The Nationalist Period, 1848 - 1870:The Unification Movements

AP European HistoryAndrostic2012-2013

OverviewBound by commonalities and a sense of belonging (speech, culture, history, ethnicity)

•Governments realized that they needed to harness these energies•Aims of 1848 now somewhat realized

Governments will lead nationalist pushes•Drive out minorities

Topics•Crimean War•Second French Empire•Italian Unification•German Unification•Austria•Russia Study Guide – Section 63, #1, Palmer pg. 515-516

Crimean War

2. What significance was the Crimean War for European national

movements? How did the major European powers become involved

in the dispute that broke out between Russia and Turkey in

1853? 

Study Guide – Section 63, Palmer pg. 519-520

Crimean War (1854-1856)•Caused by Russia's continued drive to the south•France, the UK, & Austria fear Russian expansion

Study Guide – Section 63, #2, Palmer pg. 519-520

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…

The Charge of the Light Brigade

“The Lady with the Lamp”

Florence Nightengale

Treaty of Paris, 1856•All pledged to uphold Ottoman Turkey•Romania and Serbia though were to become independent•Russia lost influence & territory

France

1. Discuss political institutions and political life in the Second Empire.

Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 512-513

2. Describe French economic growth under Napoleon III.

 

Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 513-514

3. What caused the ruin and downfall of the Second Empire?

Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 515-516

France

President Louis-NapoleonEmperor Napoleon III

Second Empire•Politics

•Populist and authoritarian ruler•Built modern Paris – Burned during 1848

•Economics•Credit Mobilier•Suez Canal•Industrial Growth

•Foreign Policy•Mexican Empire•Colonies

Avenue des Gobelins and the Panthéon, Paris

Study Guide – Section 62, #3, Palmer pg. 515-516Study Guide – Section 62, #2, Palmer pg. 513-514Study Guide – Section 62, #1, Palmer pg. 512-513

Italy

Unification of

Italy

1. Describe the state of political affairs in Italy in the 1850s. How

did Piedmont differ from the other Italian states?

Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521

Italian unification movement:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

2. What role had Mazzini played? What had happened in 1848 to the

unification movement?

Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521

3. How did Cavour unify Italy?

Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 522-525

Italian Unification

Giuseppe Mazzini Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi

“Heart” “Brains” “Sword”

Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525

Pope Pius IX: The Spoiler?

Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525

Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525

4. What was the status of unification in 1861? How was it

eventually completed?

Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 523

Garibaldi & the Red Shirts unite with Piedmont-Sardinia, 1861

Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

•Italy, sides with Austria•Annexes Venetia

Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

Unified Peninsula

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Kingdom of Italy, 1871

Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

Germany

German Unification

Zollverein, 1834

1. What were the lessons for national unification seen in the failure of Frankfurt Assembly?

Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 526

2. Explain Bismarck’s political outlook and describe the nature and outcome of his dispute with

the liberals in the Prussian parliament. What was the meaning

of his famous “blood and iron” statement?

Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 527

Otto von Bismarck

“Iron” Chancellor of Prussia and German EmpireStudy Guide – Section 65, #2, Palmer pg. 527

3. How did Bismarck succeed in ousting Austria from a position of

leadership in Germany?

Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 528

The Danish War, 1864

Prussia

Austria

Austro-Prusian War (Seven Weeks War), 1866

Study Guide – Section 65, #3, Palmer pg. 528

North German Confederation, 1867

4. What did Bismarck hope to accomplish by a war with France? How did the Franco-Prussian war

start? How did the war affect France? Germany?

Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 531-532

Franco-Prussian War, 1871•Ems Dispatch•Battle of Sedan•Quickly occupied Paris and captured Napoleon III

Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg. 531-532

Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871•Second French Empire collapsed and Italians seized Rome•France was forced to pay a huge indemnity and was occupied by the Germans until it was paid•France had to give up Alsace-Lorraine•The German Empire was proclaimed, the Second Reich

Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg. 531-532

German Empire (1871)

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Austria

5. What were the chief problems confronting the Habsburg empire in

the nineteenth century?

Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 534-535

Austria-Hungary Ethnicities

Study Guide – Section 65, #5, Palmer pg. 534-535

6. How effective was the Comprise of 1867 as a solution to the nationalities problem in the

Habsburg Empire?

Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 535-536

Compromise of 1867, Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1871)

Study Guide – Section 65, #6, Palmer pg. 535-536

Russia

1. How did the autocracy in Russia differ from absolutism in the West?

Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 537

2. Explain the role of the “intelligentsia” in Russian life.

Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540

3. How did serfdom in Russia before 1861 differ from and

resemble American slavery? What did the Act of Emancipation of 1861

accomplish?

Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540-541

4. How did the Russian revolutionists react to the reforms

of Alexander II?

Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 543-544

Russia

Tsar Alexander II, Emperor of the Russian Empire

• Failure in the Crimean War• Tsar rules by “ukase” and

the secret police• Muzhiks – Serfs• Intelligensia• Sees the need for Reforms

• Emancipation Act of 1861• Legal Changes• Zemstovs

• Assassinated

Study Guide – Section 66, #1-4, Palmer pg. 537-544

Tsar Alexander III•Reacted harshly to his father's assassination•Returned to the repression of the past•Pogroms

•Forced Jewish migration to the Pale

Pogroms

Summary•Every European state tried to use nationalism to support their governments – ex. Crimean War•This met with mixed success, as some dissolved, as some unified, or as others became more repressive•BUT, THE UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY AND GERMANY UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE!