The Nationalist MovementIndia After Independence

Grade VIII

Rise of Nationalism

• Revolt of 1857

(feeling of nationalism belongingness, sharing common culture, history, common goals for India's future)

• Drain of wealth

( export of raw materials, cheap products selling in India, heavy taxes, Indian handicrafts ruined) The term was coined by Dadabai Noaroji from India to England.

Administration unification of India

• Himalayas to cape Comorin• Assam to Khyber Pass• Princely states• For efficient admin. Telegraph, postal, railways, transport

was developed.

• Although British started for their convenience, Indians used it effectively to meet people and express their views.

Spread of western ideas

• Liberty, democracy, sovereignty

• Events like: French and American Revolution

• Self government

Social Awakening

• Think about self…

• Raise questions

• Criticise colonial policies

• Highlight exploitative policies of govt.

• Urge people to unite

Discriminatory policies of British

• Indians should not aspire for high post in govt.

• Arms act prohibited Indians from carrying arms.

• Vernacular act imposed severe restrictions on press

• Travelling in separate compartments• Indian magistrates were not allowed to have

trial on Britishers. Lord Ripon the viceroy and CP Ilbert a member of Viceroy council brought amendment but failed later.

The Formation of INC

• To create political awareness

• A common platform to unite

• Allen Octavian Hume – a retired civil servant

• 1st session – W.C. Banerjee in 1885 was elected as President It met to articulate the views on political and social matters. 28 – 31st dec in Bombay

• 1907 Split :

Moderates and Extremists

• Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, M.G. Ranade, - Moderatesbelieved in creating public awareness among the people through resolutions, petitions, meetings.

• Indian Councils Act of 1861 and 62 did increase the number of Indians but had limited powers hence the methods used by moderates were not highly successful.

Extremists

• Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal – Extremists

aggressive measures to be taken

• Swadeshi movement , Khilafat movement

Partition of Bengal

• DIVIDE AND RULE – POLICY OF BRITISH

• 16 oct 1905 lord Curzon – viceroy

• Aim was to have efficient administration.

• Real reason was to crush the nationalist movement.

• Divide between Hindus and Muslims

Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

• 1905

• Boycott British goods and Use swadeshi products.

• Banks, factories, mills

• British arrested prominent leaders

• Leaders involved in these movments : Tilak, Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh

• Widespread agitation

Split of Congress

• British took advantage of split and imprisoned Tilak in Mandalay (Burma ) prison for 6yrs for writing anti British articles.

Revolutionaries

• Adapted methods of Irish and Russia• Assassination of unpopular officials, looting

money and arms• Active in Maharashtra, Punjab, Bengal, Tamil

Nadu• Anushilan Samiti – secret revolutionaries

society• Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chakki, Veer

Damodar Savarkar, Madam Bhikaji Cama • Gadar Party (USA, Canada) foreign party

Formation of Muslim League

• 1906 – All India Muslim League – Aga Khan the nawab of Dacca and Nawab Mohsin – ul – Mulk

• Aims: promote loyalty to the Britishprotect and advanced the rights of muslims

and safeguard their interestPrevent feelings of hostility towards any

other group.

Indian Council Act 1909

• Political developments of INC made British realise to sideline extremists and support moderates.

• Morley Minto Reforms - Lord Minto the Viceroy and Morley the secretary of the state.

• Separate electorates for Muslims was introduced. Act increased no. of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and Provincial Legislative Councils.

• Moderates realized later they were not adequate rep of Indians.

Lucknow Pact 1916

• 1914 FWW• INC and Muslim League had separate

sessions in Lucknow. Moderates and Extremists came together for the session. INC and Muslim league adopted joint scheme of pol. Reforms

• Cong adopted separate electorate for Muslims.

• The main objective was to achieve dominion status for India.

Home Rule League

• Tilak and Annie Beasant

• Aim: self govt or home rule

• Raised awareness all over the nation and garnered support from the people

The Govt. of India Act 1919

• Montagu Chelmsford Reforms named after Montagu the Secretary state and Lord Chelmsford the Viceroy

• Provincial Legislative Council were enlarged and the number of elected members in these councils were increased.

• Dyarchy governor controlled certain departments like finance, while ministers controlled other department like education

• It failed to meet expectations of Indians.

