the presidency and the bureaucracy ap u.s. government and politics unit 6

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The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

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Formal Qualifications citizenship requirement –doctrine of jus sanguinis (parent) –doctrine of jus soli (territory) age requirement residency requirement

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Page 1: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The Presidencyand the Bureaucracy

AP U.S. Government and PoliticsUnit 6

Page 3: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Formal Qualifications

• citizenship requirement– doctrine of jus sanguinis (parent)– doctrine of jus soli (territory)

• age requirement• residency requirement

Page 4: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Informal Qualifications

• white (WASP)• male• Protestant• wealthy• military experience?• executive experience?• married• tall, attractive, healthy• college-educated

Page 5: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

President Religion President Religion President Religion

Washington Episcopalian Lincoln Deist?(often quoted Bible)

F. Roosevelt Episcopalian

J. Adams Congregational/Unitarian A. Johnson “Christian” Truman Baptist

Jefferson Unitarian Grant Presbyterian/Methodist Eisenhower Presbyterian

Madison Episcopalian Hayes “Christian” Kennedy Catholic

Monroe Episcopalian Garfield Disciples of Christ L. Johnson Disciples of

Christ

J.Q. Adams Unitarian Arthur Episcopalian Nixon Quaker

Jackson Presbyterian Cleveland Presbyterian Ford Episcopalian

Van Buren Dutch Reformed B. Harrison Presbyterian Carter Baptist

W.H. Harrison Episcopalian McKinley Methodist Reagan Presbyterian

Tyler Episcopalian T. Roosevelt Dutch Reformed G.H.W. Bush Episcopalian

Polk Methodist Taft Unitarian Clinton Baptist

Taylor Episcopalian Wilson Presbyterian G.W. Bush Episcopalian/Methodist

Fillmore Unitarian Harding Baptist Obama “Christian”/United CC

Pierce Episcopalian(after presidency)

Coolidge Congregational

Buchanan Presbyterian Hoover Quaker

Page 6: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Presidents and the MilitaryFormer Generals• Washington• Jackson• W.H. Harrison• Taylor• Pierce• A. Johnson• Grant• Hayes• Garfield• Arthur• B. Harrison• Eisenhower

No Military Experience• J. Adams• J.Q. Adams• Van Buren• Cleveland• Taft• Wilson• Harding• Coolidge• Hoover• F.D. Roosevelt• Clinton• Obama

Page 7: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Presidents and Previous OfficePresident Previous OfficeObama Senator

G. W. Bush Governor (TX)

Clinton Governor (AR)

G.H.W. Bush Vice President

Reagan Governor (CA)

Carter Governor (GA)

Nixon Vice President

Johnson Senator

Kennedy Senator

Page 8: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Term of Office

• Constitution established a 4-year term with potential for unlimited re-election– Washington sets precedent– FDR breaks precedent

• 22nd Amendment (1951) – 2 terms or maximum of 10 years

• debating term limits• single 6-year term?

Page 9: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Salary and Benefits

• $400,000/year salary• $50,000/year expense account• retirement pension• post-presidency opportunities

Page 10: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Salary and Benefits

• White House• Camp David• fleet of automobiles and aircraft• best medical, dental, health care• Secret Service protection• presidential library

Page 11: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief of state – ceremonial head of the nation and symbol of American people

Page 12: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief executive – carries out (executes) domestic and foreign policy

• powers:– enforces laws, treaties, court decisions– issues executive orders

• checks:– Congress passes laws, has “power of purse”– can be impeached and removed– Court can strike down executive orders,

Congress can deny funding

Page 13: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief administrator – director of federal government

• powers:– appoints executive officials and can fire them– proposes budget to Congress– responsible for the health of the economy

• checks:– Senate can reject appointments– Congress must approve budget

Page 14: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief diplomat – architect of US foreign policy

• powers:– sets overall foreign policy (doctrines)– appoints and receives ambassadors– negotiates treaties and executive agreements– grants diplomatic recognition to foreign

government

Page 15: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief diplomat – architect of US foreign policy

• checks:– Congress appropriates funds for foreign

affairs– Senate can reject diplomatic appointments– Senate can reject treaties

Page 16: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• commander-in-chief – citizen-head of the armed forces

• powers:– commands armed forces in times of war– sets military policy

• checks:– Congress declares war– Congress funds military, combat operations– War Powers Act (1973)

Page 17: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

War Powers Act (1973)• President can take military action

whenever he/she deems it necessary• must inform Congress within 48 hours• end combat within 60 days or seek

extension (plus 30 days to withdraw)• Congress’ options:

– declare war– extend operations– recall troops– cut funding

Page 18: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Iraq War Resolution (2002)Reasons cited to justify use of force:

– Iraq's noncompliance with the conditions of the 1991 cease fire, including interference with weapons inspectors.

– Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction, and programs to develop such weapons, posed a "threat to the national security of the United States and international peace and security in the Persian Gulf region."

– Iraq's "brutal repression of its civilian population." – Iraq's "capability and willingness to use weapons of mass destruction against

other nations and its own people". – Iraq's hostility towards the United States as demonstrated by the 1993

assassination attempt of former President George H. W. Bush, and firing on coalition aircraft enforcing the no-fly zones following the 1991 Gulf War.

– Members of al-Qaeda were "known to be in Iraq." – Iraq's "continu[ing] to aid and harbor other international terrorist

organizations," including anti-United States terrorist organizations. – The efforts by the Congress and the President to fight terrorists, including the

September 11th, 2001 terrorists and those who aided or harbored them. – The authorization by the Constitution and the Congress for the President to

fight anti-United States terrorism. – Citing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, the resolution reiterated that it should

be the policy of the United States to remove the Saddam Hussein regime and promote a democratic replacement.

Page 19: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Iraq War Resolution (2002)

Authorized President Bush to use the ArmedForces of the United States "as hedetermines to be necessary andappropriate" in order to "defend the nationalsecurity of the United States against thecontinuing threat posed by Iraq; and enforceall relevant United Nations Security CouncilResolutions regarding Iraq."

Page 20: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

House of RepresentativesSignificant “Ayes”

Significant “Nays”• Sherrod Brown (D-OH)• Dennis Kucinich (D-OH)• Ron Paul (R-TX)• Ted Strickland (D-OH)

Party Ayes Nays No Vote

Republican 215 6 2

Democrat 82 126 1

Independent 0 1 0

TOTAL 297 133 3

Page 21: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

SenateSignificant “Ayes”• Joe Biden (D-DE)• Hillary Clinton (D-NY)• Mike DeWine (R-OH)• John Edwards (D-NC)• John Kerry (D-MA)• Joe Lieberman (D-CT)• John McCain (R-AZ)• George Voinovich (R-OH)Significant “Nays”• Ted Kennedy (D-MA)• Robert Byrd (D-WV)

Party Ayes Nays No Vote

Republican 48 1 0

Democrat 29 21 0

Independent 0 1 0

TOTAL 77 23 0

Page 22: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Legal Challenge

• Doe v. Bush (2003)– Resolution was challenged arguing the

Constitution does not give the President the authority to declare war

– Court dismissed the case declaring that Court can only intervene in cases of outright hostility between President and Congress, or if Congress gave the President “absolute discretion” to declare war

Page 23: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief “legislator” – architect of US public policy

• powers:– proposes legislation– can veto legislation– can call Congress into special session

• checks:– Congress passes legislation– Congress can override a veto

Page 24: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief “jurist” – shapes the direction of the federal courts

• powers:– appoints federal judges– issues pardons and amnesty– enforces judicial rulings

• checks:– Senate can reject or delay judicial

appointments

Page 25: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Non-Constitutional Rolesof the President

• chief of party – leader of party– selects party chairman– selects vice-presidential nominee– doles out political patronage

• chief citizen – unofficial leader of the American people– provides moral leadership– instills confidence in government

Page 26: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Growth of Presidential Power

• early presidents (through 19c) had limited view of the power of the office– let Congress provide the leadership for the

nation’s domestic policies• most 20c presidents took the initiative on

domestic and foreign policy– sought to lead Congress behind their vision

for the country

Page 27: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

20th Century Presidents

• Theodore Roosevelt – “bully pulpit”• Woodrow Wilson – progressivism, League• FDR – New Deal, World War II• Cold War presidents• Nixon – the “Imperial Presidency”• Congress reasserted control in 1970s• Reagan – renewed leadership• “W” – War on Terror

Page 28: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Non-Constitutional Sourcesof Presidential Power

• one person as opposed to 535• strong personality, leadership skills• growing complexity of society, increased

expectations for federal government• Congressional delegation of authority

– broadly worded legislation– submission in economic or foreign crisis– submission following “mandate” election

Page 29: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Non-Constitutional Sourcesof Presidential Power

• use of the mass media to convey message• Cold War “crisis” awarded president on-

going authority to respond• post-9/11 “crisis” seems to be doing the

same

Page 30: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Keys to Presidential Success

• act quickly (Hundred Days)• have a few, clearly-stated goals• avoid details• place trust in White House staff and not

the Cabinet

Page 31: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The White House

Page 36: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

White House Staff

Chief of StaffJacob Lew

Page 38: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

White House Staff

PressSecretaryJay Carney

Page 39: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

White House Staff

PressSecretaryRobert Gibbs

Page 41: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The Cabinet

Secretary of the TreasuryTimothy Geithner

Page 42: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The Cabinet

Secretary of DefenseLeon Panetta

Previously:Director, Central IntelligenceW.H. Chief of Staff (Clinton)Congressman, Budget Cmte. chair

