen for anumber of years, therefore urgent fieldresearch is required in order to assessthis species.Refs: 10, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron zaleucum var.flaviflorum Davidian

VU D2MyanmarA yellow-flowered, large-leaved shrub ortree known from just a small populationin a valley in Kachin State, northernMyanmar. Possibly more threatenedthan the current assessment indicates.Refs: 10, 13, 14, 47, 50, 57, 59

VU B1ab(i,iii)China (Yunnan), MyanmarA white-flowered, flushed with pink topurple, shrub or tree with a veryscattered distribution straddling theborder. Found in conifer andrhododendron forests in high mountainsand thickets on slopes. Two of thepopulations are small and underdeforestation threat (timber extraction).Refs: 10, 13, 21, 43, 50, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron zekoense Y. D. Sun &Z. J. ZhaoDDChina (Qinghai)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron zheguense Ching &H. P. YangDDChina (Sichuan)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron zhongdianenseL. C. HuDDChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron zaleucum var.pubifolium R. C. Fang

CR B1ab(iii,v)China (Yunnan), MyanmarOnly found in the border region ofMyanmar–China (northern Yunnan) inAbies-Picea-Rhododendron forests.Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 59

Rhododendron zaleucum var.zaleucum Balf. f. & W. W. Sm.


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RHODODENDRONS EVALUATED ASLEAST CONCERN

Rhododendron adenogynum DielsChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron adinophyllum Merr.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron aequabile J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron aganniphum Balf. f. &Kingdon-WardChina (Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron agastum I. B. Balfour& W.W. SmithChina (Guizhou, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 16, 21, 36, 57, 58

Rhododendron agathodaemonisJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron alabamense RehderUnited States of America (Alabama,Florida, Georgia, Mississippi,Tennessee)Refs: 10, 37, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron albiflorum Hook.Canada (Alberta, British Columbia),United States of America (Montana,Oregon, Washington)Refs: 10, 16, 17, 36, 48, 50, 52

Rhododendron albrechtii Maxim.Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)Refs: 10, 34, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron alticola SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron amakusaense(Takada ex T. Yamaz.) T. Yamaz.Japan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron ambiguum HemsleyChina (Guizhou, Sichuan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 52, 57,58

Rhododendron arboreum var.cinnamomeum (Wallich ex G. Don)LindleyChina (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal), NepalRefs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron arboreum var.delavayi (Franch.) D. F. Chamb.India, Myanmar, ThailandRefs: 6, 10, 46, 47, 50, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron arboreum var.roseum LindleyBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalRefs: 6, 21, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron arboreum var.zeylanicum (Booth) TaggSri LankaRefs: 6, 10, 50, 52

Rhododendron argipeplumI. B. Balfour & R. E. CooperBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron argyrophyllumsubsp. argyrophyllum Franch.China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Shaanxi,Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 52, 58, 62

Rhododendron arizelum I. B. Balfour& ForrestChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 46, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron armitii F. M. BaileyPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron asperum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron atlanticum (Ashe)RehderUnited States of America (Connecticut,Georgia, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,South Carolina, Virginia)Refs: 10, 15, 37, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron anagalliflorumWernhamPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57

Rhododendron annae subsp.laxiflorum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)T. L. MingChina (Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron anthopogon D. DonBhutan, China (Xizang), India,Myanmar, NepalRefs: 10, 13, 14, 16, 21, 36, 47, 57,58, 59, 62

Rhododendron anthopogonoidesMaxim.China (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan)Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron anthosphaerum DielsChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 50, 52, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron anwheienseE. H. WilsonChina (Anhui, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi)Refs: 6, 10, 50, 57, 62Rhododendron apoanum SteinPhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron araiophyllum subsp.araiophyllum Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.China (Yunnan), Myanmar, VietnamRefs: 6, 21, 47, 50, 52, 59

Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh)Torr.United States of America (Alabama,Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina,Pennsylvania, South Carolina,Tennessee, West Virginia)Refs: 10, 37, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron arboreum var.arboreum Sm.Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (HimachalPradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim,Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), NepalRefs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 50, 58, 62

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Rhododendron atropurpureumSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron augustinii Hemsl.China (Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron aureum GeorgiChina (Jilin, Liaoning), Japan,Democratic People's Republic ofKorea, Republic of Korea, Mongolia,Russian Federation (Amur)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 36, 47, 50

Rhododendron aurigeranum SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron austrinum (Small)RehderUnited States of America (Alabama,Florida, Georgia, Mississippi)Refs: 10, 15, 26, 37, 43, 45, 49, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron bagobonumH. F. Copel.Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron baileyi I. B. BalfourBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Sikkim)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 35, 46, 50, 52,57, 58

Rhododendron beesianum DielsChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58, 59, 62

Rhododendron beyerinckianumKoord.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bhutanenseD. G. Long & Bowes LyonBhutanRefs: 6, 10, 35, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron blackii SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron bureavioides Balf. f.China (Sichuan)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 36, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron burjaticum MalyschevRussian Federation (Buryatiya)Refs: 13, 14, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron burmanicum Hutch.MyanmarRefs: 10, 13, 14, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron burttii P. WoodsMalaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron calendulaceum(Michx.) Torr.United States of America (Georgia,Kentucky, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, Tennessee, Virginia, WestVirginia)Refs: 10, 15, 37, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron caliginis KoresPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron calophytum var.calophytum Franch.China (Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou,Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 50, 62

Rhododendron calophytum var.openshawianum (Rehder &E. H. Wilson) D. F. ChamberlainChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron calostrotumI. B. Balfour & Kingdon WardChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India, MyanmarRefs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58, 59,62

Rhododendron camelliiflorumJ. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron campanulatumD. DonBhutan, China (Xizang), India (HimachalPradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim,Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), NepalRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 35, 43, 46, 47, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron blumei Nutt.India (Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 6, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron borneense (J. J. Sm.)Argent, A.Lamb & PhillippsBrunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah,Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron brachcarpum D. Donex G. DonDemocratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of KoreaRefs: 13, 17

Rhododendron brachyanthumsubsp. hypolepidotum (Franchet)CullenChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 10, 13, 21, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron brachycarpum subsp.brachycarpum D. Don ex G. DonJapan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku),Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of KoreaRefs: 6, 10, 50, 61

Rhododendron brachycarpumsubsp. fauriei (Franch.) D. F. Chamb.Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku),Republic of KoreaRefs: 6, 10, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron brachypodariumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron brassii SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron brevinerve Chun &W. P. FangChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hunan)Refs: 6, 8, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron bulu HutchinsonChina (Xizang)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 46, 47, 50,57, 58, 62

