The Jacobite Risings in Britain, 1689-1746 by Bruce LenmanReview by: George Hilton JonesThe American Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 390-391Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1857477 .

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390 Reviews of Books

James Tully-to set Locke's conception of eco- nomic reality more firmly within the development of late seventeenth-century English society and of his own thinking as a whole. The last two of these scholars presumably published too late for Vaughn to benefit from their work, though it is a little sur- prising that she should neglect even to mention Ap- pleby's 1976 article in Past and Present. (A more strik- ing omission is the failure to cite-let alone to benefit from-K. H. D. Haley's massively informa- tive biography of Locke's patron, the first earl of Shaftesbury, whose responsibility for Locke's inter- est in economic matters she correctly regards as decisive.)

Vaughn's handling of the broader historical con- text is in fact strikingly erratic, being full not merely of vagaries of judgment but of more or less trivial errors of fact. (The most remarkable single item per- haps is her apparent conflation of the Exclusion Crisis with Monmouth's rebellion.) Once she begins to assess Locke's economic analysis, however, the treatment improves sharply, and there are useful accounts of Locke's quantity theory of the market value of money, of the place of the ideas of vent and mechanical proportion within his general theory of price determination, and of his conception of the re- lations between economic entitlements, justice, and the working of the market. At various points she is able to offer valuable qualifications or corrections of the judgments of earlier scholars.

In conclusion she attempts to draw together the threads of her analysis by presenting Locke as "an early social scientist." This is no doubt intended as a compliment. But, both historically and theoreti- cally, it is poorly devised to serve as such. The con- cept of "value-free" social scientist that Vaughn chooses to employ is too weakly characterized and too incoherently applied to be at all illuminating in itself. It is very feebly related to any understanding of Locke's developing theoretical views in either ethics or epistemology; and it fails to distinguish clearly between a general conception of the predict- ability of human performances, specific beliefs about economic causality, and assessments of ratio- nal conduct. If we are to succeed in complimenting Locke, we would be well advised first to take the precaution of understanding his view of what he was attempting intellectually to do.

JOHN DUNN

Kings College, Cambridge

EDWARD GREGG. Qeen Anne. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1980. Pp. xii, 483. $45.00.

With the appearance of this volume, a generation of revision in Queen Anne studies comes to fruition.

Edward Gregg's work draws extensively upon re- cent scholarship, especially the publications of Geoffrey Holmes and Henry Snyder, and his analy- sis is buttressed by his own familiarity with the Continental archives. The result is a recasting of the traditional picture of the queen, which G. M. Tre- velyan only retouched in his England under Qyeen Anne.

The queen's principal features, in Gregg's por- trayal, are the seriousness (and the self-confidence) with which she exercised her responsibilities in state and church, the repugnance she exhibited toward the party leaders who bid recurrently for pre- dominance in her ministries, and the loneliness and increasing isolation she endured as the Cockpit circle of earlier days was broken, especially by her quarrels with Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough and then by the death of her consort, Prince George. To be sure, the long-standing view of Anne as an emo- tional, dependent personality, and a stubborn ad- herent of the Church of England, is not wholly un- founded. Even Gregg does not deny the queen's deep-seated abhorrence of any Hanoverian presence in England while she lived; instead, he draws an analogy to Elizabeth I's seemingly similar conduct. Yet, perhaps he does discount the political costs both to her and to her ministers that maintenance of this stance, especially during her last years, en- tailed; in any case, the conciliar factions of the 1590s cannot be compared easily to the political parties of the early eighteenth century. Nonetheless, Gregg can show that Anne's initial support for the war against France, her backing of the Anglo-Scot- tish union, and her subsequent determination to bring the War of the Spanish Succession to a profit- able conclusion for England were critical in shaping the triumphs of the reign.

Although Gregg's account of Anne's earlier years lacks depth and is marred by minor errors, once he arrives at 1702 he paints a more persuasive portrait. Thus, we now have a scholarly biography of the queen that can safely be shelved between Stephen Baxter's William III and Ragnhild Hatton's George L

HENRY HORWITZ

University of Iowa

BRUCE LENMAN. The Jacobite Risings in Britain, 1689- 1746. London: Eyre Methuen. 1980. Pp. 320. ?12.00.

