TheTheProgressiveProgressivePresidentsPresidents

Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

1858 – 19191858 – 1919 2626thth President (1901-09) President (1901-09) RepublicanRepublican Promoted his “Square Promoted his “Square

Deal”: promise to Deal”: promise to treat both citizens treat both citizens and businesses fairly and businesses fairly – protect consumers – protect consumers from the dangers of from the dangers of “bad” trusts, but also “bad” trusts, but also protect businesses protect businesses from unreasonable from unreasonable labor demandslabor demands

Anthracite Coal Mine Anthracite Coal Mine StrikeStrike

1902: 150,000 Pennsylvania 1902: 150,000 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike coal miners went on strike for higher pay, reduced for higher pay, reduced hours, and union recognitionhours, and union recognition

Roosevelt offered arbitration Roosevelt offered arbitration when the strike threatened when the strike threatened to leave the nation without to leave the nation without coal for the winter; union coal for the winter; union accepted, but mine owners accepted, but mine owners refusedrefused

Roosevelt threatened to Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines, forcing seize the mines, forcing owners to the bargaining owners to the bargaining tabletable

In the end, miners got more In the end, miners got more pay and fewer hours, but pay and fewer hours, but owners were not required to owners were not required to recognize the miners’ unionrecognize the miners’ union

Elkins Act of Elkins Act of 19031903

Banned railroads from Banned railroads from giving rebates to giving rebates to “preferred” shippers – “preferred” shippers – railroads had to railroads had to charge everyone the charge everyone the same shipping ratessame shipping rates

Strengthened the Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by Commission (ICC) by giving it the ability to giving it the ability to impose fines for impose fines for violationsviolations

US v. Northern US v. Northern Securities Securities

1901: Three major 1901: Three major railroads joined forces railroads joined forces under a holding under a holding company called company called Northern Securities, Northern Securities, essentially creating a essentially creating a dangerous monopolydangerous monopoly

Roosevelt sued, Roosevelt sued, claiming a violation of claiming a violation of the Sherman Antitrust the Sherman Antitrust ActAct

1904: Supreme Court 1904: Supreme Court ruled in Roosevelt’s ruled in Roosevelt’s favor, ordered breakup favor, ordered breakup of Northern Securitiesof Northern Securities

Hepburn Act of Hepburn Act of 19061906

Further strengthened Further strengthened the ICC by giving it the the ICC by giving it the authority to set authority to set railroad rates rather railroad rates rather than just regulate than just regulate themthem

Actually helped the Actually helped the railroads because the railroads because the ICC worked with them ICC worked with them to ensure railroads to ensure railroads were profitable while were profitable while also making it difficult also making it difficult for new railroads to for new railroads to enter the marketplaceenter the marketplace

Dept. of Commerce & Dept. of Commerce & LaborLabor

Even while opposing trusts, Even while opposing trusts, Roosevelt knew that Roosevelt knew that supporting business supporting business interests was good for the interests was good for the nationnation

1903: Created the Dept. of 1903: Created the Dept. of Commerce & Labor which Commerce & Labor which included the Bureau of included the Bureau of Corporations, a branch Corporations, a branch which monitored businesses which monitored businesses and advised them when and advised them when their practices were of their practices were of concern to the government concern to the government so they could self-correct so they could self-correct and avoid bad publicity of and avoid bad publicity of government intervention government intervention

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair 1878 – 19681878 – 1968 Wrote Wrote The JungleThe Jungle

(1906) which (1906) which exposed the horrific exposed the horrific conditions within conditions within the meat-packing the meat-packing industryindustry

Public outcry Public outcry prompted Roosevelt prompted Roosevelt to push through to push through food inspection food inspection reformsreforms

Meat Inspection Act of Meat Inspection Act of 19061906

Required the Required the inspection of meat inspection of meat sold through sold through interstate interstate commerce and commerce and required the United required the United States Dept. of States Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture (USDA) to set standards of to set standards of cleanliness in cleanliness in meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

Pure Food & Drug Act of Pure Food & Drug Act of 19061906

Prohibited the Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure shipment of impure or falsely labeled or falsely labeled food and drugsfood and drugs