Rhododendron bureavii FranchetChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58, 62


106

Rhododendron campylocarpumHook. f.Bhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), Myanmar,NepalRefs: 6, 10, 16, 17, 21, 47, 50, 52, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron campylogynumFranchetChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 46, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron camtschaticum Pall.Japan, Russian Federation(Kamchatka, Kuril Is., Magadan), UnitedStates of America (Alaska, Aleutian Is.)Refs: 10, 17, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr.Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick,Nova Scotia, Quebec), United States ofAmerica (Maine, Massachusetts, NewJersey, New York, Pennsylvania)Refs: 10, 15, 34, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron canescens (Michx.)SweetUnited States of America (Alabama,Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee,Texas)Refs: 10, 15, 37, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron capitatumMaximowiczChina (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi,Sichuan)Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron carringtoniae F. Muell.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron catawbiense Michx.United States of America (Alabama,Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina,South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia,West Virginia)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron caucasicum Pall.Georgia, TurkeyRefs: 6, 10, 17, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ciliicalyx subsp. lyi(H. Léveillé) R. C. FangChina (Guizhou, Yunnan), India, LaoPeople’s Democratic Republic,Myanmar, Thailand, VietnamRefs: 13, 21, 35, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron ciliilobum SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cinchoniflorumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cinnabarinum subsp.breviforme DavidianBhutanRefs: 13, 50, 57

Rhododendron cinnabarinum subsp.cinnabarinum Hook. f.Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim,West Bengal), NepalRefs: 10, 13, 21, 47, 50

Rhododendron citrinum (Hassk.)Hassk.Indonesia (Bali, Jawa, Sumatera)Refs: 1, 10, 50

Rhododendron coeloneurum DielsChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 47, 52, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron coelorum WernhamIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 10, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron commonae FoerstePapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron commutatumSleumerIndonesiaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron comptum var.comptum C. H. WrightPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron concinnum HemsleyChina (Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron cavaleriei H. LéveilléChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi),VietnamRefs: 8, 17, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron celebicum(Blume) DC.Indonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cephalanthumFranch.China (Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan), India, MyanmarRefs: 13, 14, 21, 46, 47, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron cerasinum TaggChina (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 26, 43, 50, 51,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron championiae Hook. f.China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Hong KongRefs: 10, 17, 21, 48, 58, 62

Rhododendron charitopes subsp.tsangpoense (Kingdon Ward) CullenChina (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 10, 13, 21, 36, 43, 47, 50, 57,58, 62

Rhododendron chevalieri DopVietnamRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron christianae SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron chrysocalyxH. Léveillé & VaniotChina (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei,Sichuan)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron chrysolepis Hutch. &Kingdon-WardMyanmarRefs: 13, 14, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron ciliatum J. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 52, 57,58

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Rhododendron correoides J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cowanianumDavidianNepalRefs: 10, 13, 14, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron crassifolium StapfBrunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah,Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron crenulatum Hutch. exSleumerLao People’s Democratic Republic,VietnamRefs: 13, 14, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron crinigerum FranchetChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 52, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron cruttwellii SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron culminicola F. Muell.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron cumberlandenseE. L. BraunUnited States of America (Alabama,Georgia, Kentucky, South Carolina,Tennessee)Refs: 10, 37, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cuneifolium var.cuneifolium StapfMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron curviflorum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron cuspidellum SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron dalhousieae var.dalhousieae Hook. f.Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Xizang),India (Sikkim, West Bengal), NepalRefs: 10, 13, 21, 35, 36, 47, 50, 62

Rhododendron delavayi var. delavayiFranch.Bhutan, China (Guangxi, Guizhou,Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Myanmar,Thailand, VietnamRefs: 6, 21, 36, 58, 59

Rhododendron delavayi var.peramoenum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)T. L. MingChina (Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan), India,MyanmarRefs: 6, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron dichroanthum subsp.scyphocalyx (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)CowanChina (Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron dielsianum Schltr.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron dilatatum var.decandrum (Makino) Jin & DingJapan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu,Shikoku)Refs: 32, 57, 61

Rhododendron dilatatum var.dilatatum Miq.Japan (Honshu)Refs: 32, 61

Rhododendron dauricum LinnaeusChina (Nei Mongol), Japan (Hokkaido),Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Mongolia, Russian Federation(Amur, Buryatiya, Irkutsk)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron davidsonianumRehder & E. H. WilsonChina (Guizhou, Sichuan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron decandrum (Makino)MakinoJapanRefs: 7, 10, 50, 57

Rhododendron decorum subsp.decorum Franch.China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 47, 50, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron decorum subsp.diaprepes (I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith)T. L. MingChina (Sichuan, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron degronianum subsp.degronianum CarrièreJapan (Honshu)Refs: 6, 10, 50, 61

Rhododendron degronianum subsp.heptamerum (Maxim.) H. HaraJapan (Honshu)Refs: 6, 10, 50, 57, 61


108

R. curviflorum from Pabililo, nr. Wamena, Papua, Indonesia (G. Argent)

Rhododendron discolor FranchetChina (Anhui, Chongqing, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang)Refs: 1, 8, 16, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron disterigmoidesSleumerIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRef: 1

Rhododendron durionifolium Becc.Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia(Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron edanoi subsp.pneumonanthum (Sleumer) ArgentIndonesia (Kalimantan, Lesser SundaIs.), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 57

Rhododendron edgeworthiiJ. D. HookerBhutan, China (Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh,Sikkim, West Bengal), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 36, 43, 46, 47,50, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron emarginatumHemsley & E. H. WilsonChina (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan)Refs: 1, 8, 14, 21, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron eriocarpum var.eriocarpum (Hayata) NakaiJapan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 61

Rhododendron erosipetalum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron eudoxum I. B. Balfour& ForrestChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 36, 43, 47, 51, 57, 58

Rhododendron exuberans (Sleumer)ArgentMalaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron facetum I. B. Balfour& Kingdon WardChina (Yunnan), Myanmar, VietnamRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 21, 35, 47, 50,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron fortunei Lindl.China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 36, 57, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron fragariiflorumKingdon WardBhutan, China (Xizang)Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron fragrans (Adams)Maxim.Mongolia, Russian FederationRefs: 10, 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron fulgens J. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, WestBengal), Myanmar, NepalRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron fulvum Balf. f. &W. W. Sm.China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 35, 36, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron gardenia Schltr.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron gaultheriifoliumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron glabriflorum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron glischrum Balf. f. &W.W.Sm.China (Xizang, Yunnan), India, MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59,62

