The “New World”Colonization1491-1700

Early Exploration & Contact• Columbus 1492 arrived in Bahamas.

Hispaniola. Columbus controversial legacy?

• Columbian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals, and germs/diseases. FSpanish

• conquistadores – search for gold “requerimiento”

• Encomienda system: land grants & natives to Spaniards

• Asiento system: slave trade from W. Africa taxes supported monarch

Jamestown & Virginia• 1606 - James I issues a to the Virginia

Company a joint-stock company.• Jamestown founded 1607 swampy area along James

River• Problems: malaria & dysentery, “gentlemen” didn’t

want to work, searched for gold, “starving time”• Survived under leadership of John Smith &trade w/

Powhatan Confederacy• John Rolfe (married to Pocahontas) developed

tobacco - cash crop • Most immigrants were indentured servants under

Headright system

James I

John RolfeJohn Smith

Plymouth• Founded for more religious reasons – Puritan

Separatist “pilgrims” – based on Calvinism – belief in predestination

• 1620 Mayflower – 100 passengers– less than half Separatists – permission from VA Company but landed in Massachusetts. Mayflower Compact

• Lost ½ of settlers during 1st winter, but with leadership of William Bradford & Captain Miles Standish & help of Wampanoag Indians survived, 1st Thanksgiving in 1621

• Grew slowly & remained small colony• Economy: fish, fur, and lumber

Gov. William Bradford Squanto

Massachusetts Bay Colony• Founded by moderate Puritans –

persecution increased in England 1625 under Charles I

• 1630 John Winthrop leads 1,000 to form Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston

• Winthrop’s “A Model of Christian Charity” “We shall be as a city upon a hill” represents ideals of colony

• “Great Migration” English Civil War drove 15,000 settlers to New England during 1630s

John Winthrop

Metacom (King Philip) Chief of the Wampanoags united the tribes of New England.

The war ended in failure for the Indians

Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.

His son and wife sold into slavery.

Never a serious threat in New England again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

Lord Baltimore formed a proprietary colony in 1634.

Haven for Catholics

Tobacco main cash crop.

“Act of Toleration” 1649

Maryland

Freedom of worship for all!

Death to allJews and Atheists !Huh?

New Netherlands to New York

Founded by the Dutch in 1625

1664 British take over without a fight

Center of trade and very Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.

James II Duke of York

Founded by William Penn in 1681

Quakers “Society of Friends”

pacifists,

fair treatment of Indians,

more equality,

religious freedom

Opposed slavery

Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love”

Pennsylvania

North Carolina: Tobacco plantations

South Carolina: Rice & Indigo

High demand for slaves from West Africa

By 1710 black slaves were a majority in South Carolina.

Georgia: Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1732.

“Buffer-zone” from Spanish Florida

Haven for debtors

Carolinas & Georgia

American Long Grain Rice

Rise of Slavery

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619 treated like indentured servants.

Slavery not significant until the late 1600s

1690: 13,000 slaves

1750: more than 200,000

Causes of Rise of Slavery• Increased demand for slaves

1. Less English indentured servants2. West Africans were experienced in Rice cultivation

and more resistant to malaria.3. Cheap labor—tobacco prices fall, need large

numbers of unskilled workers for rice & indigo• Effect on population:

– By 1750 slaves were 50% of Virginia, 66% of South Carolina populations.

S

The Atlantic “Triangular” TradeS

Slaves – sugar – rum - guns

The “Middle Passage”Harsh conditions: 13% died along journey from West Africa to Americas

Slave Codes & Stono Rebellion• Slave Codes: harsh laws passed in South• Stono Rebellion: 1739 in South Carolina – 20 slaves

revolted from one plantation (80 others joined)• 50 slaves and 25 whites killed- largest slave revolt

during the Colonial Period.

The Enlightenment

• Early 1700s philosophy movement from Europe

• Reason over faith, science over religion

• Benjamin Franklin inventions & almanac

• Questioned traditional monarchy

• John Locke “Natural Rights”

The Great Awakening• Religious revival in

response to effects of Enlightenment in 1740s

• Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield leading ministers

• “Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”

• God is angry but can forgive – anyone can repent & be saved

• Blamed science, greed, & traditional church for drop in faith

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Effects of the Great Awakening

RELIGION• Emotional services• Ministers lose authority

many people study bible at home

• New Lights (supporters):

– Baptists, Methodists• Old Lights -(anti)

traditionalists - ministers needed to interpret Bible

• Causes diversity of sects & competition

POLITICS• Affects all classes

and regions• Experience shared

by all American colonists

• Changes how people view authority in general

• Long-term drive to expand political equality

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Mercantilism• Mercantilism: Dominant European economic system

in 17th Century – self-sufficient kingdoms• Empires compete through favorable balance of trade

= export manufactured goods, import wealth (gold/silver)

• Colonies exist to benefit the mother country• Highly government regulated economy• “Navigation Acts” (1650-1673)

1. Trade only on English or colonial-built ships2. All goods imported to colonies must first travel to English

ports3. Specified goods (tobacco) from colonies could only be

exported to England (eventually includes most goods)

• Effects: NE shipbuilding prospered, military protection, but limited colonial manufacturing, higher prices for English imported goods

• Some goods prohibited to export from colonies: Woolen Act (1699, Molasses Act of 1733 banned import from French W. Indies

• Colonists resented acts over time - led to smuggling of Dutch & Spanish goods, & corruption- MA Bay had charter revoked in 1684 due to rampant

smuggling

Map Quiz

• Which colonies are considered part of New England?

• Which colonies are considered Southern Colonies?

• Which colonies are considered the Middle Colonies?

• Which colony was originally founded by the Dutch?

• Which colony was founded by Quakers?

• Which colonies relied on tobacco as their cash crop?

• Which colony’s cash crop was indigo and rice?

• Which colony was founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics?

• Which colony was founded as a buffer against the Spanish and a refuge for debtors?

• Which colonies were founded by Puritans?

• Which colony had the highest % of slaves?

North America in 1750

What caused the French & Indian War?