the late middle ages in eastern europe

8/4/2019 The Late Middle Ages in Eastern Europe

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Presented by:GROUP 5

Rozelle Ann DaguroMaehyl Joy Pahilagao

Glazy Pearl Marte


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In SPAIN, the fighting of Christian and Muslim had beenvirtually continuous since the Muslim conquest in the eight

century.It so happened by the late eleventh century, instability in the

Muslim and Byzantine empires and the expansion of theSeljuk(Seljuq) Turks had made pilgrimages to Palestineunsafe for the Christian.


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After the year 1000

Cordovan Caliphate weakened,

The Spanish Christian princess of the North won thesupport of powerful French abbey at Cluny

Under prodding from Cluny, French nobles joinedthe Spaniards in warring on the Muslims

The pope offered an indulgence to all who wouldfight for the Cross in Spain.

INTRODUCTION


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In the year 1085

Christians took the city of Toledo, though a new

advance by Muslim Berbers from North Africa setthem back for a time.

TWELFTH CENTURY

Recovering a large area of central Spain andChristian movement continued

Wars of Normans against Muslim of Sicily

CRUSADE- a holy war against he infidel supportedby the papacu.

INTRODUCTION


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The Crusades

Origins of the Crusades


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Christians had visited the scenes of Christs life

In Jerusalem, Constantines mother, St. Helenadiscovered what was believed to the true cross andother relies of Christ passion.

Third Century


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Pilgrims came from Byzantium and west

After Muslim conquest, pilgrimages were very dangerous

and could be undertaken only by the hardiest pilgrims During the reign of Charlemagne

Conditions had improved for pilgrims, because of theexcellent relations between Charlemagne and Caliph HarunAl-Rashid.

Caliph made Charlemagne a present of the actual recess inwhich Christ was believed to have been buried and allowedhim to endow a hostel in Jerusalem for use of pilgrims.

Seventh Century

Before the Muslim Conquest


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Belief had grown that pilgrimage would procureGods pardon for sins

Western form of Muslim hajCompostela in Spain and Rome had become favorite

places of pilgrimage but no place could compare inimportance with the Shrines of Palistine

Tenth Century


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Eccentric Egyptian ruler of Palestine Hakim,abandoned the tolerant practices of his predecessors

and began to persecute Christians and Jews, andmake travel to holy places unsafe.

Hakim destroy the church of holy Sepulcher anddeclared himself to be God incarnate.

Open struggle begun at Byzantium between civilservants of court and military by great landownersof Asia Minors.

Early Seventh Century


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1050Seljuk created a state centering on Persia- Seljuk forces raided deep into Anatolia to Aegean

1055- They entered Baghdad on the invitation of Abbasid Caliphand became champions of Sunnite Islam against the Shiiterulers of Egypt.

1071

- Catastrophic Byzantine defeat at Manzikert and Jerusalemfell in the year of Manzikert and became part of new Seljukstate of Syria.

1081- Amid discovered and place intrigue with empire reduced

in territory and the capital in danger, Alexius I communes ageneral and great landowners and he also held off theroman attack on the Dalmatian cost through an alliance withVenice and played one local Turkish potentate off againstanother .


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Provided the papacy with additional incentives forintervention in the east.

1073 Pope Gregory VII set an ambassador to Constantinople.

Gregory VII planned to reunite the churches by

extending the holy war from Spain to Asia. Send Byzantines an army of western knights which he

would read himself.

The Schism Between Eastern and WesternChurches


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Carried on the tradition of Gregory VII

His council of Diacenza in 1095 came envoy from

Alexius who asked for military help against Turks.He emphasized the appeal received from the eastern

Christians. Great Lords

King of France Duke of Normandy

Godfrey of Bovillon(Duke of Lower Lorraine)

Pope Urban II(1088-1099)


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Antioch became the center of the second crusader state

under the Norman Behomond. Other crusaders took Jerusalem by assault in July 1099

followed by a slaughter of Muslim and Jews, men,women and children.

Lorrainer Godfrey of Bovillon was chose, not king for hewould not consent to wear a royal crown in the citywhere Christ had worn the crown of thorns but defender

of the holy sepulcher. 3rd crusader state had been found when Godfrey died notlong afterward and his brother Baldwin of Edessa becamefirst king of Jerusalem in 1100.

The Crusader States

(1098-1109)


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1109-son of Raymond of toulouse founded the 4th and last crusaderstates centering around the seaport of Tripoli.

- the king of Jerusalem was the theoretical overlord of the other 3

states but was often unable to enforce his authority-the Byzantine emperors never relinquished the rights that had

been secured to them by the oath that the crusaders had made to Axeliusespecially in the case of Antioch, occasionally able to assert those rightssuccessfully.


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Not written down until the 13th century when the

Muslim reconquest was nearly complete.

Record the governmental practices of the crusadersstates.

The great officers of the realm were the officers of thekings household: sensechal constable, marshal andthe like.