Rhododendron gracilentum F. Muell.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron grande WightBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, WestBengal), NepalRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 21, 36, 47, 50,57, 58

Rhododendron falconeri subsp.falconeri Hook. f.Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh,Sikkim, West Bengal), NepalRefs: 6, 10, 35, 47, 50, 52

Rhododendron fallacinum SleumerMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron farrerae SweetChina (Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi), Hong Kong,Japan (Honshu)Refs: 7, 8, 10, 15, 21, 32, 50, 57, 58,61, 62

Rhododendron fastigiatum FranchetChina (Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron fauciumD. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang), India (ArunachalPradesh)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 21, 26, 36, 43, 47, 50,57, 58, 62

Rhododendron ferrugineum L.Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain,SwitzerlandRefs: 10, 13, 14, 50

Rhododendron flavoviride J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron flinckii DavidianBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 6, 10, 16, 35, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron floccigerum FranchetChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron floribundum FranchetChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron formosanum HemsleyTaiwanRefs: 6, 14, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron forrestii subsp.forrestii Balf. f. ex DielsChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 58, 62

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Rhododendron griffithianum WightBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron groenlandicum(Oeder) Kron & JuddCanada (Alberta, British Columbia,Labrador, New Brunswick, NovaScotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec),Greenland, United States of America(Alaska, Maine, Minnesota,Washington)Refs: 10, 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron haematodes subsp.chaetomallum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron haematophthalmumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hancockii var.hancockii Hemsl.China (Guangxi, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan)Refs: 21, 47, 48

Rhododendron haofui Chun &W. P. FangChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron heatheraeK.R.RushforthChina (Xizang)Refs: 6, 35, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron heliolepis FranchetChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron hellwigii Warb.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron henryi HanceChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang),TaiwanRefs: 17, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hypoleucum (Kom.)HarmajaJapan, Russian Federation(Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primorye,Sakhalin)Refs: 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hyugaense (T. Yamaz.)T. YamazJapan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron impeditumI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron impositum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron incommodumSleumerIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron inconspicuumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron intricatum FranchetChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron inundatum SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron irroratum FranchetChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan),Myanmar, VietnamRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 47, 52, 57, 58, 59,62

Rhododendron jasminiflorum subsp.heusseri (J. J. Sm.) ArgentIndonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron jasminiflorum subsp.jasminiflorum Hook.Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron herzogii Warb.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron heterolepis DanetRef: 25

Rhododendron hidakanum H. HaraJapanRefs: 7, 10, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron himantodes SleumerMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron hippophaeoides var.hippophaeoides Balf. f. & W. W. Sm.China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 10, 13, 21, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron hirsutum L.Austria, France, Germany, Slovenia,SwitzerlandRefs: 1, 10, 13, 14, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hirtipes TaggChina (Xizang)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hodgsoniiJ. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),Myanmar, NepalRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron hoi W. P. FangChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron hyacinthosmumSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hypenanthumI. B. BalfourBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalRefs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 36, 50, 58

Rhododendron hypoglaucum HemsleyChina (Chongqing, Hubei, Shaanxi,Sichuan)Refs: 6, 16, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron hypoleucophyllumMakinoJapanRefs: 50, 57, 58


110

Rhododendron jasminiflorum subsp.oblongifolium (Sleumer) ArgentMalaysia (Peninsular Malaysia,Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron javanicum subsp.brookeanum (Low ex Lindl.) Argent &PhillippsMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron javanicum subsp.gracile (Lindl.) Argent, A. Lamb &PhillippsMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron javanicum subsp.javanicum (Blume) Benn.Indonesia (Jawa)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron javanicum subsp.moultonii (Ridl.) ArgentMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron javanicum subsp.schadenbergii (Warb.) ArgentIndonesia (Sulawesi), PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron johnstoneanumG.Watt ex Hutch.India (Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland)Refs: 10, 13, 14, 46, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron kaempferi Planch.Japan (Honshu, Kyushu)Refs: 7, 15, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron kawakamii HayataTaiwanRefs: 1, 10, 14, 21, 50

Rhododendron keiskei var. ozawaeT. Yamaz.Japan (Kyushu)Refs: 13, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron kendrickii NuttallBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 43, 46, 47,50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lapponicum(Linnaeus) WahlenbergCanada (British Columbia, Labrador,Manitoba, Northwest Territories,Nunavut, Quebec, Yukon), China(Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, NeiMongol), Finland, Greenland, Japan,Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, Republic of Korea, Mongolia,Norway, RussianRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 52, 57, 58,61

Rhododendron latoucheae Franch.China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan(Nansei-Shoto), TaiwanRefs: 10, 17, 21, 48, 52, 57, 58, 61, 62

Rhododendron ledebourii Pojark.Mongolia, Russian Federation (Altay,West Siberia)Refs: 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron leiboense Z. J. ZhaoChina (Sichuan)Refs: 1, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lepidotum Wallich exG. DonBhutan, China (Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan), India (Himachal Pradesh,Jammu-Kashmir, Punjab, Sikkim, UttarPradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar,NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron leptanthum F. Muell.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron leptobrachionSleumerIndonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron leptocarpum NuttallBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 21, 35, 36, 46, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron leptothriumI. B. Balfour & ForrestChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 17, 21, 36, 48, 50, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron kesangiae D. G. Long& RushforthBhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 6, 10, 47, 50, 57

Rhododendron keysii NuttallBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 35, 36, 43, 46,47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron kiusianum MakinoJapan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 10, 14, 15, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron kochii SteinPhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron konori Becc.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron kwangsiense Hu exP. C. TamChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron kwangtungenseMerrill & ChunChina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hunan)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron kyawii Lace &W. W. SmithChina (Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 17, 21, 35, 47,50, 58

Rhododendron laetum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron lagenculicarpumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron lagopus NakaiJapan (Honshu, Shikoku)Refs: 7, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron lagunculicarpumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron lanceolatum Ridl.Malaysia (Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron leucaspis TaggChina (Xizang)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58Rhododendron leytense var. leytenseMerr.PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron lindaueanum var.lindaueanum Koord.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50

