1

The Interwar Years

{Between the

World Wars}

1919 - 1938

2

Europe in 1919

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4

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GERMAN LAND LOST AT

THE VERSAILLES TREATY

{in red}

Top title = “Lost, but not forgotten

land.”

Bottom = “You must carve in your

heart these words, as in stone.

What we have lost, Will be

regained.”

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Treaty of Brest-

Litovsk (3 March

1918) - - Takes

Russia out of WWI

and forces her to

give up 25% of her

best land (shown

in pink)

8

Key Events in Soviet History

1917 Bolshevik Revolution turns Russia Communist

(forces Russia out of WWI).

1919 – 1922 Russian Civil War = fight between those

who wanted to keep a monarchy {Mensheviks} and

those that wanted communism {Bolsheviks}.

1922 – after a brutal civil war, communism wins.

9

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Led the Bolsheviks in the

1919-1922 Russian Civil War.

War Communism:

Lenin ruled by dictatorship.

Bolsheviks took over banks,

transport, & heavy industry.

Seized grain from peasants.

Many peasants and

proletariat DID NOT LIKE

these policies!

10

Leon Trotsky

Led the Red Army

{Bolshevik Army} to victory

in the 1919-1922 Russian

Civil War between the

Mensheviks and the

Bolsheviks

11

New Economic Policy

1919-1928 Lenin stopped

communist economic policies

that were not working and

returned to capitalism.

Allowed private enterprise and

peasants were allowed to sell

their own grain for profit!

Food supply improved and

unrest calmed down.

Problem - by 1927 industrial

production back to pre-WWI

levels!! (industrialization not

happening fast enough)

12

American

Isolationism in the

Post World War I

Era

13

In 1922, Benito Mussolini became the Premier of

Italy. He started the first fascist government.

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15

Draw in the

Rhine River.

It starts in

Switzerland

and ends in

the

Netherlands.

16

Draw in and

label the Ruhr

River.

Draw an oval

around the

Ruhr River

Valley.

17

Ruhr Valley = largest industrial concentration in Germany.

France moved troops into the Ruhr Valley in 1923!

18

Raymond Poincaré, Prime

Minister of France

Ordered French troops to

occupy the Ruhr Valley in

1923!!

19

French Troops Move Into the German Ruhr Valley, 1923!!

20

German Chancellor, Wilhelm

Cuno supports a policy of

PASSIVE RESISTANCE which

includes the printing of mass

amounts of German

Reichsmarks to pay reparations

to the Allies!!

Caused runaway inflation!!

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24

German Chancellor, Gustav

Stresemann

Dropped Passive Resistance

and began

FULFILLMENT POLICY

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1923 Beer Hall Putsch – Hitler

and the Nazis attempted to take

over the city government of

Munich

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Some of the key

leaders of the 1923

Beer Hall Putsch

Young Adolf

Hitler

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Europe 1919 -

1938

Locate the city of

Munich with a dot.

Label it.

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Hitler in Landsberg Prison,

after the 1923 Beer Hall

Putsch

Above = Hitler’s Cell in

Landsberg Prison

Left = Mein Kampf (My

Struggle), written by Hitler

while in prison

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Left = father of the

Soviet Union, Vladimir

Illych Lenin {died in

1924}

Right = Josef Stalin

Death of Lenin launched

a competition for the

next Premier of the

Soviet Union - - between

Leon Trotsky and Josef

Stalin

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Leon Trotsky

Considered to be the “brains”

behind the Bolshevik Revolution.

After Stalin won the competition

to become Premier, he forced

Trotsky to flee the Soviet Union.

Stalin had the secret police

(Cheka) searching for him.

Found in Mexico City, slumped at

desk with an ice pick buried in the

base of his skull!

31

Soviet Premier

Josef Stalin

Came to power in 1924, after

Lenin died. Soviet Premier from

1924 – 1953!

Took name Stalin which means

“man of steel.”