Products containing Products containing drugs like alcohol, drugs like alcohol, caffeine, or cocaine caffeine, or cocaine had to be labeled had to be labeled with contents and with contents and dosagedosage

Land ConservationLand Conservation Roosevelt supported Roosevelt supported

conservation of the conservation of the nation’s natural nation’s natural resources through resources through limiting consumptionlimiting consumption

Began to set aside Began to set aside millions of acres of millions of acres of public lands for public lands for national parks, national parks, forests, and wildlife forests, and wildlife preservespreserves

William Howard William Howard TaftTaft

1857 – 19301857 – 1930 2727thth President (1909- President (1909-

13)13) RepublicanRepublican Later became Chief Later became Chief

Justice of the Supreme Justice of the Supreme Court (1921-30)Court (1921-30)

Hand-picked by Hand-picked by Roosevelt to succeed Roosevelt to succeed him as President, but him as President, but was Roosevelt’s was Roosevelt’s opposite in personalityopposite in personality

Payne-Aldrich Tariff of Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 19091909

Progressives and Taft (but Progressives and Taft (but not most Republicans) not most Republicans) supported lowering tariffssupported lowering tariffs

Taft tried to get a lower Taft tried to get a lower tariff passed, but ended tariff passed, but ended up being forced to accept up being forced to accept the Payne-Aldrich Tariff the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which actually which actually raisedraised tariffs on most goodstariffs on most goods

This angered & This angered & disappointed Progressives, disappointed Progressives, including Teddy Roosevelt, including Teddy Roosevelt, and badly hurt Taft’s and badly hurt Taft’s reputationreputation

Ballinger-Pinchot Ballinger-Pinchot ControversyControversy

1909: Taft’s Secretary of the 1909: Taft’s Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger, Interior, Richard Ballinger, was accused by head of the was accused by head of the US Forest Service (and close US Forest Service (and close friend of Roosevelt) Gifford friend of Roosevelt) Gifford Pinchot of corruptionPinchot of corruption

Taft’s Attorney General Taft’s Attorney General dismissed the charges, so dismissed the charges, so Pinchot leaked his story to Pinchot leaked his story to the pressthe press

Taft fired the popular Taft fired the popular Pinchot, angering Pinchot, angering ProgressivesProgressives

Ballinger was later cleared Ballinger was later cleared of any wrongdoing by of any wrongdoing by congressional investigatorscongressional investigators

Mann-Elkins Act of Mann-Elkins Act of 19101910

Again increased the Again increased the powers of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce Commission by giving Commission by giving it more regulatory it more regulatory controlcontrol

Added Added communications communications (telegraph & (telegraph & telephone companies) telephone companies) to the industries to the industries overseen by the ICCoverseen by the ICC

Taft the Taft the “Trustbuster”“Trustbuster”

Roosevelt was Roosevelt was perceived as being perceived as being a more efficient a more efficient trustbuster than trustbuster than Taft, but Taft Taft, but Taft actually prosecuted actually prosecuted twice as many twice as many antitrust cases in antitrust cases in his 1 term as his 1 term as president as president as Roosevelt did in 2 Roosevelt did in 2 terms!terms!

US v. American US v. American TobaccoTobacco

1911: Supreme 1911: Supreme Court ruled that Court ruled that James Duke’s James Duke’s American Tobacco American Tobacco Co. had violated the Co. had violated the Sherman Antitrust Sherman Antitrust Act by establishing Act by establishing an illegal monopoly an illegal monopoly on the cigarette on the cigarette industry; Court industry; Court ordered the ordered the company broken upcompany broken up

Children’s BureauChildren’s Bureau Created by Taft in Created by Taft in

19121912 Designed to protect Designed to protect

children from abuse, children from abuse, both at home and in both at home and in the workplace and to the workplace and to monitor orphanages, monitor orphanages, foster care, and foster care, and adoptionsadoptions

First federal agency to First federal agency to be headed by a be headed by a woman (Julia Lathrop)woman (Julia Lathrop)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Triangle Shirtwaist Factory FireFire