Rhododendron lindleyi T. MooreBangladesh, Bhutan, China (Xizang),India (Sikkim), Myanmar, NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron loboense Copel. f.PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron longiflorum var.longiflorum Lindl.Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia(Kalimantan, Sumatera), Malaysia(Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron longiflorum var.subcordatum (Becc.) ArgentMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron loranthiflorum subsp.loranthiflorum SleumerPapua New Guinea, Solomon IslandsRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron lowii Hook. f.Malaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron lukiangense FranchetChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron luteosquamatumSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron luteum SweetArmenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Republicof Moldova, Poland, RussianFederation (Abkhasiya, Dagestan),Slovenia, Turkey, UkraineRefs: 10, 15, 37, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron matsumurai KomatsuJapanRefs: 7, 50

Rhododendron maximum L.Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia),United States of America (Delaware,Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, NewHampshire, New York, North Carolina,Pennsylvania, South Carolina,Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, WestVirginia)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron mayebarae Nakai &H. HaraJapan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 10, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron megacalyxI. B. Balfour & Kingdon WardChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 26, 43, 46, 50,51, 52, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron mekongense var.mekongense Franch.China (Xizang, Yunnan), Myanmar,NepalRefs: 10, 13, 21, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron mekongense var.melinanthum (I. B. Balfour & KingdonWard) CullenChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron mekongense var.rubrolineatum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)CullenChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 10, 13, 21, 46, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron meliphagidumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Maluku)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron micranthumTurczaninowChina (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang,Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Shandong,Shanxi, Sichuan), Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea, Republic of KoreaRefs: 8, 13, 21, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron macgregoriaeF. Muell.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50

Rhododendron macrophyllumD. Don ex G. DonCanada (British Columbia), UnitedStates of America (California, Oregon,Washington)Refs: 6, 17, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron macrosiphonSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron maculiferumFranchetChina (Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron maddenii Hook. f.Bhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim),Myanmar, Thailand, VietnamRefs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 35, 46, 47, 50,57, 58, 59

Rhododendron maius (J. J. Sm.)SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron malayanum var.malayanum JackIndonesia (Jawa, Sumatera), Malaysia(Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron malayanum var.pilosifilum SleumerIndonesia (Maluku)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron mariae HanceChina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron mariesii Hemsley &E. H. WilsonChina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi,Sichuan, Zhejiang), TaiwanRefs: 7, 8, 10, 15, 21, 50, 52, 57, 58,61, 62


112

Rhododendron micromalayanumSleumerMalaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron microphyton var.microphyton Franch.China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan,Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 7, 21, 47, 59

Rhododendron mindanaense Merr.PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron minus Michx.United States of America (Alabama,Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, Tennessee)Refs: 10, 13, 14, 18, 49, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron minutiflorum HuChina (Guangdong, Guangxi)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron minyaenseM. N. Philipson & PhilipsonChina (Sichuan)Refs: 13, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron molle G. DonChina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan,Yunnan, Zhejiang)Refs: 10, 15, 21, 37, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron monanthumI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 26, 43, 50, 52, 57,58

Rhododendron montroseanumDavidianChina (Xizang), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron morii HayataTaiwanRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 21, 23, 26, 31,43, 50, 61

Rhododendron nieuwenhuisiiJ. J. Sm.Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah,Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nipponicum Matsum.Japan (Honshu)Refs: 10, 15, 34, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron nivale Hook. f.Bhutan, China (Qinghai, Sichuan,Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Yunnan),India (Sikkim), NepalRefs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron nubicola WernhamIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron nudipes var.nagasakianum (Nakai) T. Yamaz.Japan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron nudipes var. nudipesNakaiJapan (Kyushu)Refs: 7, 50, 61

Rhododendron nummatum J. J. Sm.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron occidentale var.occidentale (Torr. & A. Gray) A. GrayUnited States of America (California,Oregon)Ref: 45

Rhododendron oldhamii MaximowiczTaiwanRefs: 7, 10, 15, 16, 21, 31, 36, 50, 57,58, 61

Rhododendron orbiculatum Ridl.Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah,Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron oreites SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50

Rhododendron oreodoxa FranchetChina (Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi,Sichuan, Xizang)Refs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 47, 57, 58

Rhododendron moulmainenseJ. D. HookerCambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi,Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), Hong Kong,India (Assam), Indonesia, Japan, LaoPeople's Democratic Republic,Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia),Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, VietnamRefs: 8, 10, 17, 21, 35, 48, 50, 52, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.var. taquetii (H. Lév.) NakaiRepublic of KoreaRefs: 13, 50, 61

Rhododendron multicolor Miq.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron multinerviumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron myrtifolium Schott &KotschyBulgaria, Slovenia, UkraineRefs: 10, 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron naamkwanenseMerrillChina (Guangdong, Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 15, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron neoglandulosumHarmajaCanada (British Columbia), UnitedStates of America (California, Idaho,Nevada, Oregon, Wyoming)Refs: 10, 13, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron neriiflorum var.appropinquans (Tagg & Forrest)W. K. HuBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India,MyanmarRefs: 6, 21, 46, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron neriiflorum var.neriiflorum Franch.China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 58, 59

Rhododendron ngawchangenseM. N. Philipson & PhilipsonMyanmarRefs: 48, 50, 57

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Rhododendron oreotrephesW. W. SmithChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 21, 36, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron orthocladum var.microleucum (Hutch.) M. N. Philipson& PhilipsonChinaRefs: 10, 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron orthocladum var.orthocladum Balf. f. & ForrestChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 10, 13, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron ovatum (Lindley)Planchon ex MaximowiczChina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang),Taiwan, VietnamRefs: 8, 10, 17, 21, 35, 48, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron pachycarpon SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachypodumI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachystigma SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 50, 55, 57, 58

Rhododendron pachytrichum var.pachytrichum Franch.China (Chongqing, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 47, 50

Rhododendron papuanum Becc.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron parishii C. B. ClarkeMyanmarRefs: 6, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron parryae Hutch.India (Assam)Refs: 13, 14, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pauciflorum King &GambleMalaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron praestansI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 36, 43, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron praetervisumSleumerMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron praevernumHutchinsonChina (Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi,Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron prainianum Koord.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron primuliflorum Bureau& FranchetChina (Gansu, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan)Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 57, 58

Rhododendron principis Bureau &FranchetChina (Xizang)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small)MillaisUnited States of America (Alabama,Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri,New Hampshire, New York, NorthCarolina, Ohio, Oklahoma,Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, WestVirginia)Refs: 10, 15, 37, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron proteoidesI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron prunifolium (Small)MillaisUnited States of America (Alabama,Georgia)Refs: 26, 37, 43, 45, 49, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron przewalskii subsp.przewalskii Maxim.China (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi,Sichuan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron pendulumJ. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim),NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 35, 46, 47, 50,51, 57, 58