Nickname = Koba (“the

indomitable”)

Initially wanted to be a priest.

Expelled from seminary at age 20

for reading radical literature.

Before becoming premier he was

frequently jailed & was exiled to

Siberia 6 times!

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Leon Trotsky found with an ice pick buried in the back

of his head, in Mexico City!!

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34

Label

Japan.

Cover it

with dots

to

indicate it

is an

AXIS

power.

35

Europe in

1919

The Maginot Line

is a fortification

that was built

along the French

border with

Germany in the

years from 1930-

1937.

Trace a heavy

line along the

boundary

between

Germany and

France.

Draw an arrow to

the line and label

it “Maginot Line.”

Maginot

Line

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The Maginot Line, built from 1930-1937, stretched 87 miles long.

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Munitions Entrance Block Electric Train Tunnel

75 mm Howitzer Turret Command

Headquarters

Fortress Block 5

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Key Events Which Caused Many Soviets

to Hate Communism and Josef Stalin

Soviet Agricultural Collectivization, 1929 – 1940

Goal was state control of agriculture so it could deliver more food for

less money.

Mass numbers of peasants were FORCED onto large state farms.

They were forced to leave their homes, land, and livestock without

compensation!

Created a rural civil war!!

Peasants slaughtered livestock and burned grain rather than turn it

over to the state.

Food rationing cut food intake by 2/3!

1933 - Famine struck and more than 5 million starved!!

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Soviet Peasants Protest Agricultural Collectivization

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Column of tractors

heading to the fields

from the equipment

shed on a state run

farm.

Farms called:

Sovkhoz

Kolkhoz

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Japan

conquered

MANCHURIA

in 1931.

Other nations

issued ONLY

diplomatic

resistance.

Japan’s goal

was resources

and territory.

43

In 1932, the Nazi Party

won many seats in the

Reichstag. The

Reichstag (Parliament)

is located in the capital

city of Berlin.

Locate and label Berlin.

Label Germany and

cover it with dots to

indicate that it is an

AXIS power.

44

In 1933, German SS Guards told Hitler

they overheard a man by the name of

MARINUS VAN DER LUBBE talking in

a Berlin beer hall. He said he was

going to burn down the German

Reichstag!!!

45

Hitler knew there was a clause, “Article 48” (aka the Enabling Act) in the Weimar

Constitution that said the Chancellor could take complete control of the government and

military in a time of emergency. Hitler told the SS to let Van Der Lubbe burn the

Reichstag!!

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Key Events Which Caused Many Soviets

to Hate Josef Stalin and Communism

Stalin’s Red Purges, 1934 – 1938.

1934 – plans for a military overthrow of the Soviet government were

uncovered {unknown to Stalin, they were planted by the Nazis}.

Stalin was a paranoid leader.

He carried out a series of “show trials,” starting in 1934. These

sent message Soviet were under attack from the inside.

Stalin purged: top communist party leaders who opposed Stalin in

1924 (when Lenin died), top officers in the Red Army, communist

party members, ordinary citizens.

Estimates say 8 million people were killed!

Result = Red Army was greatly weakened. Officers would not act

without approval from Stalin. Soviet government & Stalin hated by

most.

47

Locate and label Spain.

Write “1936 Spanish Civil

War” on Spain.

This war was used as a

testing ground for new

Nazi weapons and for the

new military tactic of

Blitzkrieg.

48

Blitzkrieg Tactic Tested at 1936 Spanish Civil War

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German Stuka Dive Bomber

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BLITZKRIEG - - modern,

mobile army!!

51

Place stars on the territory known as the Soviet Union. Stars will indicate the

ALLIED powers in WWII. Make a key in the map legend box to indicate the

meaning of “stars.”

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Japan conquered Beijing and

Coastal China in 1937.

Draw an oval around the red

part of China and label it

“Coastal China.”

