The Qin Dynasty

Ben Needle

Kell High School

Marietta, GA

Ben.needle@cobbk12.org

Establishment of the Qin Dynasty

• Following the Warring States Period (480 – 221 BCE)

• Qin Dynasty Emerges

• It takes over other states gradually

• First emperor unifies China and begins the imperial age

• This Dynasty may be the source of the name “China”

• This dynasty was Legalist

•

Shi Huangdi

• “First Emperor”

• Ruthlessly ruled along with prime minister

Li Si

• Highly mobilized the people of China

• Constructed Irrigation and flood control

works that solidified his position

Qin Dynastic Structure

• State had a totalitarian structure

• Cracked down on Confucianism

• This was as a result of the duties shared by people in Confucianism(5 Relationships)

• Rivals were eliminated

• Primogeniture abolished

– This was the practice of having the eldest son inherit all land a property

• Wanted to limit power and split amongst multiple heirs

• Slavery eliminated

• What do all of these steps help Shi Huangdi to accomplish?

• CONTROL

Accomplishments of the Qin

• Thousands of Miles of Roads

• Standard weights, measurements, currency, law, writing

• Canals

• Frontier Walls (beginning of Great Wall)

• Following the death of Shi Huangdi, he had a massive tomb built

The Terra Cotta Army

of

Emperor Shi-Huangdi

Founder of the Qin dynasty

221-206 BCE.

X’ian, China

In 1974, several farmers digging a

well found the Terra Cotta Army in

their field. They called in local

authorities to examine the pieces they

had uncovered. As they dug into this

field , the archaeologists uncovered

the army.They found 3 pits , each with

different soldiers in them.

Digging this well caused the army to be

discovered in 1974.

The farmers who found the site

while digging a well were paid

about $500 for their land by the

government. Today ,they work

signing autographs for tourists who

visit it and are paid by the

government.

There are 3 large pits at this site.

Pit 1 covers an area of 16,000 square

meters . It is covered in a huge dome.

Pit 2 covers an area of 7,100 square meters

and includes bronze chariots.

Pit 3 covers an area of 4,282 square meters

and is the least excavated.

Horses in Pit 2

Ramps to get the soldiers in.

A group of ceremonial guards

Pit Number One

This pit contains over 6,ooo soldiers

Putting the army back together

The army being reassembled

The bundles are missing pieces

When archaeologists work at putting the

soldiers back together, they find potential

pieces and create a bundle of them for each

one. Then the workers searches for the

location of a specific piece. If they find

ONE PIECE in a day, they are very happy.

Putting this gigantic puzzle back together

will be the life’s work of many

archaeologists.

Individual Faces

An enlisted man

An offficer and his horse

Each soldier has a unique face. It is

probable that each soldier was modeled

after a specific soldier but there is no

way to verify this. Clothing and

hairstyles show us the class differences

which existed in this army.

An archer without his bow

Seeing the army

Moustaches

• Archaeologists have found 24 different

types of moustaches on the soldiers faces.

They show the range of social classes which

the army came from. Individual differences

could indicate social status or simply

personal preference.

Another view

Officers in the front in battle formation

The army was found in pieces.

Another view

Cavalry troops

Hairstyles show these were regular army

Armies under repair

Since few weapons of any kind

were found with the soldiers, it is

probable that they were stolen in

the past so they could be used.

A Ming era tomb on top of warriors

Headless soldiers

Pit Number Three

Continuing work here

A cavalry officer with his horse

An impressive sight !

The Terra Cotta Army was created

in the neighboring mountains.

Chinese archaeologists have found

the kilns used to bake the statues.

For the army, individual soldiers can

be used to identify the area they

came from through clothing design.

Bronze Chariot with umbrella

Horses Bridle

Silver and gold

In 1987, the Terra Cotta Army was

placed on the list of World Heritage

Sites by UNESCO. The site has

been visited by approximately 40

million people in 20 years. It

welcomes 1,500,000 visitors a year.

Thoughts of the Time….