Page 43: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The Cabinet

Attorney GeneralEric Holder

Page 44: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Powers of Persuasion

• “coattails”• popularity polls (Gallup, Rasmussen)• “honeymoon”• “first hundred days”• executive privilege

– U.S. v. Nixon (1973)

Page 45: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6
Page 46: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6
Page 47: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Barack Obama’s Job Approval

Current (Oct 5 2011)Approve: 41%Disapprove: 52%

Page 48: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Comments on the Vice Presidency

• John Adams: “…the most insignificant office ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.”

• John Nance Garner: “…not worth a pitcher of warm piss (spit).”

• Walter Mondale: “the fire hydrant of the nation.”

• Nelson Rockefeller: “standby equipment”Best of Joe Biden Best of Dan Quayle

Page 49: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The Vice President• Constitutional duties

– President of the Senate (can cast tie-breaking vote)

– assume office (succession) or duties (disability) of President

• “balance the ticket”• VP’s role at the President’s discretion

– increasing since World War II• stepping-stone

Page 50: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

VP Vacancy

• VP’s office has been vacant 18 times• 25th Amendment (1967) allows President

to appoint a replacement with Congress’ approval

• Gerald Ford

Page 51: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Presidential Succession• presidential succession – the plan by

which a presidential vacancy is filled should the president die, resign, or be removed from office

• originally, Constitution said “powers and duties” shall be transferred to vice president

• John Tyler• 25th Amendment (1967)

Page 52: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Presidential Succession

• Presidential Succession Act (1947) established line of succession after VP

• Speaker of the House• President Pro Tempore of Senate• Secretary of State; Treasury; Defense• Attorney General• Cabinet positions (in order of creation)

Page 53: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Order of Succession• Vice President• Speaker of the House• President Pro Tempore• Secy of State• Secy of Treasury• Secy of Defense• Attorney General• Secy of Interior• Secy of Agriculture• Secy of Commerce

• Secy of Labor• Secy of Health and

Human Services• Secy of Housing and

Urban Development• Secy of Transportation• Secy of Energy• Secy of Education• Secy of Veterans

Affairs• Secy of Homeland

Security

Page 54: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Presidential Disability

• 25th Amendment (1967) provides guidelines for presidential disability

• VP becomes “acting president” if:– President informs Congress in writing that he

is/will be unable to discharge duties of office– VP and majority of Cabinet inform Congress

in writing that President is incapacitated• President can resume powers when either

of above informs Congress

Page 55: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Impeachment and Removal

• President, VP, federal judges, and other federal officials can be impeached

• impeachable offenses– treason– bribery– “high crimes and misdemeanors”

Clinton Impeachment: 10 Years Later (6:00)

Page 56: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Impeachment and Removal

• House of Representatives drafts article(s) of impeachment– if passed by simple majority, the official is

impeached and tried• Senate conducts the trial, acting as jury

– 2/3 Senate required to convict• if convicted, official is removed from office,

disqualified from future office, faces possible civil charges

Page 57: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Impeached Presidents

Page 58: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Was Nixon impeached?

Page 59: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Bush’s Approval Ratings

Page 60: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Trade-offs within Bureaucracies

Fairness vs. Responsiveness

Fairness:Treat each case individually, like its special

Responsive:Respond to all; treat all cases the same

IRS?

Efficiency vs. Effectiveness

Efficiency:Methods and practices that are cost-efficient and time-efficient

Effective:Methods and practices that are most successful, work the best

EPA?

Independence vs. Accountability

Independence:Give bureaucrats freedom to make some decisions

Accountability:Require bureaucrats to follow procedures; hold them accountable

OSHA?

Page 61: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

“Iron Triangle”

Page 62: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Whistleblower Protection Act (1989)• allows bureaucrats to report retaliation or

harassment from boss to an outside agency• weaknesses:

– whistleblowers must offer irrefutable proof of misconduct– it does not protect employees from retaliation if they

report misconduct to their boss (only if they report to the Office of Special Counsel)

– it only protects the first person to report the problem– excludes: intelligence community, FBI, TSA, NSA

Page 63: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

Congressional Oversight

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HmYqe6fq9E&feature=relmfu

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qY8kOmipKQY

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRPPpm8FR70

Page 64: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 6

The Bureaucracy

• What criticisms of the bureaucracy are evident in each of the following?– Official Pace– Newt Gingrich: FedEx vs. the Bureaucracy– Bureaucracy (cartoon)