the proposition in pharmacist’s education about ethics … pharmacy co.,ltd 0 the proposition in...

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The proposition in pharmacist’s education about ethics and communication

～Importance of humanities subject education for medical stuffs～


【Introduction】• It has been pointed out for a long time that it

is difficult to train pharmacists who have capability sufficient as medical stuff in four-year system in Japan.

• Therefore the period was extended to six years in 2006. Also, it was specified in necessity of ethics and communication to emphasize on medical stuff education in the model core curriculum.


【Purpose】• The present pharmacist’s business is personal

service. However, in our country, the pharmacist has worked for a substance (medical supplies) for many years. Most ethics education for a pharmacist was not studied according to this historical background.

• While a pharmacist’s ethics education itself is not established, only needs precede. Also in communication education, it is progressing in the direction of instilling a manual that students can finish a series of procedures smoothly.


• The pharmacy education of our country had been a four-year system until now. Because of this time restriction, implementation of education sufficient is difficult, and it has been pointed out for a long time that the pharmacist does not have capability sufficient as a medical professional with him.

• The period of pharmacy education has been extended to six years since 2006.

• In the model core curriculum of this pharmacy education, medical professional education was emphasized and the necessity for ethics and communication education was specified.


• Education of ethics for a pharmacist has hardly ever been studied, the pharmacist has worked for a substance (medicine) for many years in our country.

• Although a pharmacist's business is with personal service completely, a education of pharmaceutical ethics itself is not established but only needs precede it.

• Also in the education of communication, it is progressing in the direction of instilling a manual that a pharmacy student can finish a series of procedures smoothly.


• It seems that to take subjects of humanities is indispensable in order to form rich humanity in training of medical professionals.

• The hypothesis "the heart which sympathizes with the others is supported by completion of subjects of humanities" was built up, and it analyzed about the of others and self consciousness.


【Object and Method 】• The questionnaire was carried out for 108 new

graduate employees, and the completion rate of the humanities subjects was investigated.

• The question of 10 which took into consideration the relevance of the "affective sympathy scale" and the "others consciousness scale" about the matter involving its consciousness -- the opinion of a respondent was asked from the leg and relation nature with the humanities subject education currently carried out at the university was analyzed.

• n order to grasp the reply to these questions more nearly structurally, factor analysis which grasps the synthetic characteristic between two or more factors was conducted.


１．Did you study the humanities subject during the college of pharmacy?

Did59%

Not22%

Forgot19%

n=108

【Result】


２．What is the humanities subject you studied in the time of the college of pharmacy?

32.8

76.6

7.8 14.1

35.9

4.7 6.3

26.6

3.1 6.30

20

40

60

80

100

Phil

osop

hyPs

ycho

logy

Lite

ratu

reHi

stor

yEt

hics

Huma

nics

Reli

giou

sSo

ciol

ogy

Anth

ropo

logy

Cult

ural

Rate of studied

n=108（with multiple answer ）

％


【Explanation】

• The new employee who answered that studied the humanities subject was 59%; 64/108.

• Psychology was most studied among the ten of humanities subjects; 49/64.

• Ethics was the secondary most; 23/64. The third was philosophy; 21/64. The fourth was sociology17/64.


The questions 1-5 which specify the others and a sense of self “scale of affective sympathy"

• ①When you see a movie, it will be absorbed in spite of itself.

• ②It is from which you become the spoiled feeling when seeing others crying with joy. *

• ③It is by which you are not shaken even if the friend is shaken. *

• ④I will also become nervous if the surroundings become nervous.

• ⑤You like seeing signs that the partner who gave the present is glad.


The questions 6-10 which specify the others and a sense of self “scale of

affective sympathy"• ⑥You do not overlook change of others' little

expression.• ⑦You tend to be deprived of your heart by the

external others' impression.• ⑧You are always trying to understand others'

feeling.• ⑨You come [ that others are various and ] into

your mind. • ⑩You have paid attention continuously to

others' speech and conduct.

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Factor analysis of the intention nature of the others and the himself/herself

Variable Factor１

Factor２

Factor ３

Similarity

absorbed seeing a movie -0.086 0.016 0.814 0.329

spoiled in a joyful cry 0.155 0.140 0.735 0.416

Influenced by others' agitation 0.085 0.737 0.217 0.403

Influenced by the nervous surroundings 0.101 0.774 -0.118 0.377

like partner's pleased with a present 0.934 0.051 -0.039 0.123

change of others' expression 0.656 0.041 0.152 0.545

external others' impression -0.039 0.642 0.177 0.555

understands other's feeling 0.694 0.040 0.230 0.464

come other’s into mind 0.475 0.348 0.115 0.640

attention to other’s word and conduct 0.934 0.051 -0.039 0.123

Characteristic value 2.93 1.70 1.39

Contribution 29.3 17.0 13.9

Factor 1: Others feeling serious consideration, Factor 2: Others influence acceptance,Factor 3: Self-feeling serious consideration

※An italic indicate belonging to the factor of each index.