• Legalism

• Confucianism

• Daoism

• Hinduism

• Buddhism

The Mauryan Empire

(ca. 324 – 185 BCE)

• Created by Chandragupta Maurya

• (ruled 324 – 301 BCE)

– Leads forces to remove Hellenistic influence and unifies lands by 321BCE

• Paranoid ruler

• Treason suspects tortured and killed

• Spies, food tasters, never sleeps in same room two nights in a row

Chandragupta’s Rule

• Establishes ruling principles based on:

– Hindu philosophy

– “policy of the scepter”

• Establishes Government

– Pataliputra

– Kingdom divided into Provinces – each ruled by a royal governor appointed by the ruler

• ivided into districts – each ruled by an official appointed by the royal governor

– Districts contain villages – each has a village leader

The Reign of Asoka

(269 -232 BCE)

• Initially continues brutal rule as father and

grandfather had

• 260 BCE – Asoka

– converted to Buddhism because he was

disturbed by his own brutality

• Sends out Buddhist missionaries throughout

kingdom

– Spreads buddhism

– uses the principles of Buddhism in the rest of his reign

Asoka’s Rule

• Issues “Rock Edicts”

– has several stone pillars and tablets placed throughout his kingdom

• outlining his new policies and ideas based on Buddhist principles

• appoints “officials of righteousness” who make sure that everybody treated fairly

• orders the building of hospitals for people and animals

• creates “rest stops” along roads within the Empire

• revises the legal code of the Empire

• encouraged trade and industry

• allowed freedom of religion within the Empire

End of the Mauryan Empire

• Asoka dies in 232 BCE – Maurayan Empire starts

to decline

• 185 BCE – the last Mauryan Emperor is

assassinated,

• Mauryan empire splits-up

• Intermediate Period (ca. 185 BCE – 320 CE)

– India fragments into independent kingdoms (again)

The Gupta Empire (ca. 320 – 550

CE) – “India’s Golden Age”

Establishment

• Much smaller territory than Mauryan

• Famous Emperors:

• Chandra Gupta I • (r. 320 – 335 CE) – first Gupta Emperor, united

several kingdoms

• Chandra Gupta II (r. 375- • 415 CE) – Emperor during the height

Government/Economic Organization

• Emperor ruled from the capital (Pataliputra) • *. Emperor’s revenues generated from taxes from

provinces

• monopolistic control over salt and minerals

• Empire divided into • provinces – each ruled by a royal governor

• *. governed loosely, as long as they paid

• Culture • Hinduism official religion (religious freedom

allowed)

• Arts (especially Hindu-related) - flourished

• Literature written in Sanskrit

• Architecture and Sculpture (many temples)

– especially in the form of Hindu

New Technologies/Developments

• Medicine – Inoculation, basic surgery

• Mathematics – base 10 number system

– Develop concepts of zero and infinity

Decline in the status of women

• arranged marriages become common

• high respect, but little power for women • End of the Gupta Empire – caused by invasions by

the Huns

Aegean Beginnings

• Geography– southern tip of Balkan Peninsula in

southern Europe and surrounding islands

• Interior mountain ranges and fertile coasts and

valleys

• Short, swift rivers

• Mild climate with moderate temperatures, low

humidity and limited rainfall

Aegean Civilizations • The Minoans of Crete (2500-1450 BC)

a) Island kingdom on Crete

b) Knossos was capital city; home of King Minos

c) Advanced culture with extensive sea trade

d) Greater gender equality; much emphasis on social and athletic activities

e) Religion based on Earth Mother goddess

f) Reached peak around 1600 BC, fell soon afterward—reason unknown

Aegean Civilizations (cont) • The Mycenaeans of the Balkans

a) Indo-European group that migrated down from central Asia

around 2000 BC

b) Intermarried with indigenous Hellenes over time, established

series of kingdoms

c) Kingdoms surrounding a hilltop fortress; wealthy estates

d) Contact with Minoans; adopted many Minoan customs

(religion, metalworking, etc)

Aegean Civilizations (cont)

e) Eventually conquered Minoans and took control of the

Aegean around 1400 BC

f) Infighting among Mycenaeans weakened their empire

g) Greek-speaking Dorians w/iron weapons swept in from the

north and destroyed Mycenaean kingdoms

h) Many Mycenaeans fled to Turkey to escape

The Greek Dark Ages

• Dorians were eastern Europeans who had iron weapons,

but no written language or advanced culture

• After several generations, written language was lost in

the region for about 300 years

• Period of the Greek epics (Iliad and Odyssey)