Gandhian Era

• Satyagraha – ahimsa, truth

• To appeal to the conscience of the oppressor

Rowlatt Act

• 1919 – without trial, curb the press and arrest any person without a warrant

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

• Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlu on 10 April 1919 in connection with the protest against Rowlatt Act led to widespread agitation in punjab.

• 13 april 1919 demostration peacefully against the arrest.

• General Dyer – the British military commander.

Rabindranath Tagore gave up his title of SIR “knighthood” given by British crown.

Khilafat and Non Co-operation Movement • Retrieve the position of Sultan or Khalifa

• Mahatma Gandhi, supported KM – Maulana Mohammad Ali, Shaukant Ali

• Good opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims

Calcutta Session 1920

• Swaraj goal

• Non coop movement.

• Surrender of titles

• Resignation from govt. jobs

• Non payment of taxes

• Boycott foreign goods, schools, colleges, institutions.

• Khadi was spun

• Picketing of liquor was done

• Prince of Wales 1921 was greeted by empty streets and downs shutters

Chauri Chaura Incident

• Procession of peasants was fired by police• 22 policemen were killed and police station

was burnt down• Gandhiji called off the Non co-op movement.• He was arrested and sentenced to 6yrs

imprisonment.• Khilafat movement Died down as the people

of Turkey united under Kemal Pasha The Sultan was deprived of all political power as Turkey began to modernize itself

Swaraj Party

• Motilal Nehru, CR Das and NC Kelkar 1923

• Oppose British by contesting elections and becoming part of the legislature.

• Swaraj Party 42 seats out of 101 seats in 1923 elections.

• Its importance diminished after the death of CR Das in 1925

Simon Commission

• Outline further reforms in India

Poorna Swaraj

• Lahore

• Dec 1929

• J. Nehru

• On Dec 31, the tricolor was adopted as national flag. Jan 26 was celebrated as Independence Day

• Oath of Poorna Swaraj

Civil Disobedience Mov.

• To achieve complete independence• Imposition of salt tax• 12mar 1930 Sabarmati Ashram for Dandi on

the coast of Gujarat• On Apr 6, he broke the salt law• Gandhi was arrested on 5 May• In North West Abdul Gaffar Khan, who was

also known as Frontier Gandhi• Tribals of Mah, Bihar, Assam, hills of kangara

• First Round Table Conference was held in London to discuss Simon commission report.

• It was boycotted by Cong

• Gandhi was released in 1931.

• Gandhi Irwin pact was signed and then Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended.

• II RTC in sept 1931 it was failure as British did not agree to any of demands made by congress. Gandhi returned to India to resume the civil disobedience Movement.

Govt. of India Act 1935

• Establish a federal structure achieving provincial autonomy and forming separate communal electorates.

• Indians did not have right to vote

• In 1937 Congress emerged as dominant party. It formed government in 7 out of 11 provinces

II WW

• Viceroy announced unwanted entry of India in II WW

• Congress resigned from ministries

Dd for Pakistan

• 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• Two nation theory

• Best solution to maintain peace

Cripps mission Plan

• To have desperate co operation from Indians in the war.

• Sir Stafford Cripps came to india

• However recommendations were rejected by Congress and Muslim League as they did not transfer power to the indians

Quit India Mov

• Aug1942 Congress adopted Quit India Movement.

• Gandhiji coined Do or Die

• They were arrested on 9 aug 1942

• Led to strong protests, police stations and railways lines were destroyed

Indian National Army

• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose left cong in 1939 owing to his difference with Gandhiji he started Forward Bloc and was put under house arrest.

• During II WW he escaped his way to Germany. In 1943 he reached Japan He formed INA with Indian soldiers. It advanced and towards India through Burma. They reached Manipur and planted Indian flag

• II WW defeat of japan – led to efforts of INA fail

Cabinet Mission Plan

• British PM Clement Attlee declare that Britain would quit India by June 1948.

• It make recommendations

• Set up constituent assembly to frame constitution for India

• An interim government was set up in 1946 consisting of congress and League representatives

Direct Action

• Communal riots that broke out in 1946

• Terrible riots in Bihar and Bengal

• Gandhiji travelled to calcutta to bring peace and calm to affected areas

• Lord Mountbatten was appointed as Last Viceroy of India 1947he set final date for transfer of power

• India was then decided to partition India- Pak

Independence and Partition

• Two independent dominion • Could join any nation• Tryst with Destiny • Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and

now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.

