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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012

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Page 1: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

March 20, 2012

Page 2: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

“Before the end of the eighteenth century,

the Industrial Revolution had begun

to transform work, living conditions,

population patterns, and economic

standards in many parts of Europe and the United States”

(983).

Page 3: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

“Given all these events, rhetoric in the

nineteenth century clearly had to respond

to the changing nature of public

education as much as to the internal

economies of the discipline and related

intellectual movements” (983).

Page 4: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

RICHARD WHATELY

His version of rhetoric “focuses on argument to provide a defense for religion against the skepticism fired by science and rationalism”returns to classical invention as a way to generate arguments about absolute truth; not concerned with probable truthsEmphasis on audience

Page 5: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

RICHARD WHATELY

“Rhetoric must prove the truth since it “does not convey itself” (984)Rhetoric requires a theory of argument, invention concerned with ways of convincing uneducated congregationsMakes a distinction between conviction (reason) and persuasion (emotion), thus the way reasoning produces conviction is not always “logical or consistent” (985)

Page 6: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

WOMEN’S RHETORIC

As women’s education improved throughout the nineteenth century (through great trial, political battles and daily hardship), “women increasingly began to speak in public and to reflect on rhetorical practices” (987)

Page 7: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

WOMEN’S RHETORIC

Women’s rhetoric was challenging: it was “based not on culturally dominant values and well-established occasions for oratory but on strategies ‘to subvert popular belief’”(987)Faced challenges from cultural prohibitions from speaking, hostile audiences, and stereotypes that rejected women as authoritative (ethos)

Page 8: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

WOMEN’S RHETORIC

Women rhetors drew upon the ethos and collective strength of the churches: Protestant Christianity, Quakerism and Methodists churchArgued passionately against slavery, racism; argued for temperance, women’s civil rights and right to suffrage

Page 9: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

WOMEN’S RHETORIC

Sojourner Truth One of the most famous

African-American woman orator of the time

Born a slave, but freed when slavery abolished in NY

Became a travelling prophet who focused on denouncing slavery and the oppression of all women

Page 10: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

WOMEN’S RHETORIC

She said that "the spirit of the Lord had told her to avail herself of

the opportunity of speaking to so many children assembled together,

of the great sin of prejudice against color. Children, who made your

skin white? Was it not God? Who made mine black? Was it not the

same God? Am I to blame, therefore, because my skin is black? Does

it not cast a reproach on our Maker to despise a part of His children,

because He has been pleased to give them a black skin? Indeed,

children, it does; and your teachers ought to tell you so, and root up,

if possible, the great sin of prejudice against color from your minds.

While Sabbath School Teachers know of this great sin, and not only

do not teach their pupils that it is a sin, but too often indulge in it

themselves, can they expect God to bless them or the children?

Does not God love colored children as well as white children? And

did not the same Savior die to save the one as well as the other? If

so, white children must know that if they go to Heaven, they must go

there without their prejudice against color, for in Heaven black and

white are one in the love of Jesus. Now children, remember what

Sojourner Truth has told you, and thus get rid of your prejudice, and

learn to love colored children that you may be all the children of

your Father who is in Heaven."

Page 11: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

RHETORIC OF MEN OF COLOR

Like women, non-white rhetors “had to develop rhetorical strategies for heterogeneous and hostile audiences, to claim a hearing that their very appearance would often seem to deny them” (991)

Page 12: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

RHETORIC OF MEN OF COLOR

Frederick Douglass A powerful and

forceful agitator and orator against slavery and African-American civil rights as well as women’s rights

Published the famous abolitionist paper The North Star

Page 13: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

For Nietzsche, all language is rhetorical

Draws from the philosophy of the

Sophists“. . .the traditional

philosophical search for truth that lies

beyond language and convention is a

hopeless delusion. . .”(997)

Page 14: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

“What then is truth? A moveable host of metaphors,

metonymies and anthropomorphisms. . .Truth

sAre illusions which we have forgotten are illusions; they

are metaphors that have become worn our and have been drained of sensuous

force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no

longer as coins.”--On Truth and Lies in a

Nonmoral Sense

Page 15: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY March 20, 2012. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “Before the end of the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

March 20, 2012