• Oral histories/stories from Mycenaean past

• Finally, refugees from Ionia (coast of Turkey) returned

to Greece and brought back written language and culture

The City-States • The Polis—Greek

word for city-state

• Root word for politics

a) Consisted of city and surrounding countryside

b) At center was the acropolis

c) Served as temple for local deity

Citizens

• Citizenship in most city-states was elitist

• Citizens made up the minority of each

city-state

• Qualifications in most city-states included:

a) Born in Greek city-state to Greek parents

b) Male

c) Land ownership

Political and Social Change

• Initially, polis governed by kings

• Eventually lost power to aristocrats (nobles)

• Aristocrats began taking advantage of lower

classes; farms lost to aristocracy to pay back

loans, etc.

• Lower classes became resentful and

demanded change

• Also, middle class merchants (most

noncitizens) began wanting a voice in

government

Rise of Tyrants

• In order to maintain peace, many city-states

turned gov’t over to tyrants who ruled

single-handedly (usually good and fair

rulers) but often harsh and disliked by the

majority

• Most tyrannies evolved into either

oligarchies or democracies

• Two best examples: Sparta (oligarchy) and

Athens (democracy)

SPARTA • Best army in ancient Greece

• Most powerful state before rise of Athens

• Lycurgus - established the military-oriented

reformation of Spartan society

• No historical literature or written laws

– According to tradition, prohibited by Lycurgus.

• State ruled by two hereditary

kings

– Equal in authority

• Duties

– religious, judicial and military

• Real power

– Assembly (citizens over 30)

– headed by 5 ephors and

council of elders

• Only those w/distinguished

military records could be

ephors or elders

• Spartan citizens far outnumbered by two

groups working for them:

– Helots—slaves

– Perioeci—artisans and merchants (noncitizens)

• Fear of revolt by these two groups fueled

the strict military gov’t

– Revolt in 650 BC took 30 years to put down

and created environment where change/new

ideas unwelcomed

Sparta’s Military Society • City had no walls as sign of military might

• All male citizens required to serve in army

• Life of a male citizen:

a) birth—inspection by military officials

b) 7 yrs—off to military school (academics,

physical training and weaponry)

c) 20 yrs—became soldiers and sent to frontier

areas

d) 30 yrs—arranged marriage; back to military

e) 60 yrs—retirement and return home

Women in Spartan Society • Greater rights than other Greek city-states

– Treated equally from birth by parents (food,care)

• Physical training and fighting skills

– Married at 19 (most city-states 14), strange rituals of

marriage

• Allowed to leave home unescorted

• Could own property, Couldn’t participate in government

• Took great pride in son’s military records

The wife of King Leonidas was allegedly asked why

Spartan women were the only women in Greece who

"ruled" their husbands. Gorgo replied, "because we

are the only women who give birth to men."

• Spartan laws discouraged anything that

would distract people from their disciplined

military life.

– Sparta did not welcome visitors from other

cities, and Spartans were not allowed to travel.

– The Spartans were not interested in other ways

of life and did not want to bring new ideas to

their polis.

• Sparta is on the Peloponnesus

– Hilly, rocky area at the southern end of the

Greek peninsula.

– The Spartans conquered many people in the

region and forced them to work as slaves.

Athens • Monarchy-aristocracy-tyranny-

democracy

• Athens began its history as a Neolithic hill-fort on top of the Acropolis ("high city"), some time in the third millennium BC.

• By 1400 BC Athens

• Powerful centre of the Mycenaean civilization

– Athens was never sacked and abandoned at the time of the Doric invasion

• Athenians claimed to be "pure" Ionians with no Doric element.

• 8th century BCE – Athens re-emerged, by virtue of location, as a

key city

– Became the INTELLECTUAL CENTER of the world

• Reformers of Athens

• Draco: codified laws, harsh-death penalty for minor crimes

• Solon: – rewrote laws – canceled land mortgages,

limited amt of land one can own, male commoners right to vote

• Cleisthenes: – men of all classes could serve on council,

“Father of Greek Democracy”

• Pericles: – removed restrictions on office holding, paid

salaries to public officials

END INTRO TO GREEKS

Persia

• Established by Cyrus the Great

– Great builder/conqueror

• Followed by Darius the Great

• Darius led Persia against the Greeks

– A great administrator

– Allowed people to maintain identity

• Satrapies, Roads, Uniformity

– Language, weights, currency, law code

• Rival power to the Greeks

• Religion: Zoroastrianism:

– Developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 B.C.E.