Thank You

India After Independence

Partition of India

• North West Frontier, West Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and East Bengal migrated to India in an atmosphere of violence and communal riots.

• Shifting population cost thousands of lives and displaced millions.

• Disease, starvation spread Independence was followed by a killing spree as trains full of dead bodies made their way to both the countries.

VIDEO

• Relief camps, refugee camps were constructed

• Housing colonies were set up

• Projects were build to rehabilitate them

• Provision of education, employment, loans, business etc became priority for Indian govt.

Integration of Princely states

• 500 princely states existed in India

• Sardar Vallabhai Patel gets the credit of integrating princely states in India “Iron Man of India”

• Challenging were Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir

• Junagadh : ppl in India, nawab in Pak

• Plebiscite was held and finally joined India. 99%

• Nizam of Hyderabad : wished to continue as an independent ruler. Hyderabad emerged with Indian union in 1948

• Kashmir: Maharaja Hari Singh a Hindu and majority of popn was Muslim. King did not decide what to join. Pathan tribesman carried raids in kashmir from Pak. King turned to India for help. Consequently Kashmir joined Indian union.

Liberation of French and Portuguese

• French: Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe, Yanam and Chandernagore

• Portuguese: Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. They refused. However goa fought for their freedom. Finally Indian army expelled portuguese in 1961. they were given status of union territories to preserve distinct cultural heritage.

Making of Constitution

• Federal govt.

• Hindi – official lang, English used in govt. offices.

Progress of India after 1947

• Lot of agricultural land went to Pak

• Farmers were taught to produce more with best quality. Loans were provided

• Five Year Plan were formulated

• Scientific research, nuclear, minerals, industries, agriculture – developed

• Deal with USA to generate nuclear power for non military use

• Liberalization

• Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune (IT hubs)

• Foreign firms investing in India in this area

• Outsourcing of jobs boosted the economy

• Rise of middle class

International Affairs/Relations

• Apartheid

• Panchsheel: J. Nehru : agreement with China

1.Respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty

2.Non aggression

3.Non interference in domestic affair

4.Equality and co operation for mutual benefit

5.Peaceful coexistence

Bandung Conference

• 1955

• Indonesia – newly independent Asian and African Countries

• Principles of Panchsheel was discussed

Non Aligned Movement• II WW

• Blocs – Cold War – USA – USSR

• Jawaharlal Nehru(India) , Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) , Gamal Abdel Nasser(Egypt), Sukarno (Indonesia).

• Objectives:

1. world peace

2. disarmament

3. Security

4. anti apartheid

SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co operation)

• 1985 to promote peace and co operation between India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Afghanisthan.

• Water, food, economic development were main focus

India and UN

• Active member

• Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit – elected as President

• Non permanent member of Security Council – interest to become permanent.

Bangladesh

• East Pakistan Sheikh Mujibur Rehman waged a struggle

• It became a free nation in 1971 26 th March

• Technological help, financial, material, etc

• Differences existed: conflict over river Ganga water sharing and illegal immigration of Bangladeshi’s in Indian land

Bhutan

• Himalayan Kingdom

• Aided in developing communication, improving health care, setting up of hydro electric power projects, infra structure, preservation of Bhutan’s heritage

Myanmar

• Formerly known as Burma

• Jan 4, 1948 – freedom

• Trade relations, collaboration in projects like power, gas, technology, highways, ports, IT, etc

• Cross border smuggling and illegal crossing created problems

China

• Ancient cultures

• Sino Indian war in 1962

• Late 1980s there has been gradual improvement. Economic ties

• Solve border dispute through talks

Pakistan

• Full of conflict : Kashmir issue, Bangladesh, acquisition of nuclear arms

• 2003 peace process started : trains, buses were initiated. Tourists, pilgrims and artists travel across the border regularly.

Sri Lanka

• Ethnic tensions between Sinhalese and Tamil citizens

• Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

• Trade and economic relations, relief aid during tsunami 2004.

Socio economic challenges

• Communalism : Babri Masjid Issue

• Spread of mistrust and hatred

• Over population, Poverty, Illiteracy and Unemployment

• Casteism

• Linguism

Towards Future

• …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

• Develop a vision

• Have rational approach

• Educate yourself

• Be alert

• Mutual understanding, co operation

• Inculcate moral values

• Understand the causes and effects

• GROW UP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!