Rhododendron pentaphyllum Maxim.Japan (Honshu, Honshu, Kyushu,Shikoku)Refs: 15, 34, 57, 61

Rhododendron perakense King &GambleMalaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron periclymenoides(Michx.) ShinnersUnited States of America (Alabama,Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, NewHampshire, New Jersey, New York,North Carolina, Pennsylvania, SouthCarolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia,West Virginia)Refs: 10, 15, 37, 50, 52, 57, 58

Rhododendron phaeochitumF. Muell.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 58

Rhododendron phaeochristumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron phaeochrysumI. B. Balfour & W.W. SmithChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 47, 57, 58

Rhododendron pleianthum SleumerIndonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 25, 50, 57

Rhododendron polyanthemumSleumerMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron polylepis FranchetChina (Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ponticum L.Bulgaria, Georgia, Lebanon, Portugal,Russian Federation, Spain, TurkeyRefs: 6, 10, 16, 17, 50


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Rhododendron pubigermen J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron pulleanum Koord.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50

Rhododendron pumilum J. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), Myanmar,NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 43, 47, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron pusillum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron quadrasianum VidalPhilippinesRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron quinquefoliumBisset & S. MooreJapan (Honshu, Shikoku)Refs: 10, 15, 32, 34, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron racemosum FranchetChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron radians J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron rappardii SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rarilepidotumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50Rhododendron rarum Schltr.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron redowskianumMaximowiczChina (Jilin), Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea, Russian Federation(Amur, Irkutsk)Refs: 10, 17, 21, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron reticulatum D. Donex G. DonJapan (Honshu)Refs: 7, 10, 15, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron roseiflorumP. F. StevensIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rosendahlii SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rousei Argent &MadulidPhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron roxieanum Forrest exW. W. Sm.China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 36, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rubellum SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rubiginosumFranchetChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,59

Rhododendron rubineiflorum CravenPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rubrobracteatumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rubropilosum HayataTaiwanRefs: 7, 10, 15, 21, 50, 61

Rhododendron rufescens FranchetChina (Qinghai, Sichuan)Refs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rufum BatalinChina (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi,Sichuan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rugosum Low exHook. f.Malaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron retivenium SleumerMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron retusum var. retusum(Blume) Benn.Indonesia (Jawa, Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron rex subsp.fictolacteum (I. B. Balfour)D. F. ChamberlainChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron rex subsp. rex H. Lév.China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50

Rhododendron rhodoleucumSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rhodostomumSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron rigidum FranchetChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ripense MakinoJapan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)Refs: 7, 10, 15, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron ripleyi var.basitrichum SleumerIndonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron ripleyi var.cryptogonium SleumerIndonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron rivulare Handel-MazzettiChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan),MyanmarRefs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron robinsonii Ridl.Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron rupicola W. W. Sm.China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron russatum I. B. Balfour& ForrestChina (Sichuan, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron ruttenii J. J. Sm.IndonesiaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron saisiuense NakaiRepublic of KoreaRefs: 7, 15, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron salicifolium Becc.Malaysia (Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron saluenense FranchetChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan),MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sanguineum var.cloiophorum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sanguineum var.didymoides Tagg & ForrestChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 50, 58, 59

Rhododendron sanguineum var.haemaleum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sanguineum var.himertum (I. B. Balfour & Forrest)D. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sanguineum var.sanguineum Franch.China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 47, 50, 58, 59

Rhododendron saruwagedicumFoerstePapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron selense subsp.selense Franch.China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron semibarbatumMaxim.Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu,Shikoku)Refs: 10, 17, 48, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron seniaviniiMaximowiczChina (Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi)Refs: 7, 8, 15, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron seranicum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Maluku)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron serotinumHutchinsonChina (Yunnan), Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, VietnamRefs: 6, 10, 16, 21, 35, 47, 50, 58

Rhododendron serpyllifolium(A. Gray) Miq.Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)Refs: 7, 10, 15, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron sessilifoliumJ. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron setosum D. DonBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim,West Bengal), NepalRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron siderophyllumFranchetChina (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron simiarum HanceChina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan,Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Hong KongRefs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron simsii var.mesembrinum RehderChina (Hubei, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 7, 15, 21, 50, 59

Rhododendron saxicolum SleumerVietnamRefs: 7, 10, 15, 50

Rhododendron saxifragoidesJ. J. Sm.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron scabridibracteumSleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron scabrum G. DonJapan (Nansei-Shoto)Refs: 7, 15, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron schizostigmaSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron schlechteri Lauterb.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron schlippenbachiiMaximowiczChina (Liaoning, Nei Mongol), Japan,Democratic People's Republic ofKorea, Republic of Korea, RussianFederation (Amur, Sakhalin)Refs: 10, 15, 21, 34, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron schoddei SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron scortechinii King &GambleMalaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron searleanum SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron seimundii J. J. Sm.Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron selense subsp.dasycladum (I. B. Balfour &W. W. Smith) D. F. ChamberlainChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58


116

Rhododendron simsii var. simsiiPlanch.China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang),Hong Kong, Japan, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Myanmar,Taiwan, ThailandRefs: 7, 21, 47, 50, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron simulans SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sinograndeI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 21, 35, 42, 47,50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron solitarium SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sororium SleumerVietnamRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron spathulatum Ridl.Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron sphaeroblastum var.sphaeroblastum Balf. f. & ForrestChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 50

Rhododendron spiciferum FranchetChina (Guizhou, Yunnan)Refs: 13, 14, 21, 36, 47, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron spinuliferum var.spinuliferum Franch.China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 13, 21, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron spondylophyllumF. Muell.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron stamineum var.stamineum Franch.China (Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,Zhejiang), MyanmarRefs: 21, 47, 48, 50, 58, 59, 62

Rhododendron sumatranum Merr.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron superbum SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron surasianum Balf. f. &CraibMyanmar, ThailandRefs: 13, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron sutchuenenseFranchetChina (Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron syringoideumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron taichungianum YingTaiwanRefs: 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron taiense Hutch.ThailandRefs: 17, 48, 50, 57

Rhododendron tanastylum var.tanastylum Balf. f. & Kingdon-WardChina (Yunnan), India (ArunachalPradesh), MyanmarRefs: 6, 10, 21, 35, 46, 47, 50, 58, 59