– Taught that life is a battle between the opposing forces of good and evil,

• Humans must choose between the two.

PERSIAN WAR 500-479 BC

• DARIUS LED PERSIANS

• Battle of Marathon

• Heavily outnumbered, win by “double

envelopment”

• 480: Battle of Thermopylae Pass

– -Xerxes led Persians

– Leonidas led Greeks

– Bravery at its finest • 300 vs Thousands

• Allows Greeks to prepare for invasion

• Battle of Salamis – Persian naval disaster

– Large Persian fleet versus small mobile Athenians • Xerxes and his throne

• Battle of Plataea – 38,000 Athenian and Peloponnesian soldiers

Delian League

• Headed by Athens

• Money squandered

• Peloponnesian War

• Sparta wins

GOLDEN AGE

• THEATER

• TRAGEDY: SOPHOCLES, EURIPIDES,

AESCHYLUS

• COMEDY: ARISTOPHANES

• Philosophy:

– -Socrates “Know thyself”

– Plato: wrote THE REPUBLIC about a perfect

society ruled by intelligent aristocracy

– Aristotle: wrote on science, govt, logic

History:

-Herodotus

-Thucydides

• Architecture:

– -Columns: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian

PARTHENON

Science and math

• Pythagoras: geometry

• Hippocrates: disease of natural causes

• Democritus: matter is composed of small

atoms

Alexander the Great

• Son of Philip of Macedonia

• Greatest empire of the time

• Blended cultures=hellenistic

• Instilled peace

• Horse was Bucephalus

• Decisive battle=Gaugamela

• Envisioned a global world where cultures

could mix

• Encouraged generals to marry Persians

• Died 323 BC

• Power struggle

• Ptolemy

• Antigonid

• Seleucid

Hellenistic Cultural achievements

• Alexandria

• Aristarchus: astronomer who developed

theory that the universe was heliocentric

• Eratosthenes: circumference of the earth

• Euclid: ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY

• Archimedes: lever, pulley, value of pi

Philosophers of Hellenistic age

• Diogenes: cynic, rejected societal values of

wealth, power, social position for self

control

• Zeno: live according to reason, be

indifferent to pleasure or pain-Stoicism

• Epicurus: seek pleasure and happiness in a

balanced, moral life

Sculpture

Venus de Milo

Nike: winged victory of Samothrace

Dying Gaul

The Han Dynasty

Ben Needle

Kell High School

Marietta, GA

Ben.needle@cobbk12.org

Han Emergence

• Establishment

• Liu Bang

• 206 BCE Becomes emperor

• the “Great Progenitor” or forefather

Liu Bang

• 202 BCE – he had eliminated virtually all his

competition via military means or diplomacy

• tax burden of the peasants

Han dynasty would do this over time

• Food Stockpiles

• Treatment of loyalists

• Threat of loyalists

Han Confucianism

• The Qin/Chin Dynasty Totalitarian and Legalist

• Rooted in the Legalist Philosophy

• Confucianism vs Legalism

• Confucianism as the basis for the Han Dynasty

• 136 BCE – HAN emperor adopted Confucianism and the principle of appointing officials based upon merit

• Bureaucracy expands

• Examinations and opening positions to “anyone”

Changing of the Guard

• Liu Ying and his mother, Empress Lu

Emperor Wu Di (140 BCE)

• Expansion

– Conquered the Tarim Basin, Korea, Tonkin

• Taxes

• Ambassadors

• Royal academy

• The Silk Road Grows

– Trade ended in Rome

• Wu Di’s envoy

Things Get Worse under Wu Di

• Imperial authority declined

• Babies inherited powerful positions

• Mothers appointed relatives to high-level

positions

• What was the problem with this?