Bruce Lenman has undertaken in this book a greater task than its title indicates. He has been concerned, he tells us on page 9, with "the factors and motives which made men active Jacobites, rather than with a detailed narrative of events which have often been narrated before." Those fac-

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Modern Europe 391

tors and motives were economic and social as well as political, and they created discontent with post- revolutionary government in Great Britain. The actual risings of 1689, 1715, 1719, and 1745 receive less than full treatment here. Indeed, Lenman ex- poses to view grievances that must have been very important to men and women of the day and shows that the government's policies in economic and so- cial matters, especially its decisions affecting Scot- land, alienated some of the political classes. It is a pleasure to see a professional historian of Scotland at work bringing to bear many of the sources for the history of the period: printed sources, ephemera, and secondary works, with added material from the General Register House at Edinburgh, the British Library, the Public Record Office, and the Royal Archives at Windsor, to name only some of the more important places.

The organization of the book is idiosyncratic, with some repetition and enough "flashbacks" to furnish an arty film, sometimes clumsily in- troduced. Signs of haste are also evident, such as cli- ches, excessive slang, Scottish words not often used in English, illogical use of "but," and unidiomatic expressions that greater care in writing would have eliminated. On page 204, Lenman gives the Old Pretender's age as thirty in 1730. The author is at his best when dealing with Scotland's society and economy. He rarely mentions a figure without saying something of him (or her) to help the reader understand that person's actions.

Unfortunately, Lenman dislikes vigorously all the British monarchs from William III to George II and most of their ministers. He also detests James II and scorns most of the exiled Jacobites, who were not really as stupid and vicious as he seems to think. He allows his feelings to affect his tone, and that for the worse. And is it not naive to expect foreign govern- ments, such as that of France, not to sacrifice the safety of Jacobites for a useful military diversion?

Thus we must always take account of Lenman's slant while using his book. That is a pity, for there is much to be learned from it.

GEORGE HILTON JONES

Eastern Illinois University

HILLEL SCHWARTZ. The French Prophets: The History of a Millenarian Group in Eighteenth-Century England. Berke- ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1980. Pp. xvi, 382. $25.00.

The French Prophets-by no means all French or all prophets-have fared badly at the hands of his- torians. The movement was little concerned with the political and social issues that have brought ear- lier millenarian groups to the historian's notice. Its preoccupation with prophecy, miracles, and even

the raising of the dead has not won it much atten- tion from students of eighteenth-century ideas. Hillel Schwartz has filled the gap with a sympa- thetic, thorough, and massively documented ac- count. Although the movement was always small- the author traces only about five hundred followers over several decades-it provides an excellent case study of the evolution of ideas and behavior in changing circumstances.

The original prophets, arriving in London in 1706 as refugees from the Camisard revolt, were molded by their upbringing in the "desert" of post- revocation France. Their visions of apocalyptic cataclysm grew naturally from their experience of persecution, apostasy, and bloodshed. The leaders of the Huguenot community already in London, with a very different experience since 1685, were suspicious and then hostile. Most converts were found among the English: Anglicans, Dissenters, and an important group of Philadelphians. All were inspired by the spiritual dynamism of the prophets. The converts, however, belonged to very different religious traditions and to a social milieu very un- like that of the Cevennes. Inevitably, as the English prophets came to the forefront, the character of the movement underwent drastic change. In Schwartz's terminology, the ethos of cataclysm evolved into an- ticipation of a broad, tolerant New Jerusalem and sometimes into a stress on inward spiritual gifts, the "pentecostal ethos." With only a loose organiza- tional structure and an undefined doctrine on the nature of the approaching apocalypse, the move- ment was always fluid and was susceptible to extra- neous influences of all kinds. Born with the fiery apocalyptic mentality of the seventeenth-century sects, the prophets came to share the attributes of Pietism and Quietism. Female prophets, always im- portant, took a dominant role in the later phases of the movement.

Schwartz's book follows the group until its dis- appearance in the 1740s and explores the personal and social basis of its appeal (primarily to the sub- stantial urban middle classes). More prominent fol- lowers included Sir Isaac Newton's friend Nicolas Fatio, F.R.S., who suffered for his faith on the scaf- fold where he was pelted with filth by the London mob. Schwartz insists that the prophets were not merely eccentrics. He successfully places them in the broader intellectual milieu and relates their out- look and appeal to the latitudinarian-scientific-mil- lenarian pattern of thought that is now recognized as a major feature of the late Stuart period.

BERNARI) CAPP

University of Warwick

LESLIE MITCHELL. Holland House. London: Duckworth. 1980. Pp. 320. ?18.00.

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