Rhododendron tapetiformeI. B. Balfour & Kingdon WardChina (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tatsienense var.tatsienense Franch.China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 13, 21, 47, 50, 58, 62

Rhododendron telmateiumI. B. Balfour & W. W. SmithChina (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron temenium var.dealbatum (Cowan) D. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron stapfianum Hemsl. exPrainMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 17, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron stelligerum SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron stenopetalum (Hogg)Mabb.JapanRefs: 7, 10, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron stenophyllum Hook. f.ex StapfMalaysia (Sabah)Refs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron stewartianum DielsChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh), MyanmarRefs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57,58, 59

Rhododendron strigillosum var.strigillosum Franch.China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 21, 47, 62

Rhododendron suaveolens SleumerBrunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah,Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subcrenulatumSleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subsessile RendlePhilippinesRefs: 7, 10, 15, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subulatum (Nakai)HarmajaJapan, Democratic People's Republicof Korea, Russian FederationRefs: 13, 28, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron subuliferum SleumerIndonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron succothii DavidianBhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh)Refs: 6, 10, 16, 35, 46, 50, 57, 58

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Rhododendron temenium var. gilvum(Cowan) D. F. ChamberlainChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron thomsonii subsp.thomsonii Hook. f.Bhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), NepalRefs: 6, 10, 21, 35, 36, 50

Rhododendron thymifoliumMaximowiczChina (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan)Refs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 50, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron tolmachevii HarmajaRussian Federation (Amur, Magadan,Sakhalin)Refs: 10, 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tomentosum (Stokes)HarmajaAustria, Canada (Labrador), CzechRepublic, Finland, Germany,Greenland, Norway, Poland, RussianFederation (Amur, Irkutsk, Kamchatka,Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Magadan,Sakhalin, Yakutiya), Slovakia, SwedenRefs: 10, 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tosaense MakinoJapan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)Refs: 7, 10, 15, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron traillianum var.traillianum Forrest & W. W. Sm.China (Sichuan, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 50, 58

Rhododendron trichocladum Franch.China (Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 13, 21, 47, 50, 58, 59

Rhododendron trichostomumFranchetChina (Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan)Refs: 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron triflorum subsp.triflorum Hook. f.Bhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal),Myanmar, NepalRefs: 13, 21, 46, 47, 50, 59, 62

Rhododendron vernicosum FranchetChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron versteegii J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 25, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron verticillatum Low exLindl.Malaysia (Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron vidalii RolfePhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57

Rhododendron villosulum J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 33, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron vinicolor SleumerIndonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron virgatum subsp.oleifolium (Franch.) CullenChina (Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 10, 13, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron virgatum subsp.virgatum Hook. f.Bhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), NepalRefs: 10, 13, 21, 50, 52

Rhododendron viriosum CravenAustraliaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr.United States of America (Alabama,Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida,Georgia, Louisiana, Maine,Massachusetts, Mississippi, NewHampshire, New Jersey, New York,North Carolina, Oklahoma,Pennsylvania, South Carolina,Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia)Refs: 10, 15, 37, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron vitisidaea SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50

Rhododendron wadanum MakinoJapan (Honshu)Refs: 7, 10, 32, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron truncicola SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tsariense var.magnum DavidianBhutanRefs: 6, 16, 17, 50, 57

Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim.Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu,Shikoku), Republic of Korea, RussianFederation (Sakhalin)Refs: 7, 15, 50, 61

Rhododendron tsurugisanense(T. Yamaz.) T. Yamaz.Japan (Shikoku)Refs: 7, 50, 57, 61

Rhododendron tsusiophyllum Sugim.JapanRefs: 7, 10, 15, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron tuba SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron uvariifolium var.uvariifolium DielsChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 21, 47, 50, 62

Rhododendron vaccinioidesJ. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Sikkim, West Bengal), Myanmar, NepalRefs: 1, 8, 10, 14, 21, 35, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron vanderbiltianumMerr.Indonesia (Sumatera)Refs: 13, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron vanvuurenii J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Sulawesi)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron variolosum Becc.Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia(Sabah, Sarawak)Refs: 1, 50

Rhododendron veitchianum Hook.f.Lao People's Democratic Republic,Myanmar, Thailand, VietnamRefs: 10, 13, 14, 46, 50, 57, 58, 59


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Rhododendron wallichii J. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India (Sikkim,West Bengal), NepalRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 35, 47, 50, 57,58

Rhododendron wardii W. W. SmithChina (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)Refs: 6, 10, 17, 21, 35, 47, 57, 58, 62

Rhododendron websterianum var.websterianum Rehder & E. H. WilsonChina (Sichuan)Refs: 13, 21, 47, 50

Rhododendron wentianum Koord.Indonesia (Papua)Refs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron westlandii HemsleyChina (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi), VietnamRefs: 21, 36, 48, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron weyrichii Maxim.Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku),Republic of KoreaRefs: 7, 10, 15, 32, 50, 57, 58, 61

Rhododendron whiteheadii RendlePhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron wightii J. D. HookerBhutan, China (Xizang), India(Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), NepalRefs: 6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron williamsii Merr. exH. F. Copel.PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron wiltonii Hemsley &E. H. WilsonChina (Guizhou, Sichuan)Refs: 6, 8, 10, 17, 21, 35, 50, 57, 58,62

Rhododendron womersleyi SleumerPapua New GuineaRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron wrayi King & GambleMalaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)Refs: 6, 10, 30, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron wrightianum Koord.Indonesia (Papua), Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 33, 50

Rhododendron xanthocodonHutchinsonBhutan, China (Xizang), IndiaRefs: 8, 13, 14, 21, 35, 46, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron xanthostephanumMerrillChina (Xizang, Yunnan), India(Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar,VietnamRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 21, 35, 43, 46,47, 50, 57, 58, 59

Rhododendron yakushimanum NakaiJapanRefs: 6, 17, 57, 58

Rhododendron yedoense var.poukhanense (H. Lév.) NakaiDemocratic People's Republic ofKorea, Republic of KoreaRefs: 7, 10, 15, 44, 50, 61

Rhododendron yelliotii Warb.Papua New GuineaRefs: 1, 10, 33, 50

Rhododendron yongii ArgentMalaysia (Sarawak)Refs: 1, 10, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron yunnanense FranchetChina (Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Xizang, Yunnan), MyanmarRefs: 8, 10, 13, 14, 21, 47, 50, 57, 58,59, 62

Rhododendron ziyuanense P. C. TamChina (Guangxi, Hunan)Refs: 6, 21, 57, 58

Rhododendron zoelleri Warb.Indonesia (Maluku, Papua), Papua NewGuineaRefs: 1, 25, 50, 57, 58