• Financial Problems

Hsin Dynasty (8 – 23 CE)

• Rose up against existing dynasty to attempt to return

to Confucian focused style of rule

• Founder, Wang Mang, felt that the Han Dynasty has

lost its “Mandate of Heaven”

In the years 2, 5, and 11 CE, there were great floods

of the Yellow River causing large numbers of death.

• These led to civil war and the eventual assassination

of Wang Mang and his followers

Later Han Era (25 - 220 CE)

• Struggle for a ruler

• Landowners

• Wars ended by general Ts’ao Ts’ao in 215

His son took the throne in 220 and

established the Wei dynasty.

Han Dynasty Falls

• Peasant revolts

• 184 – Yellow Turbans

• Eunuch Issues - 189

• The empire was later split into 3 parts

• The end of the Han Dynasty marked the end of Ancient Chinese unity

• Following this tragic loss of power and unity, there was continual instability

• Remembered as the height of ancient Chinese power

Accomplishments

• Improved silk production techniques

• Silk Road

• Water Clock and sundial invented

• Mechanical inventions increased the

production of salt

• Wheel Barrow – Wooden Ox

• Emergence of the science of acupuncture

• Paper 105 by Tsai-Lun

Ancient Rome

Foundations of a great civilization

• 753 BCE Roman Civilization founded

• Situated on seven wooded hills along the Tiber River

• Legend has it that twin brothers Romulus and Remus founded Rome on one of these hills

• Why is this location important?

• Fertile soil

• Excellent Building materials nearby

• Strategically located

• Easier to fend off invaders

• Centrally located away from coast to protect against invaders such as pirates

• Protected to the north by Alps

The ancient city of Rome

• Population: 50 – 70 million people at the Roman Empire’s height

• 1 million lived in Rome

• 5 – 6 million in Italy

• The people of the Roman Empire were of all different nationalities and faiths

• Class Structure

• Upper Class – members of senate and their families

• Lower Class – Citizens (farmers, city workers, and soldiers) and slaves (captured in war and eventually freed)

• Equites – wealthy landowner class that emerged. They held government positions and helped run the civil service

Political Structure (cont’d)

• Patricians

– Senate

• Plebians

– Assembly

• Consuls

• Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)

• 12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty)

The ancient city of Rome (cont’d)

• Cities of Importance

• Cities of importance

• Alexandria, Antioch(Syria) and Constantinople

• All were centers of trade and cultural diffusion

• Forum – a large open space surrounded by markets and buildings, and temples

• Family Structure

• Family Structure was paternal (paterfamilias) and sons could not own property until father was deceased

• Boys married around age15 – 18 and girls @ age 13 or 14

• Education

• Until around the age of 11, most attended school at home or at a “private” school

• Often, children were taught by slaves

• It was not uncommon for these slaves to have more education than the people they taught

• Higher education was reserved for the upper class

• Religion

• Early Romans believed in gods and goddesses

• 300s BCE – Roman contact with Greeks leads then to adopt some Greek ideas-Magna Graecia

• gods and temples to honor them

• 313CE – turn to religion of Christianity

Roman Economy

• Occupation - 90% of the people were farmers

• Manufacturing and Mining

• Most of these items came from areas outside Rome

• Gold and silver came from Spain

• Tin and Lead from Britain

• Italy did have iron ore and copper deposits

• This meant that they were heavily engaged in trade

• Cargo ships from the Mediterranean would bring goods from all over the empire

• Traded for silk from China, Ivory from Africa

•

Transportation and Communication

• 50,000 miles of roads covered the empire

• Constructed by the army to increase

movements of troops

• These roads promoted trade and

communication

Arts and Sciences • Architecture was adapted from Greek architecture

• Achievements of Roman Architecture

• 1 – The arch – supported bridges and aqueducts and

allowed for the construction of vaulted ceilings which

could eliminate the need for columns

• 2 – Concrete – provided a strong building material

• Science

• Ptolemy developed the study of astronomy 275 BCE

The Roman Republic

• 509 BCE – Roman Republic established

• 2 elected officials called consuls headed the government

• Served for 1 year

• The Senate was the most powerful government body in the Roman Republic

• Unlike the consuls, senators served for life

• They were patricians(upper class members of society)

• The plebeians(citizens) held little power as members of the assembly, the Concilium Plebis