53

Locate the Chinese capital of Beijing with a dot and label it. This city was

conquered, along with Coastal China, in 1937.

54

In 1938, Hitler peacefully

united Austria with Germany

in what was known as,

“Anschluss.”

Locate and label Austria .

Locate the capital city of Vienna

with a dot and label it.

Place dots on Austria to indicate it

is an AXIS power.

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In 1938, Hitler decided he wanted to

take control of the outer layer of

Czechoslovakia, which was known

as the Sudetenland.

Draw in this area (around the West

end of Czechoslovakia) and label it,

Sudetenland.

The Sudetenland is shown in dark

purple on the map above.

Hitler wanted it since its population

was 99.9% Germanic.

At the Munich Conference of 1938,

international powers agreed to give

this to Hitler (ex. of appeasement).

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Hitler, Mussolini, and English Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain at

the Munich Conference of 1938. Due to the Great Depression, it was

decided to give Hitler the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia to

avoid war. This is the key example of APPEASEMENT as a cause of

WWII.

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Later in 1938,

Hitler invaded

and conquered

the rest of

Czechoslovakia.

Label

Czechoslovakia

and cover it with

dots to show it is

an AXIS power.

58

In 1939 Italy, Germany,

and Japan officially

formed the AXIS PACT.

Hitler claimed that Europe

would spin on an AXIS

which ran from Berlin in

the north to Rome in the

south.

Draw a heavy solid line

between Berlin and Rome.

59

In 1939, Adolf Hitler and

Josef Stalin agreed to

the **Nazi-Soviet

Nonaggression Pact.

This said that Hitler

would conquer the

western half of Poland

and Stalin would

conquer the eastern half

of Poland.

Locate and label Poland.

Divide Poland in half with a

heavy, dashed line. Cover

the left side of Poland with

dots since it became an

AXIS power. Cover the

right side of Poland with

stars since it became

ALLIED territory.

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The 1939 Nazi-Soviet

Nonaggression Pact also

allowed Stalin to conquer

the Baltic provinces of

Estonia, Latvia, and

Lithuania.

Locate and label these three

nations. Cover each with

stars since they became

ALLIED territory.

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September 1, 1939 - -

Hitler invaded Poland.

This date is considered

to be the beginning of

WWII.

The attack was an

intense attack from the

land and air, known as

BLITZKRIEG.

Label Western Poland

with the word, “BLITZ.”

BLITZ

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In April of 1940, Hitler

conquered Denmark and

Norway.

Locate and label them.

Cover each nation with

dots since they became

AXIS lands.

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Many key Nazi U-boat

bases were built in

FJORDS along the

coast of Norway!

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In May of 1940, Hitler

conquered Belgium and

the Netherlands.

Locate and label them.

Cover them with dots.

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In June of 1940, the AXIS

powers conquered France.

Locate and label it. Cover

it with dots.

Locate and label the

French city of Dunkirk with

a dot. It is just to the left

of the boundary between

France and Belgium.

A joint British-French army of

340,000 troops was pushed

up against the English

Channel and almost

destroyed at the location of

Dunkirk. The British sent

every boat that would float to

evacuate this army in what

became known as the Dunkirk

Boatlift. Dunkirk

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British & French equipment left on the beaches of

Dunkirk after the evacuation in 1940

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The northern half of France was occupied by Nazi soldiers for the rest

of the war. The southern half of France was more rural and it was

ruled by a puppet government centered in the city of Vichy. It was

known as VICHY FRANCE and was led by Henri Philippe Petain, who

did what the Germans told him to. The actual French government

operated from exile in London, England. It was led by President

Charles de Gaulle.

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Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden, Ireland, and Turkey remained NEUTRAL in WWII.

Locate and label them.

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By June of

1940, Great

Britain and the

Soviet Union

were the only

unoccupied

ALLIED powers

remaining on

the continent of

Europe.

Locate and

label Great

Britain and

cover it with

stars.