Rhododendron zollingeri J. J. Sm.Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is.,Sulawesi), PhilippinesRefs: 1, 50, 57, 58

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32. Jin Xiao-Feng, Ding Bing-Yang, Zhang Yue-Jiao &Hong De-Yuan (2010) A taxonomic revision ofRhododendron Subg. Tsutsusi Sect. Brachycalyx(Ericaceae) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97(2): 163–90

33. Johns, R.J., Edwards, P.J., Utteridge, T.M.A. & Hopkins,H.C.F. (2006) A Guide to the Alpine and Subalpine Flora ofMount Jaya, 687p. Kew Publishing, Kew

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39. Lian-Ming Gao & Shu-Dong Zhang (2008)Rhododendron yaoshanense (Ericaceae), a new speceisfrom NE Yunnan, China Ann. Bot. Fennici 45: 204-206

R. adenophyllum from G. Kemiri, Sumatra, Indonesia (G. Argent)


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40. Lian-Ming Goa & De-Zhu Li (2009) Rhododendronqiaojiaense (Ericaceae), a new species from Yunnan,China. Ann. Bot. Fennici 46: 67–70

41. Lyn Craven (2011) Personal communication to authors

42. Mao, A.A., Gogoi, R. & Apang, O. (2009) Studies onRhododendron species of Mayodia, Lower Dibang Valley,Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bulletin of Arunachal ForestResearch. 25(1&2): 93-99

43. McQuire, J.F.L. & Robinson, M.L.A. (2009) PocketGuide to Rhododendron Species based on thedescriptions by H.H. Davidian. 692p. Kew Publishing,Kew

44. Ministry of the Environment, Japan (1991) Red DataBook. Accessed: 1st July 2008,http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/rdb/rdb_sy_e.html

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46. Paul, A., Khan, M.L., Arunachalam, A. & Arunachalam,K. (2005) Biodiversity and conservation ofrhododendrons in Arunachal Pradesh in the Indo-Burmabiodiversity hotspot. Current Science 89(4): 623–34

47. Peter Cox (2011) Personal communication to authors

48. Philipson, W.R. & Philipson, M.N. (1986) A Revision ofRhododendron III. Subgenera Azaleastrum, Mumeazalea,Candidastrum and Therorhodion. Notes from The RoyalBotanic Garden Edinburgh 44(1): 1–23

49. Ron Miller (2010) Personal communication to authors

50. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2008) RBGE BG-BASE Database. Unpublished. Royal Botanic GardenEdinburgh

51. Sastry, A.R. (2009) Rhododendrons of Eastern Himalaya

52. Steve Hootman (2011) Personal communication toauthors

53. Steve Yeatts (2010) Personal communication to authors

54. Sudipto Chatterjee (2010) Personal communication

55. Takeuchi, W. (2007) Some notes on Ericaceae fromrecent expeditions to New Guinea summit environments.Harvard Pap. Bot. Vol. 12(1): 171–179

56. The Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains Project(2011) Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains andadjacent areas of south-central China. Accessed 1stMarch 2011, http://hengduan.huh.harvard.edu/fieldnotes

57. The International Plant Names Index (2011) Accessed:1st March 2011, http://www.ipni.org

58. The Plant List (2010). The Plant List: Version 1.Accessed: 1st January 2011, http://www.theplantlist.org

59. United States National Herbarium (2003) A Checklist ofthe Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of Myanmar.Contributions from the United States National Herbarium.45: 1-590. Accessed: 1st March 2011,http://botany.si.edu/myanmar/checklistNames.cfm

60. Xiao-Feng Jin, Bing-Yang Ding, Shui-Hu Jin, Yue-JiaoZhang & Cheng-Xin Fu (2007) Revision of someproblematic taxa of Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi(Ericaceae) from China. Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 18-24

61. Yamazaki, Takasi (1996) A Revision of the GenusRhododendron in Japan, Taiwan, Korea and Sakhalin,179p. Tsumura Laboratory, Tokyo

62. Yuying Geng (2011) Personal communication to authors

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de Córdoba: Herbarium COA (247); Dirección General deInvestigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Juntade Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS (291); CIBIO, Alicante:ABH-GBIF(251); Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX (255); Herbario de laUniversidad de Salamanca: SALA (239); Aranzadi ZientziElkartea (248); Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular PlantHerbarium (MA) (240); Plant (KIWE-PL) (11443); PaleobiologyDatabase (563); The Erysiphales Collection at the UniversityHalle-Wittenberg (1441); FKSE-Herbarium specimens of Facultyof Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Japan(11422); Herbario de la Universidad de Almeria (244); NMNH

*Biodiversity occurence data was accessed through GBIF DataPortal (http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/dataset_number)on 1st July 2010 in support of the conservation assessments[dataset_number is given in brackets].

Plants of Papua New Guinea (969); Australian NationalHerbarium (CANB) (47); Colorado State University Herbarium(7892); Flora de Andorra (12741); RBGE Living Collections(9167); RBGE Herbarium (E) (8402); Nationaal HerbariumNederland (11520); Botany (UPS) (1045); The AAU HerbariumDatabase (224); Missouri Botanical Garden (12084); HarvardUniversity Herbaria (1827); Herbarium of The New YorkBotanical Garden (8967); Plantae, TAIF (Taiwan e-Learning andDigital Archives Program, TELDAP) (8053); Royal BotanicGardens, Kew (629); ENDEMIC SPECIES RESEARCHINSTITUTE (8416); Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C.,México (IE-BAJIO) (1595); Herbario IEB del Instituto de Ecología,A.C., México (IE-BAJíO) (11106); Global Mountain BiodiversityAssessment GMBA (12781); Herbarium of Taiwan ForestryResearch Institute (10865); Herbarium, Biodiversity ResearchCenter, Academia Sinica, Taipei (8300); National Museum ofNatural Science (8090); Institute of Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology, National Taiwan University (8089); National vegetationdiversity inventory and mapping plan (8374); UCBG TAPIRProvider (1412); Vascular plants of south-central China (1828);NSW herbarium collection (968); United States National PlantGermplasm System Collection (1429); USDA PLANTS Database(1066); Herbarium WU (1496); Herbarium (7984); Herbarium(UNA) (775); Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual HerbariumDarwin Core format (202); Ibaraki Nature Museum,Dr.Masatomo Suzuki collection:Vascular Plants (1) (1813); KochiPrefectural Makino Botanical Garden (1975); HerbariumSpecimens of Tokushima Prefectural Museum, Japan (600);Consortium of California Herbaria (9153); UA Herbarium (7900);CONN GBIF data (7857); Botany Vascular Plant Collection(7915); Botanic Garden of Finnish Museum of Natural History(2406); Plant (MNHM-PL) (11452); Plant specimens depoditedin Osaka Museum of Natural History, Japan. (1973); UCJEPSTAPIR Provider (1413); Fundación Biodiversidad, Real JardínBotánico (CSIC): Anthos. Sistema de Información de las plantasde España (9090); National Science Museum of Korea Plant(908); Plant (NSMK-PL) (11480); Vascular Plant SpecimenDatabase of Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History(8011); Gunma Museum of Natural History, Vascular PlantSpecimen (8018); Ibaraki Nature Museum, Vascular Plantscollection (1) (8030); Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormof(8105); Institut Botanic de Barcelona, BC (299); Jardín Botánico