March 25, 1911March 25, 1911 Exit doors to the Exit doors to the

factory were kept factory were kept locked from the locked from the outside to prevent outside to prevent employees from employees from stealingstealing

When fire broke out, When fire broke out, workers could not workers could not escape and 146 escape and 146 women workers diedwomen workers died

Public outrage led to Public outrage led to major reforms in major reforms in working conditions working conditions and building codesand building codes

Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party Disappointed in Taft, Teddy Disappointed in Taft, Teddy

decided to run for president decided to run for president once again in 1912, but the once again in 1912, but the Republican Party nominated Republican Party nominated TaftTaft

Roosevelt formed his own Roosevelt formed his own Progressive Party, better Progressive Party, better known as the “Bull Moose” known as the “Bull Moose” Party and ran as its candidate, Party and ran as its candidate, splitting the Republican votesplitting the Republican vote

The Bull Moose platform of The Bull Moose platform of “New Nationalism” supported a “New Nationalism” supported a federal government which was federal government which was powerful enough to regulate powerful enough to regulate corporationscorporations

Roosevelt was shot while Roosevelt was shot while campaigning, limiting his campaigning, limiting his ability to appear in public over ability to appear in public over the last several weeks of the the last several weeks of the electionelection

Election of 1912Election of 1912 Democratic Party Democratic Party

nominated nominated Progressive NJ Progressive NJ governor (and governor (and political newcomer) political newcomer) Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

With the With the Republicans split, Republicans split, Wilson won the Wilson won the election fairly easilyelection fairly easily

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson 1856 – 19241856 – 1924 2828thth President (1913- President (1913-

21)21) Ran on the “New Ran on the “New

Freedom” platform: Freedom” platform: rather than empower rather than empower government to government to regulate monopolies regulate monopolies and trusts, simply and trusts, simply destroy monopolies to destroy monopolies to ensure fair competitionensure fair competition

Believed in limited Believed in limited government, especially government, especially where the economy where the economy was concernedwas concerned

1616thth Amendment Amendment 19131913 ““The Congress shall The Congress shall

have power to lay and have power to lay and collect taxes on collect taxes on incomes, from whatever incomes, from whatever source derived, without source derived, without apportionment among apportionment among the several States, and the several States, and without regard to any without regard to any census or enumeration”census or enumeration”

US now taxed US now taxed individuals rather than individuals rather than the statesthe states

1717thth Amendment Amendment 19131913 US Senators had been US Senators had been

appointed by state appointed by state legislatures, but after legislatures, but after David Graham David Graham Phillips’ articles on Phillips’ articles on corruption in the corruption in the Senate, the 17Senate, the 17thth Amendment changed Amendment changed the law to direct the law to direct election of Senators election of Senators by the peopleby the people

Underwood Tariff of Underwood Tariff of 19131913

Wilson believed that Wilson believed that competition with competition with European companies European companies would force would force American companies American companies to produce better to produce better products more products more efficiently (cheaper)efficiently (cheaper)

Underwood Tariff cut Underwood Tariff cut tariff rates in half, to tariff rates in half, to about 30%about 30%

Federal Reserve Act of Federal Reserve Act of 19131913

Wilson revived the idea of Wilson revived the idea of a “national bank”a “national bank”

Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Act required private banks to required private banks to keep a portion of their keep a portion of their deposits on reserve in deposits on reserve in federally run reserve banks federally run reserve banks to act as a cushion against to act as a cushion against unexpected losses; federal unexpected losses; federal reserve banks would set reserve banks would set national interest rates and national interest rates and regulate the amount of regulate the amount of money in circulation, money in circulation, allowing them to control allowing them to control inflation and prevent inflation and prevent recessionsrecessions

Federal Trade Federal Trade CommissionCommission

Created in 1914 to Created in 1914 to monitor businessesmonitor businesses

Had the authority to Had the authority to investigate and issue investigate and issue cease-and-desist orders cease-and-desist orders against businesses against businesses using unfair trade using unfair trade practices which hurt practices which hurt competitioncompetition