• As a result of conducting factor analysis, three factors were extracted and it became clear that the item of 10 measured about the consciousness of the others and a oneself intention consisted of three common portions.

• Here, explanatory factor analysis was conducted about the item of 10, and varimax rotation was performed.

• As a result, three factors were extracted and, the contribution of each factor was 13.9% in the factor 1; 17.0% in the factor 2, 29.3% in the factor 3.

• By three factors, 60.2% of the total variance of ten indices is explained, the affiliation to the factor of each item is also clear in general, and factor load is making simple structure as a whole.


• It is five indices of (5), (6), (8), (9), and (10) that the high loading dose is shown to a factor 1, and since negative factor loadings are taken to (1) and (7), a factor 1 will be called an "others feeling consideration type."

• It is three indices of (3), (4), and (7) that the high loading dose is shown to a factor 2, and a factor 2 will be called an "others influence acceptance type" from this result.

• It is two indices of (1) and (2) that the high loading dose is shown to a factor 3 -- since negative factor loadings are taken to (4), (5), and (10), it means setting weight to one's feeling, and, below, a factor 3 will be called a "self-feeling consideration type."


Each factor, humanities subjects, and the analysis of variance of psychology

completion Completion of

humanities subjects（Ｆ value）

Completion of psychology（Ｆ value）

Factor１： others feeling consideration type 5.61* 0.12

0.47

0.3

Factor２： others influence acceptance type 1.35

Factor３： self-feeling consideration type 2.69


• It is the result of conducting analysis of variance about completion and the psychology which was the highest as for the completion rate of the variable extracted by factor analysis, and a humanities subject.

• As for the significant difference by the existence of completion, the "others feeling consideration type" which is a factor 1 was not accepted in the "others influence acceptance type" which is a factor 2, and the "self-feeling consideration type" which is a factor 3, although the significant difference was accepted with the level 5% by the existence of completion of a person liberal arts subject.

• It is admited that there is a tendency for humanities subject completion persons to think others feeling as important.

• Moreover, it became clear that completion of psychology had affected neither of the factors.


Multiple linear regression analysis which makes a factor 1 an dependent variable

Factor１

Partial regression coefficient

β coefficient

sex 0.117 0.058 -0.150 -0.214 0.030

reading -0.298 humanities subject -0.434 *newspaper 0.079 constant 0.169 Ｎ 105 adjusted determined coefficient 0.037

Ｆ value 2.00 +*p＜.05 +p＜.1

• Although sex, the existence of reading, and a newspaper inspection were added to completion of the humanities subject predicted to determine a factor 1 and multiple linear regression analysis wasperformed to it, the significant difference was accepted only incompletion of the person liberal arts subject with the level 5%.


【Discussion】• By this analysis, the factor 1 "others feeling

consideration" was found out; a very important factor for ethics and communication education.

• As for this factor 1, the significant differences were accepted to be also analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis by the completion of humanities subject. It was found out by completion of the humanities subject that there is a tendency to think the others' feeling as important.

• It is thought from these results that this hypothesis was directed.

• About what kind of humanities subject is effective as education, there were very few samples of each subject and it was not able to analyze.


【Conclusion】• It is the most satisfying pharmacist's posture for a patient

and a customer, to take into consideration their feeling with full respect. This is just required communication skills on clinical.

• After being based on this, pharmacist needs to judge how it should be coped with in the various dilemma generated among people.

• A humanities subject supports such communications skills and a sense of ethics. Personal capability is not raised without the deep consideration based on a humanities subject.

• Although pharmacy is classified into science, since it is an occupation related to people, completion of the liberal arts subject which heightens human power is very important.

• Not science but a humanity solves a personal problem.


【Consideration】• The patient’s most desirable decision will be given

by the pharmacist who can understand other’s sense of values and notice its own sense of values at the same time.

• In the various dilemma generated among people, it is required to considerate what kind of management we should take.

• Except for consideration, I can’t think that true communication power required on clinical is raised.

• Based on these results, proposes about the state of the ethics and communication education of desirable pharmacists.

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