Police and civil cases were under the direction ofviscount, royal officers in towns and there werespecial commercial maritime courts.

The Assizes of Jerusalem


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The western founded the military orders of

knighthood.

First Templars started about 1119 by a Burgundianknight who sympathized with the hardships ofChristian pilgrims and who banded together withseveral others to protect the helpless on their way topray at Holy places.

St. Bernard himself inspired their rule based on therules for his own Cistercians and confirmed by thePope in 1128.

The Military Orders 1119-1798


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When Muslim did achieve unity under a singlepowerful leader, the Christians suffered grave losses.

1120s- Zangi government of Mosul or the Tigrissucceeded in unifying the local Muslim rulers of theregion.

The Muslim Reconquest and The LaterCrusaders 1140-1291


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Ottomans inheritance no doubt came from theirpast in the central Asia.

Turks are highly traditional people From Persian and the Byzantines, they derived their:

Exaltation of the ruler

Their tolerance of religious groups outside the statereligion

their practice of encouraging such groups to formindependent separate communities inside their state.

The Ottoman Empire


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The Ottoman Empire


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PERSIAN

source of Turkish Literature

Literary language

ISLAM

the sacred law of their approach to legal problems

the Arabic alphabet

The Ottoman Empire


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The Ottoman


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SIXTEENTH century

Ottomans permitted Christians and Jews to serve the

stateAllowing the patriarch of Constantinople and the

Grand Rabbi to act as leaders

MINETS

Leaders of religious community

The Ottoman System


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Sultan

ruled the Ottomans in the year 1280-1566

Kullar

slaves and members of the ruling class

Raya(cattle)

lacked one or more attributes to be in the rulingclass.

The Ottoman System


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1. The men of the emperor or the imperial class

- comprise an inner service:

The sultan, the wives , sons, servants, private purse,and palace attendants

The grand vizier presided over the council of state

2. The men of the sword

All those connected with the Ottoman armies

Irregular troops and garrison forces: the calvarymen

Four subdivisions of Ottomans

Ruling Class


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3.The men of the pen

Performed the duty of the government

4. The Sages

the judges who applied Muslim law in the courts,the teachers in the school and the scholars of Koranand the holy law(Shariya), the muftis

Sheikh-ul-Islam

the grand mufti in Islambul

He alone could proclaim the beginning of wars

Four subdivisions of OttomansRuling Class


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In 1481

The Turks expanded across Danube into modern

Romania and seized the Genoese outposts in theCrimea.

Marked by great Hungarian fortress of Belgrude andthe Island fortress of Rhodes in the Aegean.

Sultan Selim, the Grim(1512-1520) doubled the territories of the empire in Asia

Death of Muhammad II


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The Ottoman Empire thus became deeply involved

in Western European affairs

Participated the wars between Habsburgs andFrance

September 1529-Suleiman besiege Vienna andacquired Algeria w/c remained an Ottoman vassalstate

In Asia he defeat the Persians, annexed modern Iraq,including Baghdad, and secured an outlet on thePersian Gulf.

Suleiman I, the Magnificent1520-1566


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In 1536 a formal treaty was concluded between

France and Ottoman Empire, the first of several so-

called capitulations. In Turkish territory, the French were to enjoy

complete religious liberty and were also granted aprotectorate over the Holy Places.

These capitulations contributed to the wealth and

prestige of France and gave it a better position in theOttoman Empire than that of any other Europeanpower.


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After Suleiman the Ottoman system, alreadymanifesting signs of weakness.

The Ottoman capture of Cyprus was preceded by theformation of a Western Holy League headed by thepope against the Turks.

In 1571 the league won a great naval battle(Lepanto)

off the Greek coast In 1606 the Turks signed a peace treaty with the

Habsburgs.


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This time the Turks signed a peace had to negotiate

as equals; they gave the Habsburg emperor his

proper title and were unable to demand tribute The Ottoman Empire might have suffered even more

severely in the first half of the seventeenth centurythan it did. As it was, internal anarchy distributedthe state; janissaries rebelled, troops rioted, and

several sultans were disposed within a few years. The Persians recapture Baghdad, and rebellion

ranged in the provinces.


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He reduce the janissaries, initiated a new militarysystem, recognized military fiefs and abolished

tribute in Christian children.After Murads death, the revival contributed under a

family of viziers, the kopru of Albania

Executed 36,000 people in 5 years (1656-1661),

hanged the Greek patriarch for predictingChristianity defeat Islam.

Murad IV (1623-1640)


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In 1536,a formal treaty was concludedCapitulations

contribute to the wealth and prestige of FranceIn 1571

The league won a great naval battle( Lepanto) off the Greek coast.In 1606the Turks signed a peace treaty with the Habsburgs


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1386-1478


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In the year 1200

collapse of the Kievan Russia

EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURY

LITHUANIA; capital: VILNA

the grand duke ruled nominally in West Russia

1386

The grand duke married the heiress to Polish throneand became king of Poland

WEST RUSSIA


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The Polish Roman Catholic Church and Polishnobility came fore in Lithuania

WEST RUSSIA


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TOWN OF COMMONWEALTH of NOVGOROD

came to rule over; this was explored by armed

merchants and pioneersGrew up a tradition of municipal independence.