R. christi from Mt Bangeta, Morobe District, Papua NewGuinea and grown at RBGE (S. Clarke)


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Botany Collections (1874); Lund Botanical Museum (LD) (1028);The Erysiphales Collection at the Botanische StaatssammlungMünchen (1440); Peabody Botany DiGIR Service (8137);Vascular Plant Collection (622); Vascular Plant Collection -University of Washington Herbarium (WTU) (126); Phanerogamie(1506); Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel (INPN) (2620);SANT herbarium vascular plants collection (222); CeDoc deBiodiversitat Vegetal: BCN-Seeds (11142); The MyxomycetesCollections at the Botanische Staatssammlung München -Collection of Martin Schnittler (1444); Canadian Museum ofNature Herbarium (123); EDIT - ATBI in Mercantour/AlpiMarittime (France/Italy) (7949); FloVegSI - Floristical andfitocenological database of ZRC SAZU (2585); Artenvielfalt amSchlern (8055); Hatikka Observation Data Gateway (2401);Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum (11971); BiologiezentrumLinz (1104); Danielsberg (Mölltal, Kärnten) (2636); The ExsiccatalSeries “Triebel, Microfungi exsiccati” (12004); Herbarium W(1479); Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / NetzwerkPhytodiversitaet Deutschland (1098); Schlern - (Bozen) (2661);Vom Gipfel ins Moor, Transekt im NSG Allgäuer Hochalpen(8056); GEO Hauptveranstaltung Tirol (Innsbruck) (2662); NSGKarwendel (2678); Herbarium GZU (1491); Herbarium GJO(1484); Observations du Conservatoire botanique national duBassin parisien. (1103); Vascular Plants Database (839);Eppingen und Umgebung (2816); schulgarten (2738); VascularPlants Database additions since 2000 (11925); Field NotebookRecords of Dr Francis Rose 1950’s to 1990's (11887); Instituteof Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains (1448);Herbarium Berolinense (1095); BRERC October 2009 (11926);Nature Conservancy Council Survey of Ancient Woodlands inBerkshire. (11909); Dutch Vegetation Database (LVD) (12695);SER Site-based Surveys (11913); Chris Felton’s notebooks

(11876); SER Species-based Surveys (11912); Artenerfassungfür Jedermann in der Grundschule Kirchboitzen (8982);University of Alberta Museums, Vascular Plant Herbarium(11612); Standing Waters Database (11908); Limnodata (1466);Langes Tannen (2682); Gelände des Schulzentrums amHimmelsbarg (3136); Umgebung der Gesamtschule Winterhude(Hamburg) (2766); EHS Species Datasets (940); UAMHerbarium (ALA), Vascular Plant Collection (975); PhanerogamicBotanical Collections (S) (8113); Herbarium of Oskarshamn(OHN) (1024); Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken) (1034); Vascularplant herbarium, Agder naturmuseum og botaniske hage (7965);The Norwegian Species Observation Service - Botany (11831);Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O) (1078); Vascular Plants, TheNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NLH) (12383); VascularPlants, Field notes, Oslo (O) (1079); Vascular Plant Herbarium,Trondheim (TRH) (7978); SBT-Living (7962); University Museumsof Norway (MUSIT) (1996); Universidad de Oviedo.Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO(245); Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología deOrganismos y Sistemas: FCO-Briof (8404); Vascular Plants, Fieldnotes, Trondheim (TRH) (8064); Botanical Collection (7932);Vascular Plants, Observations, Oslo (O) (11578); Vascular plantcollection of Jyvaskyla University Museum (462).

R. himantodes from G. Api, Sarawak, Malaysia (G. Argent)

R. milleri from Mt Jaya, Papua, Indonesia (G. Argent)

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EXTINCT (EX)A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the lastindividual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustivesurveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failedto record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive incultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in theWildwhen exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, atappropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historicrange have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over atime-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for CriticallyEndangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to befacing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see SectionV), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk ofextinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), andit is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction inthe wild.

NEAR THREATENED (NT)A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against thecriteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered orVulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify fora threatened category in the near future.

LEAST CONCERN (LC)A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against thecriteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered,Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa areincluded in this category.

DATA DEFICIENT (DD)A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information tomake a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction basedon its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this categorymay be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriatedata on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient istherefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this categoryindicates that more information is required and acknowledges thepossibility that future research will show that threatened classificationis appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever dataare available. In many cases great care should be exercised inchoosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of ataxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerableperiod of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,threatened status may well be justified.

NOT EVALUATED (NE)A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluatedagainst the criteria.

THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it istherefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size

reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,

pollutants, competitors or parasites.

2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causesmay

ANNEX 1IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA


126

not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspectedto be met within the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to amaximum of 100 years), basedon (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, and where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased ORmay not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in

any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three

years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, innumbers of mature individuals AND at least one of thefollowing (a-b):(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than50 mature individuals, OR

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,


127


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causesmaynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.


4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AND where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased ORmay not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more thanfive locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five

years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 20%within 20 years or five generations, whicheveris the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are:clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat


128

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causesmaynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.


4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AND where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased ORmay not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2,

and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

10 locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any

of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

10 locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10

years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of thefollowing:1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000matureindividuals.

2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typicallyless than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)such that it is prone to the effects of human activities orstochastic events within a very short time period in anuncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming CriticallyEndangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 10% within 100 years.

Source: IUCN (2001)

For further information please contact:

BGCIDescanso House199 Kew Road, RichmondSurrey, TW9 3BWUnited KingdomTel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956E-mail: [email protected]: www.bgci.org

Fauna & Flora International4th Floor, Jupiter House,Station Road, Cambridge,CB1 2JD United KingdomTel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 461481E-mail: [email protected]: www.fauna-flora.orgwww.globaltrees.org

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