Not designed to breakup Not designed to breakup trusts, but rather to trusts, but rather to deter companies from deter companies from using unethical using unethical practicespractices

Clayton Antitrust Act of Clayton Antitrust Act of 19141914

Banned “tying” agreements Banned “tying” agreements which required retailers who which required retailers who bought products from one bought products from one company to stop selling company to stop selling products from competitorsproducts from competitors

Required businesses to Required businesses to charge all customers the charge all customers the same price for a productsame price for a product

Banned manufacturers from Banned manufacturers from giving price discounts to giving price discounts to retailers who bought larger retailers who bought larger volumes of goodsvolumes of goods

Declared labor unions to be Declared labor unions to be exempt from antitrust lawsexempt from antitrust laws

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 19161916

Prohibited the Prohibited the employment of employment of children under 14 in children under 14 in factories producing factories producing goods sold through goods sold through interstate commerceinterstate commerce

Later struck down by Later struck down by the Supreme Court as the Supreme Court as being outside of being outside of federal jurisdictionfederal jurisdiction

Adamson Act of Adamson Act of 19161916

Established the 8-Established the 8-hour workday for hour workday for railroad workers, railroad workers, created overtime created overtime paypay

Passed by Congress Passed by Congress to avoid a national to avoid a national railroad strikerailroad strike

First US law to First US law to regulate the hours of regulate the hours of workers in private workers in private industryindustry

Federal Farm Loan Act of Federal Farm Loan Act of 19161916

Created special Created special federal banks to federal banks to provide loans to provide loans to farmers and small farmers and small businessesbusinesses

Encouraged small Encouraged small businesses to businesses to compete with compete with bigger rivals, bigger rivals, thereby avoiding thereby avoiding trusts and trusts and monopoliesmonopolies

1818thth Amendment Amendment 19191919 Growing support for Growing support for

the temperance (anti-the temperance (anti-alcohol) in the US led alcohol) in the US led to a ban on the to a ban on the manufacture, manufacture, transport, or sale of transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages alcoholic beverages anywhere in the USanywhere in the US

1818thth Amendment was Amendment was repealed by the 21repealed by the 21stst Amendment in 1933Amendment in 1933

1919thth Amendment Amendment 19201920 Finally granted Finally granted

women suffrage women suffrage (the right to vote) (the right to vote) in federal electionsin federal elections

Suffrage had been Suffrage had been sought by women sought by women since the Seneca since the Seneca Falls Convention of Falls Convention of 1848!1848!

Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette 1855 – 19251855 – 1925 Leader in Progressive Leader in Progressive

reforms at the state reforms at the state level as governor of level as governor of WisconsinWisconsin

Developed the Developed the “Wisconsin idea” of “Wisconsin idea” of applying scientific applying scientific methods to the running methods to the running of state governmentof state government

Later served in the US Later served in the US Senate and ran for Senate and ran for PresidentPresident

City Government City Government ChangesChanges

Efficiency experts Efficiency experts began calling for cities began calling for cities to be “managed” by to be “managed” by experts rather than by experts rather than by politicians and their politicians and their buddiesbuddies

Divided city services Divided city services into departments, each into departments, each headed by an expert in headed by an expert in that field under the that field under the leadership of a hired leadership of a hired city managercity manager

Voting ReformsVoting Reforms Direct Primaries: all party Direct Primaries: all party

members vote for who will be members vote for who will be nominated as a candidate nominated as a candidate rather than just party leadershiprather than just party leadership

Secret ballot: individual’s votes Secret ballot: individual’s votes would be kept secret, not would be kept secret, not publishedpublished

Referendum: allows citizens to Referendum: allows citizens to vote directly on important vote directly on important issues rather than leave the issues rather than leave the issues in the hands of elected issues in the hands of elected officialsofficials

Recall: allows voters to remove Recall: allows voters to remove an elected official from office an elected official from office before their term is upbefore their term is up

Initiative: allows voters to force Initiative: allows voters to force elected officials to vote on a elected officials to vote on a certain issuecertain issue