Town Council(called veche) was very strong

TRADE was the lifeblood of the city with Germans.

NORTH RUSSIA


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NOVGOROD

had a rigid class system.

the representatives of richer merchants, powerfulfamilies came to control the veche.

-The city depended on the upon the region to thesoutheast, around Moscow for its grain.

NORTH RUSSIA


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The Polish-Lithuanian state and the state of Moscowwere competing.

In 1478 ruler of Moscow conquered Novgorod and deported

upper class to central Russia.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY


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1223-1400

Early thirteenth century

GENGHIS KHAN conquered Northern China andAsia from Manchuria to the Caspian Sea.

-led his tatars across Caucasus Mountains and intosteppes of Southern Russia,defeating Russia and

dissident Polovtsky together near the sea of Azov in1223.

-retreated in Asia where he died in 1227.

THE TATARS


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BATU KHAN brought the tatars back again in 1230

-sacked Moscow in 1237 and Kiev in 1240.

-move into western Russian region and into Poland,Hungary, and Bohemia.

TATARS success due largely to excellent militaryorganization:

-unified command

-general staff-clever intelligence

-deceptive battle tactics

THE TATARS


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BATU KHAN

retreated across Europe and at Sarai, near the great

bend of Volga. Founded the capital of a new state(Golden Horde)

which accepted the over lordship of the far-offcentral government of the Mongols in Pekings.

Other Mongol leaders ended the Abbasid caliphatein 1258.

were defeated by the mamluks in 1260.

THE TATARS


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Genghis and Batu Khan


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During THIRTEENTH and FOURTEENTHCENTURY

Several embassies were sent to Mongolia and Chinacausing a great increase in geographical knowledgederived from the accounts of the Europeanambassadors(Franciscans or Dominicans)

The most lasting effects of the Tatar invasions was inRUSSIA.

THE TATARS


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Main Purpose:

the efficient collection of tribute and shifted a policy

of exploitation.

THE TATARS


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MONGOL empire grew feebler and the RUSSIAN

grew bolder.

First Russian victory over the Tatars Scored by a prince of Moscow in 1378 and 1380

Three separate Khanates(Tatar states):

-one at Kazan on middle Volga

-one at Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga on theCaspian

-one in the Crimea which became a vassal of theOttoman sultan

TOWARD THE END OF THEFOURTEENTH CENTURY


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ALEXANDER PUSHKIN

Meant to contrast the culture impact of the Tatars on

Russia with that of the Muslim on Spain.

GREAT NINETEENTH CENTURYRUSSIAN POET


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The princes of Moscow assumed LEADERSHIP.

RUSSIAN RIVERS-major route for trade, flow north

of the Baltic or south into the Black Sea.Richer than the north

Could provide enough food for its people

Flourishing forest industries

Scored the first victories

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEMUSCOVITE STATE


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Early fourteenth century

Metropolitan archbishop made MOSCOW the

ecclesiastical capital of Russia.Middle of fifteenth century

Moscow was a self-conscious Russian state

IVAN III declared that he intended to regain theancient Russia lands; the champion of Orthodoxy

In 1492 , prince of Lithuania was forced to recognizeIVAN III as sovereign of all the Russia's; fortifiedwith a religious appeal



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IVAN III adopted the title of Autocrat

Used the Byzantine double eagle as his seal

Began to behave as Byzantine emperor.Used the title Czar

KREMLIN( fortress)

building that was built by the Italian architects forIVAN III like the palace at Byzantium



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CZAR IVAN IV,the terrible

The custom in the days of Kievan Russia

Conquered Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia Establish autocratic government.

Russian churchmen spread the story that Rurik,thefirst political organizer of Russia



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Accession of IVAN III in 1462 and Peter the Great in1689

the autocracy overcame

NOBLES and SERFS


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disorders characterized Russian history in sixteenthand seventeenth centuries began in the long reign of

IVAN IV, the terribleConvoked the first zemski sobor( land assembly)

Fell in 1553

Created the new institution-the oprichnina( separate

realm) oprinchniks(-man appointed by ivan to run the

oprichnina

THE REIGN OF IVAN THETERRIBLE


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Now elected as czar Michael Romanov in 1613

Romanov dynasty reigned from the election

Alexis-to whom the accession was endorsed 1649 issuance of a new law code

THE RULE OF THE ZEMSKI SOBOR


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Sixteenth sand fourteenth centuries

Tremendous physical expansion

Frontiersmen in Russia known as Cossacks(kazakh)is a Tatar word meaning free adventurer

THE EXPANSION OF RUSSIA


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WESTERN RUSSIA


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THE TOWN COMMONWEALTHOF NOVGOROD

the late middle ages in eastern europe

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