From Republic to Empire

• 31 BCE – Roman Republic ends and the Roman

empire is established

• This was brought about by 20 years of civil war

• An emperor now controlled the government’s

decision making ability

• The emperor appointed senators, consuls and other

officials

Laws to live by in Rome

• 450 BCE Romans publish their first code of laws called the “Laws of the Twelve Tables”

• The flexibility of these laws led to the establishment of a basic set of laws called jus gentium(law of nations)

• These were a set of common sense laws

• Army

• Made of land owning citizens

• They had a larger stake in what they were fighting for

• Role of the Army

• Build roads, walls, aqueducts, walls, and tunnels

Rulers of Rome • Julius Caesar

• Augustus Caesar

• Tiberius

• Nero

• Vespasian

• Trajan

• Hadrian

• Constantine

• Diocletian: East and West

• Theodosius

The Fall of Rome

• The empire grew steadily weaker over time

• Why?

• Size

• Internal Conflict

• Mercenary troops

• Germanic Peoples invaded and crushed Rome

• 476 - Empire ends when the last emperor is forced out of power by Germanic chieftain Odoacer

Lasting Impacts of the Romans

• Roman Law became the basis for many

legal systems: Justinian’s Code(eastern)

• Latin was the basis for many languages

spoken today

• Architectural achievements

• Government structure

• Religion

The Christian Emergence

Questions to Consider

• Edward Gibbon’s 5 Reasons for Christianity’s victories

• Inflexible and intolerant

• Promise of resurrection and future life juxtaposed with damnation for nonbelievers

• Assertion of Miracles

• Morals as the basis for life

• Non-political focus

• What regulated society prior to the emergence of Christianity? (religiously)

Making Christianity for the People

• How did Augustine contribute to the emergence of Christianity?

• Added substance and intellectual respectability

• Encouraged thinking as a part of the religion

• Formation of monk “communities”

• Emphasized the “original sin” concept as important

• Emphasized that the Church was the authority

• There WAS a Church

Christianity and Judaism

• How did Christianity compare to Judaism

by the 6th Century?

• More Christians than Jews

• Persecution of Jews

• Convert or leave

Spreading Christianity • Explain the following

• “For several centuries, Christianity was dominated by thousands of dedicated unmarried men and Women”

• How did this change?

• Why were monks and nuns so useful when Christianity first started spreading?

• They were the front lines

• Was Christianity initially focused or fragmented? How so?

• Fragmented

• The emphasis was on local bishops, churches, and monasteries

• What is the difference and significance of the pope and patriarch?

Christianity Basics • MONOTHEISTIC

• Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit)

• Mass Appeal

– Anyone can be a member and in “good standing”

• Ideals organized around the New Testament of the Christian Bible

• Small in its first three centuries of existence

• Divides into east and west (Great Schism)

– Pope vs. Patriarch

• Benefits from syncretism

– Allowing new faith to blend and benefit with/from old religions (Easter)

• State important but religion more important

• Monastic orders to spread religion (Benedict)

Items of Interest

Punic Wars

• Carthage was a Phoenician city which

rivaled the Roman REPUBLIC

• Multiple Clashes

• Hannibal attempted to take Rome by

bringing elephants

• End of War: Carthage sacked and salted

Kush

• Kingdom which established political unity

along the Upper Nile and Egypt

• Divine monarchy

Olmecs

• “Mother culture” of Mesoamerica

• Monumental Architecture

• Agriculture (maize)

• Perhaps lacked writing

Teotihuacan

• First great city in the Americas

• Leads to the emergence of the Mayan

civilization

Yellow Turbans

• Daoist lead group

• Dissatisfied with social unrest in Han China

• Attacked self-indulgent bureaucracy

• Staged a revolt (failed)

• Han Empire dealt with Civil War

– What does this show…?

Rajput

• After the decline of Gupta Empire

• No central authority

• Regional princes

• Buddhism declines

Coptic Christianity

• Offshoot of Christianity in Egypt

• Establishes a strong Christian presence in

Northern Africa

Jesus

• …

Paul

• Encouraged formal organization of a

distinct religion

• His writings are key pieces of Christian

doctrine (influences Augustine)

Benedict

• Starts the monastic movement of

Christianity

• Benedictine Rule

– Disciplined life, prayer alternated with hard

work in agriculture and study

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